1. or is the study of cellular structure and function. 2. What is the purpose and characteristics of the plasma membrane?
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1 Chapter 3 Reading Guide The Cellular Level of Organization Name 1. or is the study of cellular structure and function. Section 3.1 Parts of a Cell 2. What is the purpose and characteristics of the plasma membrane? 3. What is cytoplasm and what is found in the cytoplasm? 4. What is housed within the nucleus? Section 3.2 The Plasma Membrane 5. What is the name of the model used to describe the cell membrane? 6. Explain the arrangement of the phospholipids and cholesterol that make up the cell membrane. 7. Describe and/or define the following types of membrane proteins. a. Integral proteins b. Transmembrane proteins c. Peripheral proteins- 1
2 8. Explain the multiple functions of the glycocalyx that is created by the carbohydrate portion of glycoproteins embedded in the cell membrane. 9. List and briefly explain the functions of cell membrane proteins. STOP & WATCH: BZS Cell Membranes KA Membrane Proteins What determines the fluidity of a cell membrane? 11. Kinks in the tail of the fatty acids are caused by double bond. What type of lipids have double bonds in their fatty acids and why does having kinks increase the fluidity of the membrane? 12. Why is maintaining the correct amount of membrane fluidity and important characteristic of the cell membrane? 13. Explain how cholesterol can act as a buffer to fluidity in different conditions. STOP & WATCH KA Cell Membrane Fluidity 2
3 14. The cell membrane is considered selectively permeable. Fill in the chart below with examples and characteristics of substances encountered by the cell membrane. Permeable Non-Permeable Slightly Permeable Characteristics Examples 15. What mechanism is in place to get non-permeable molecules across the membrane? 16. What is a concentration gradient? 17. What is an electrical gradient and what membrane potential? 18. What is the combined effect of the concentration gradient and the electrical gradient is referred to? STOP & WATCH: Electrochemical Gradients Section 3.3 Transport Across the Plasma Membrane 19. Explain the difference between active and passive transport across the cell membrane. 20. What is diffusion and what are the factors that influence the rate of substances across a plasma membrane? Give a general rule for determining the effect of each influence. 3
4 21. If something moves across the membrane via simple diffusion, what does this mean? 22. What is facilitated diffusion? 23. What is the difference between channel-mediated facilitated diffusion and carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion? 24. Osmosis is a specific type of diffusion for the movement of what substance? What are the two ways that osmosis can take place? 25. Define the following terms as they relate to osmosis. a. Hydrostatic Pressure b. Osmotic Pressure c. Tonicity d. Isotonic solution e. Hypotonic solution f. Lysis g. Hypertonic solution h. Crenation 4
5 26. What are the two sources of cellular energy that can drive active transport. Which one is the source for primary active transport and which one is the source in secondary active transport? 27. What is the most prevalent primary active transport mechanism in living systems? 28. ATP is used directly in primary active transport. How is secondary active transport different? 29. Define endocytosis and exocytosis. 30. What must occur for receptor-mediated endocytosis to occur? (You do not have to memorize the steps in this process but review the pictured process.) 31. Define and describe phagocytosis. What type of cells are capable of phagocytosis? 32. Most body cells carry out also called pinocytosis which does not involve receptors. What cell organelle do the vesicles formed during this process fuse with to be digested? 33. In what type of cells is exocytosis especially important? 34. Simply describe the process of transcytosis. STOP & WATCH BZS Transport Across Cell Membranes CC In Da Club- Transport Across Cell Membranes 5
6 35. Label the following on the diagram of the cell membrane: a. Phospholipid b. Extracellular Matrix c. Integral Protein d. Peripheral Protein e. Glycoprotein f. Cholesterol g. Cytoskeleton Filaments Section 3.4 Cytoplasm 36. Cytoskeleton 3 Types of protein filaments: a. Microfilaments i. Microvilli 6
7 b. Intermediate Filaments c. Microtubules 37. Cilia Flagella 39. Ribosomes 40. Endoplasmic Reticulum a. Rough ER b. Smooth ER 41. Golgi Complex (you do not need to know the specific process by which materials enter and leave the golgi complex) 42. Lysosomes a. Autophagy b. Autophagosome c. Autolysis 43. Peroxisomes 44. Proteasomes 7
8 45. Mitochondria a. Apoptosis Section 3.5 Nucleus 46. Nuclear envelope 47. Nuclear pores 48. Nucleoli STOP & WATCH BZS Cellular Organelle 8
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