LIPID COMPOSITION OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVI- SIAE DEFECTIVE IN MITOCHONDRIA DUE TO PANTOTHENIC ACID DEFICIENCY
|
|
- Jacob Curtis
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 J. Gen. App!. Microbial., 20, (1974) LIPID COMPOSITION OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVI- SIAE DEFECTIVE IN MITOCHONDRIA DUE TO PANTOTHENIC ACID DEFICIENCY KUNIAKI HOSONO AND KO AIDA The Institute of Applied Microbiology, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo (Received October 15, 1973) Lipid composition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae defective in mitochondria and respiratory activity due to pantothenic acid deficiency and its normalization were studied. Quantitatively, the deficient cells contained about one-half of total lipid, one-fifth of fatty acids, one-fourth of ergosterol, and one-half of phospholipids compared with normal cells. Unsaturated fatty acids, such as palmitoleic acid and oleic acid, were decreased in the deficient cells. The composition of fatty acids and phospholipids in mitochondria in both types of cells was the same as in whole cells. Phospholipids, such as phosphatidylethanolamine and glycerol phosphatides, decreased in deficient cells, but the percentage of phosphatidylcholine increased. Intracellular coenzyme A content was one-fifth of the normal. By the addition of pantothenic acid to the deficient cells, unsaturated fatty acids, especially palmitoleic acid, were synthesized, but other fatty acids were synthesized to only a small extent. The recovery of phospholipids preceded that of fatty acids. Along with the recovery of these lipids, the respiration rate of the deficient cells also reached the normal level. When yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is grown on glucose under anaerobic conditions, synthesis of several respiratory enzymes in the cells is strongly repressed, resulting in the inability to respire (1), and the structures corresponding to mitochondria of aerobic cells seem to be considerably reduced or become primitive (2-5). During the aeration of anaerobically grown yeast cells, the respiratory activity gradually emerges and the primitive mitochondrial structures develop into fully functional mitochondria (6, 7). In the yeast, synthesis of unsaturated fatty acid and ergosterol is an oxygen-dependent process (8, 9). Such anaerobically grown cells have a high content of short-chain saturated fatty acids and an abnormal lipid composition, as compared with aerobically grown cells (10). These changes in lipid, to which an important role in the structure of membrane is assigned, might 47
2 48 HosoNo and AIDA VOL. 20 cause an inadequate synthesis of the membrane, especially mitochondrial inner membrane. Actually, mitochondrial profiles of anaerobically grown cells supplemented with unsaturated fatty acids and ergosterol approach those of aerobically grown cells in structure and lipid composition, while the mitochondrial profiles of non-supplemented cells are very primitive, with poor inner membrane organization, and have an abnormal lipid composition (10, 11). Our previous paper (12) reported that the respiratory activity of pantothenic acid-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae was significantly lower and at the same time the cytochrome contents were lower in these cells than normal cells; cytochrome a--a3 and b were not detected. Cytochrome oxidase is well known to be localized at the inner membrane of mitochondria (13) and bound to phospholipid tightly (14-16). As pantothenic acid is closely related to lipid metabolism through coenzyme A (17, I8), the correlation between pantothenic acid deficiency and lipid, especially fatty acid and phospholipid, has been examined in the present study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Organism and growth conditions. A diploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, BA-l, which essentially requires pantothenic acid, was used throughout. The cells were aerobically grown under the same conditions and on the same medium as described previously (12). Recovery from pantothenic acid deficiency. The cells grown on a pantothenic acid-deficient medium (10 pg/liter) up to the stationary phase were transferred to a fresh complete medium containing 200,ug of calcium pantothenate. After incubation, recovery of the cells from pantothenic acid-deficiency was examined by changes in lipid and CoA content, and respiration rate. Extraction of lipids. The cells were completely disrupted by means of a Braun homogenizer for 2 min and extracted with 20 volumes of chloroform: methanol (2: 1, v/v). The residue was further extracted with 10 volumes of a mixture of chloroform : methanol : 10 N HCl (66: 33: 2, v/v) by the method of JOLLOW et al. (10). The extracts were separately washed as described by FOLCH et al. (19) and evaporated in vacuo. Analysis of fatty acids. Total fatty acid was extracted from lyophilized cells. The cells were suspended in 15 volumes of 15 % KOH in 50% aqueous methanol and refluxed for 4 hr. The resultant alkaline suspension of the digested cells was treated twice with 3 volumes each of hexane to remove non-saponifiable material, and the hexane layer was discarded. The aqueous layer was acidified to ph 2.0 with 6 N H2SO4 and extracted 4 times with 3 volumes each of ether. The ether extracts were combined and dehydrated over anhydrous Na2SO4 overnight. The fraction containing fatty acids was evaporated in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in a small volume of ether.
3 1974 Lipid Composition of Pantothenic Acid-Deficient Yeast 49 Fatty acids were methylated with diazomethane (20) and the products were separated by gas chromatography. The column was a glass tube (4 mm x 150 cm) packed with Shimalite W (60-80 mesh) coated with 10 % diethylene glycol succinate. A gas chromatograph, Shimadzu GC-4BF, provided with a flame ionization detector and nitrogen as the carrier gas was used. The fatty acids were identified from their relative retention time, comparing with those of authentic standards. For the determination of the fatty acid content and composition of the cells, a known weight of pentadecanoic acid was added as the internal standard to the fatty acids extracted from the cells. Analysis of phospholipids. Total phospholipid was determined by assaying the phosphorus content of lipid extracts using the method of ALLEN (21). Individual phospholipids were separated by thin-layer chromatography with the solvent system of chloroform : methanol: acetic acid: water (25: 15 : 4 : 2, v/v) as described by SKIPSKI et al. (22), and identified their Rf values relative to appropriate phospholipid standards and their specific staining behavior. For quantitation, separated phospholipids were eluted from the silica gel plate as described by SKIPSKI et al. (22), and their phosphorus content was determined by the method of CHEN et al. (23). Analysis of ergosterol. Sterol was extracted with ether after alkaline hydrolysis (24) and estimated as ergosterol by the Liebermann-Burchard reaction (25). Estimation of Coenzyme A. To extract the intracellular CoA, the centrifuged cells (100 mg dry weight) were suspended in 1 ml of water in a stoppered tube, and boiled for 10 min. After centrifugation, CoA in the aqueous fractions was analyzed by the use of phosphotransacetylase according to the method of ABIK0 (26). Chemicals. Phosphatidylcholine, lyso-phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and cardiolipin were obtained from Nutritional Biochemicals Co., U.S.A., capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and ergosterol from Tokyo Kasei Co., Tokyo, acetyl phosphate, arsenate, CoA, palmitoleic acid, and oleic acid from Sigma Chemical Co., U.S.A., and phosphotransacetylase from Boehringer-Mannheim, Tokyo. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Total lipid content The lipid contents of both normal and pantothenic acid deficient cells are given in Table 1 in terms of total lipid, total fatty acid, ergosterol, and phospholipid. It is clear that there is a significant difference in lipid composition between normal cells and pantothenic acid-deficient cells. Normal cells contained total lipid and phospholipid about twice and total fatty acid about 5 times as much as
4 50 HosoNo and AmA VOL. 20 Table 1. Lipid composition of pantothenic acid-deficient and -sufficient cells. Table 2. Fatty acid composition of yeast cells. the deficient cells. It was interesting that at stationary phase the normal cells contained about 4 times as much ergosterol as the deficient cells, and the normal cells at log phase contained even more ergosterol. The effect of pantothenic acid appears to be related to the biosynthesis of ergosterol. Fatty acid content and composition The effect of pantothenic acid on the fatty acid composition of yeast cells is shown in Table 2. Generally, normal yeast cells had a large amount of unsaturated fatty acid, mainly palmitoleic acid and oleic acid, and their content occupied more than 80% of the total fatty acids. However, the total amount of fatty acids was lower in the deficient cells, though the percentage of palmitoleic acid and oleic acid was still high. The amount of palmitoleic acid was more than that of oleic acid in normal cells. Conversely, the deficient cells contained much oleic acid, accounting for about 60% of total fatty acids. These results showed that pantothenic acid drastically influenced the fatty acid composition of yeast. If pantothenic acid is closely related to the biosynthesis of fatty acids, the recovery of fatty acid synthesis will be observed when pantothenic acid is added to the deficient cells. The deficient cells were then transferred to a fresh complete medium and biosynthesis of fatty acids was examined with time. The change in the fatty acid composition is shown in Fig. 1, in which each component is expressed as the percentage of total fatty acids of cells. Abnormal composition of fatty acids
5 1974 Lipid Composition of Pantothenic Acid-Deficient Yeast 51 Fig. 1. Changes of the fatty pantothenic acid. The amounts of of total fatty acid. acid composition in whole cells after addition of individual components are expressed as percentages contained in the deficient cells recovered to the normal level in a short time, in about 5 hr. Furthermore, the quantity of individual fatty acids was calculated and is shown in Fig. 2. It is interesting that the quantity of fatty acids reached the normal level after 15 hr, although the composition of fatty acids contained in the deficient cells was regained about 5 hr after incubation. These results revealed that pantothenic acid influenced the biosynthesis of fatty acids. The fatty acid composition of mitochondria was further investigated. The mitochondrial fraction was prepared as described previously (12), and the fatty acids were analyzed in the same manner. These results are shown in Figs. 3 and 4. The percentage of fatty acids and the recovery of fatty acid composition in mitochondrial fraction were similar to those of yeast cells. However, we noted that the amount of oleic acid in mitochondrial fraction prepared from the deficient cells was at almost the same level, compared with the amount in mitochondria from normal cells. The biosynthesis of fatty acid in mitochondria prepared from the deficient cells regained in a short time, e.g. about 5 hr. This was one-third as long as the recovery time of fatty acids in yeast cells. In other word, the effect of pantothenic acid was more sensitive to the fatty acids contained in mitochondria than that of the whole yeast cells. Anaerobically grown cells contained a large amount of saturated fatty acids with chain length of 10, 12, and 16 carbon atoms and a small amount of unsaturated fatty acids because they could not synthesize unsaturated fatty acids in the
6 52 HosoNo and AIDA VOL. 20 Fig. 2. thenic acid. Changes of the fatty acid content in See Fig. 1 for the fatty acid symbols. whole cells after addition of panto- absence of oxygen. In this point, the composition of fatty acids in the pantothenic acid-deficient cells differed from the composition of fatty acids in anaerobic cells. The amount 'of oleic acid was not so influenced as other fatty acids by the pantothenic acid-deficiency in regard to both cells and mitochondria. It is probable that the synthetic pathways of these fatty acids are different and the effect of pantothenic acid varies. It is well known that the biosynthesis of oleic acid is different from that of palmitoleic acid (27). Phospholipid content and composition When yeast was grown on a pantothenic acid-deficient medium, the fatty acid composition in both cells and mitochondria was abnormal, compared with that in normal cells. The membrane, especially the mitochondrial inner membrane, is known to be composed of protein-phospholipid matrix. Therefore, we assumed that the composition of phospholipids present in the deficient cells would be different from that in normal cells. The composition of phospholipid in the
7 1974 Lipid Composition of Pantothenic Acid-Deficient Yeast 53 Fig. 3. Changes of the fatty acid composition in mitochondria after addition of pantothenic acid. The amounts of individual components are expressed as percentages of total fatty acid. See Fig. 1 for the fatty acid symbols. Fig. 4. thenic acid. Changes of the fatty acid content in mitochondria after addition of panto- See Fig. 1 for the fatty acid symbols.
8 54 HOsoNo and AIDA VOL. 20 Table 3. Phospholipid composition of yeast cells. Abbreviations: lyso PC=1yso phosphatidylcholine, PC= phosphatidylcholine, PI=phosphatidylinositol, PS ==phosphatidylserine, PE=phosphatidylethanolamine, GP=glycerol phosphatides (includes cardiolipin and phosphatidylglycerol). Fig. 5. Changes of the phospholipid composition in whole cells after addition of pantothenic acid. The amounts of individual components are expressed as percentages of total phospholipid. cells is shown in Table 3. Incomplete resolution was found between phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol and between phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin, and combined figures are given for these two pairs. In the deficient cells, the percentage of phosphatidylcholine was high and conversely that of phosphatidylethanolamine and glycerol phosphatides was low, compared with those of normal cells. In normal cells, the content of phosphatidylcholine decreased and the content of glycerol phosphatides increased as the growth proceeded. Further, we examined the biosynthesis of phospholipids after addition of pantothenic acid to the medium, and these results are shown in
9 1974 Lipid Composition of Pantothenic Acid-Deficient Yeast 55 Fig. 6. Changes of the phospholipid pantothenic acid. See Fig. 5 for the phospholipid symbols. content in whole cells after addition of Fig. 7. Changes of the phospholipid composition in mitochondria after addition of pantothenic acid. The amounts of individual components are expressed as percentages of total phospholipid. See Fig. 5 for the phospholipid symbols.
10 56 HosoNo and AIDA VOL. 20 Fig. 8. Changes of the ergosterol content after addition of pantothenic acid. acid. Fig. 9. Changes of the intracellular CoA content after addition of pantothenic
11 1974 Lipid Composition of Pantothenic Acid-Deficient Yeast 57 Figs. 5 and 6. The recovery of phospholipid composition reached the normal level after about 5 hr. Their biosynthesis arose more rapidly than that of fatty acids. Phospholipids in mitochondrial fractions were examined in the same manner and the results were approximately similar (Fig. 7). Ergosterol content The amount of ergosterol in the deficient cells was about one-fourth of the level in normal cells (see Table 1). Therefore, the deficient cells were transferred to a complete medium and the change in ergosterol content was examined. As shown in Fig. 8, the amount of ergosterol in yeast cells increased gradually for 10 hr and then decreased. The amount contained in the log phase cells was more than the amount in the stationary phase cells, as shown in Table 1. In the same manner, the amount of ergosterol in the transferred cells had a tendency to decrease over a long period. For anaerobic growth, yeasts require external source of unsaturated fatty acids and sterol, such as ergosterol. From our examination, the deficient cells contained ergosterol about one-fourth of that in normal cells. In order to reveal the relation between ergosterol and the respiratory activity, we checked the respiration rate of the cells grown in a pantothenic acid-deficient medium supplemented with much ergosterol. However, ergosterol did not affect the respiration rate of yeast cells directly. CoA content LIPMANN et al. proved that pantothenic acid was a component of coenzyme A, which took an important part in the fatty acid metabolism (17, 18). From their reports and results, it is necessary to examine the content of coenzyme A, and its change by adding pantothenic acid. The content of coenzyme A in normal cells was about 5 times greater than that in the deficient cells (Fig. 9). After addition of pantothenic acid, the cellular CoA increased as the time proceeded, but its amount did not reach the normal level. The reason why coenzyme A did not reach the normal level is unknown. Table 4. Recovery of the respiration rate after addition of pantothenic acid. From our present studies, we found that the cells grown on a pantothenic acid-deficient medium contained less coenzyme A, and the lipid metabolism was abnormal, compared with normal cells. Furthermore, these abnormal phenomena were recovered on addition of pantothenic acid. Corresponding to the recovery of these components, the respiration rate of the cells recovered as the time proceeded (Table 4). However, the respiration rate increased gradually for 10 hr and then decreased as shown in the recovery of other components.
12 58 HosoNo and AIDA VOL. 20 REFERENCES 1) B. EPHRUSSI and P. P. SLONIMSKY, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 6, 256 (1950). 2) A. W. LINNANE, E. VITOLs, and P. G. NOWLAND, J. Cell. Biol., 13, 342 (1962). 3) E. S. POLAKIS, W. BARTLEY, and G. A. MECK, Biochem. J., 90, 364 (1964). 4) G. MORPURGO, G. SERLUPI-CRESCENZI, G. TECCE, F. VALENTE, and D. VENETACCI, Nature, 201, 897 (1964). 5) G. SCHATZ, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 96, 342 (1965). 6) Y. YOTSUYANAGI, J. Ultrastruct. Res., 7, 141 (1962). 7) P. G. WALLACE and A. W. LINNANE, Nature, 201, 1191 (1964). 8) D. K. BLOOMFIELD and K. BLOCH, J. Biol. Chem., 235, 337 (1960). 9) A. A. ANDREASEN and T. J. B. STIER, J. Cell. Comp. Physiol., 41, 23 (1953). 10) D. JOLLOW, G. M. KELLERMAN, and A. W. LINNANE, J. Cell. Biol., 37, 221 (1968). 11) K. WATSON, J. M. HASLAM, and A. W. LINNANE, J. Cell. Biol., 46, 88 (1970). 12) K. HosoNo, K. AIDA, and T. UEMURA, J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol.,18, 189 (1972). 13) H. A. LARDY and S. M. FERGUSON, Annu. Rev. Biochem., 38, 1005 (1969). 14) S. FLEISCHER, H. KLOURVEN, and G. BRIERLEY, J. Biol. Chem., 236, 2936 (1961). 15) D. G. MCCONNEL, A. TZAGOLOFF, D. H. MACLENNANE, and D. E. GREEN, J. Biol. Chem., 237, 3264 (1962). 16) Y. C. AWASTHI, T. F. CHUANG, T. W. KEENAN, and F. L. CRANE, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 226, 42 (1971). 17) G. D. NoVELLI and F. LIPMANN, Arch. Biochem., 14, 23 (1947). 18) H. P. KLEIN and F. LIPMANN, J. Biol. Chem., 203, 95 (1953). 19) J. FoLCH, M. LEES, and G. H. S. STANLEY, J. Biol. Chem., 226, 497 (1957). 20) H. SCHLENK and J. L. GELLERMAN, Anal. Chem., 22, 1412 (1960). 21) R. J. A. ALLEN, Biochem. J., 34, 858 (1940). 22) V. P. SKIPSKI, R. F. PETERSON, and M. BARCLAY, Biochem. J., 90, 374 (1964). 23) P. S. CHEN, T. Y. ToRIBARA, and H. WARNER, Anal. Chem., 28, 1756 (1956). 24) W. H. C. SHAW and J. P. JEFFERIES, Analyst, 78, 514 (1953). 25) T. S. STADTMAN, Methods Enzymol., 3, 392 (1957). 26) Y. ABIKO, Methods Enzymol.,18A, 314 (1970). 27) K. BLOCH, In Lipid Metabolism, ed. by K. BLOCH, Academic Press Inc., New York (1964) p.1.
CHANGE IN THE FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF AVOCADO FRUIT DURING ONTOGENY, COLD STORAGE AND RIPENING
Acta Horticulturae. Number 269. 1990 Symposium on Tropical Fruit in International Trade. R. E. Paull (ed.) pages 141-152. CHANGE IN THE FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF AVOCADO FRUIT DURING ONTOGENY, COLD STORAGE
More informationCellular Fatty Acid and Ester Formation by Brewers' Yeast
Agric. Biol. Chem., 47 (10), 2287-2294, 1983 2287 Cellular Fatty Acid and Ester Formation by Brewers' Yeast Kazuo Yoshioka and Naoki Hashimoto* Brewing Science Laboratory and *Applied Bioscience Laboratory
More informationRole of Tween 80 and Monoolein in a Lipid-Sterol-Protein Complex Which Enhances Ethanol Tolerance of Sake Yeasts
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, OCt. 1983, p. 821-8 99-224/83/1821-5$2./ Copyright 1983, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 46, No. 4 Role of Tween 8 and Monoolein in a Lipid-Sterol-Protein
More informationAkiyoshi HOSONO and Fumisaburo. (Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Ina, Nagano-Ken, Japan) (Received for Publication on May, 7, 1970)
The lipolytic properties of Candida mycoderma and Debaryomyces kloeckeri isolated from limburger cheese and some properties of the lipases produced by these yeasts Akiyoshi HOSONO and Fumisaburo TOKITA
More informationSEASONAL CHANGES OF AVOCADO LIPIDS DURING FRUIT DEVELOPMENT AND STORAGE
California Avocado Society 1968 Yearbook 52: 102-108 SEASONAL CHANGES OF AVOCADO LIPIDS DURING FRUIT DEVELOPMENT AND STORAGE Yoshio Kikuta Present address: Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture,
More informationLipid Analysis. Andréina Laffargue, IRD CRYMCEPT Montpellier workshop, October 17th Introduction to lipid structures
Lipid Analysis Andréina Laffargue, IRD CRYMCEPT Montpellier workshop, October 17th 2005 Introduction to lipid structures Fatty acids Acylglycerols Glycerophospholipids Sterols Strategies involved in lipid
More informationPhospholipase D Activity of Gram-Negative Bacteria
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, Dec. 1975, p. 1148-1152 Copyright 1975 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 124, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. Phospholipase D Activity of Gram-Negative Bacteria R. COLE AND P. PROULX*
More informationFatty Acid Methylation Kits
Methyl esterification kit for fatty acids analysis Fatty Acid Methylation Kits Below are two methods for efficiently preparing fatty acid samples for GC analysis. Neither method requires high temperatures,
More informationSkeletal muscle metabolism was studied by measuring arterio-venous concentration differences
Supplemental Data Dual stable-isotope experiment Skeletal muscle metabolism was studied by measuring arterio-venous concentration differences across the forearm, adjusted for forearm blood flow (FBF) (1).
More informationP hospholipids : hydrolysis
Volume 1 Number 5 The analysis of tissue J procedure and results P hospholipids : hydrolysis with pig liver G. HUBSCHER, J. N. HAWTHORNE, and P. KEMP Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology
More informationSuk Hoo Yoon Korea Food Research Institute 1/42
Development of Phospholipases to Produce Structured Phospholipids Suk Hoo Yoon Korea Food Research Institute 1/42 Phospholipase D H H C O R R Z Fatty acyl chain -H Phosphatidic acid (PA) R O C H O - -CH
More informationSupporting Information
Notes Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2013, Vol. 34, No. 1 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.1.xxx Supporting Information Chemical Constituents of Ficus drupacea Leaves and their α-glucosidase Inhibitory
More informationThe Fatty Acid Composition of Porcine
BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION 1, 330-334 (1969) The Fatty Acid Composition of Porcine Spermatozoa Phospholipids L. A. JOHNSON1, R. J. GERRITS1, AND E. P. YOUNG1 United States Department of Agriculture, and University
More informationDETERMINATION OF FATTY ACIDS IN EDIBLE OILS BY CAPILARY GC
DETERMINATION OF FATTY ACIDS IN EDIBLE OILS BY CAPILARY GC Vesna Kostik 1 University Goce Delcev Stip Faculty of Medicine Department of Pharmacy 1 WHY FATTY ACID (FA) ANALYSIS IN EDIBLE OILS The content
More informationcomparable results, were obtained with Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megatherium, ANTISPORULATION FACTORS IN COMPLEX ORGANIC MEDIA
ANTISPORULATION FACTORS IN COMPLEX ORGANIC MEDIA II. SATURATED FATry ACIDS AS ANTISPORULATION FACTORS1' 2 W. A. HARDWICK, BEVERLY GUIRARD, AND J. W. FOSTER Department of Bacteriology, University of Texas,
More informationEffect of Growth Temperature on the Lipids of Pseudomonas fluorescens
Journal of General Microbiology (1975)~ 89,29-298 Printed in Great Britain 29 Effect of Growth Temperature on the Lipids of Pseudomonas fluorescens ByC. 0. GILL Meat Industry Research Institute of New
More informationParticipation of Endogenous Fatty Acids in Ca 2+ Release Activation from Mitochondria
Gen. Physiol. Biophys. (1985), 4, 549 556 549 Participation of Endogenous Fatty Acids in Ca 2+ Release Activation from Mitochondria B. I. MEDVEDEV, E. P. SEVERINA, V. G. GOGVADZE, E. A. CHUKHLOVA and Yu.
More informationFig In the space below, indicate how these sub-units are joined in a molecule of ATP.
1 (a) Adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) is an important product of respiration. The ATP molecule is made up of five sub-units, as shown in Fig. 5.1. adenine phosphates O ribose Fig. 5.1 (i) In the space below,
More informationPHOSPHOLIPIDS METABOLISM. BY Dr. Walid Said Zaki Dr. Marwa Ali LECTURER OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
PHOSPHOLIPIDS METABOLISM BY Dr. Walid Said Zaki Dr. Marwa Ali LECTURER OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1. State the definition and classification of Phospholipids. 2. Describe the general structure
More informationIN THE FIRST PART (1) of this study of the effects of a
Effects of a nutritional deficiency of unsaturated fats on the distributionof fatty acids in rat liver mitochondrial phospholipids RALPH M. JOHNSON and TAKERU IT0 Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology,
More informationFatty Acid Mass Spectrometry Protocol Updated 10/11/2007 By Daren Stephens
Fatty Acid Mass Spectrometry Protocol Updated 10/11/2007 By Daren Stephens Synopsis: This protocol describes the standard method for extracting and quantifying free fatty acids found in cells and media
More informationDescribe the roles of calcium ions and ATP in the contraction of a myofibril
Q1.(a) Describe the roles of calcium ions and ATP in the contraction of a myofibril............................... (Extra space)............... (5) ATP is an energy source used in many cell processes.
More informationBiosynthesis of Fatty Acids
Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids Fatty acid biosynthesis takes place in the cytosol rather than the mitochondria and requires a different activation mechanism and different enzymes and coenzymes than fatty
More informationA biocatalytic hydrogenation of carboxylic acids
Electronic Supplementary Information (ESI) for: A biocatalytic hydrogenation of carboxylic acids Yan Ni, Peter-Leon Hagedoorn,* Jian-He Xu, Isabel Arends, Frank Hollmann* 1. General Chemicals All the carboxylic
More informationAnalysis of the fatty acids from Periploca sepium by GC-MS and GC-FID
Analysis of the fatty acids from Periploca sepium by GC-MS and GC-FID Ling Tong, Lei Zhang, Shuanghui Yu, Xiaohui Chen, Kaishun Bi * Department of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road
More informationEffect of Exogenous Fatty Acids on Biotin Deprived Death of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Agric. Biol. Chem., 42 (2), 233 `240, 1978 Effect of Exogenous Fatty Acids on Biotin Deprived Death of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Shoji SHIMADA,*1 Hiroshi KURAISHI*2 and Ko AIDA The Institute of Applied
More informationPossible Controlling Factor of the Minimal
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, JUly, 1965 Copyright @ 1965 American Society for MIicrobiology Vol. 9, No. 1 Printed in U.S.A. Fatty Acid Composition of Escherichia coli as a Possible Controlling Factor of the
More informationThe main biological functions of the many varied types of lipids include: energy storage protection insulation regulation of physiological processes
Big Idea In the biological sciences, a dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction) is typically defined as a chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecules. This reaction
More informationTHERMALLY OXIDIZED SOYA BEAN OIL interacted with MONO- and DIGLYCERIDES of FATTY ACIDS
THERMALLY OXIDIZED SOYA BEAN OIL interacted with MONO- and DIGLYCERIDES of FATTY ACIDS Prepared at the 39th JECFA (1992), published in FNP 52 Add 1 (1992). Metals and arsenic specifications revised at
More informationTHERMALLY OXIDIZED SOYA BEAN OIL
THERMALLY OXIDIZED SOYA BEAN OIL Prepared at the 39th JECFA (1992), published in FNP 52 Add 1 (1992). Metals and arsenic specifications revised at the 55th JECFA (2000). An ADI of 0-3 mg/kg bw was established
More informationreticulo-endothelial cells in rat lymph nodes has been further investigated
FATTY ACID PATTERNS OF CHOLESTEROL ESTERS SYNTHE- SIZED BY RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL CELLS.* By A. J. DAY, N. H. FIDGE, P. R. S. GoULD-HURST and D. J. RISELY. From the Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology,
More informationEXPERIMENT 13: Isolation and Characterization of Erythrocyte
EXPERIMENT 13: Isolation and Characterization of Erythrocyte Day 1: Isolation of Erythrocyte Steps 1 through 6 of the Switzer & Garrity protocol (pages 220-221) have been performed by the TA. We will be
More informationFATTY ACID COMPONENT OF BLUBBER OIL OF AMAZON RIVER DOLPHIN
FATTY ACID COMPONENT OF BLUBBER OIL OF AMAZON RIVER DOLPHIN HIDEO TSUYUKI AND SHINGO ITOH Department of Food Engineering, College ef Agriculture & Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Tokyo. ABSTRACT
More informationThe phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylethanolamine ratio of Saccharomyces cerevisiae varies with the growth phase
Chapter 3 The phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylethanolamine ratio of Saccharomyces cerevisiae varies with the growth phase M.J.F.W. Janssen, M.C. Koorengevel, B. de Kruijff, A.I.P.M. de Kroon Yeast 16
More informationReceived for publication February 20, acids by a cell-free extract of a Vibrio was. fatty acids by the anaerobe, Clostridium kluyveri
FATTY ACID METABOLISM IN SERRATIA MARCESCENS I. OXIDATION OF SATURATED FATTY ACIDS BY WHOLE CELLS D. G. BISHOP AND J. L. STILL Department of Biochemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia Received
More informationSKIN LIPIDS OF A NORMAL AND A MUTANT (ASEBIC) MOUSE STRAIN*
TRE JOURNAL OF IN'VESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY Copyright 1986 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 47, No. 5 Printed in U.S.A. SKIN LIPIDS OF A NORMAL AND A MUTANT (ASEBIC) MOUSE STRAIN* DAVID I. WILKINSON, PHD.
More informationANSC (NUTR) 618 LIPIDS & LIPID METABOLISM Membrane Lipids and Sphingolipidsd
ANSC (NUTR) 618 LIPIDS & LIPID METABOLISM Membrane Lipids and Sphingolipidsd I. Classes of membrane lipids A. Glycerolipids (quantitatively the most important of the three membrane lipids) B. Shingolipids
More informationZillillah, a Guowei Tan, a,b and Zhi Li* a,b. 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore Fax: ; Tel:
Highly Active, Stable, and Recyclable Magnetic Nano-size Solid Acid Catalysts: Efficient Esterification of Free Fatty Acid in Grease to Produce Biodiesel Zillillah, a Guowei Tan, a,b and Zhi Li* a,b a
More informationVery-Long Chain Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
Very-Long Chain Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Objectives: 1. Review information on the isolation of mutants deficient in VLCFA biosynthesis 2. Generate hypotheses to explain the absence of mutants with lesions
More informationRespiration. Respiration. How Cells Harvest Energy. Chapter 7
How Cells Harvest Energy Chapter 7 Respiration Organisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: autotrophs: are able to produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis heterotrophs:
More informationPhospholipids Metabolism
Chapter VI: Phospholipids Metabolism Dr. Sameh Sarray Hlaoui Phospholipids Features: Amphipatic: - Hydrophobic head: fatty acids - Hydropholic head: P group+ alcohol Composed of alcohol attached by a phosphodiester
More informationTm PATHWAYS. in seeds of higher plants. Desaturation of fattv acids
Desaturation of fattv acids in seeds of higher plants H. J. DUTTON and T. L. MOUNTS Northern Regional Research Laboratory,* Peoria, Illinois ABSTRACT Photosynthesizing flax, soybean, and safflower plants
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Which of the following statements concerning anabolic reactions is FALSE? A. They are generally endergonic. B. They usually require ATP. C. They are part of metabolism. D.
More informationBackground knowledge
Background knowledge This is the required background knowledge: State three uses of energy in living things Give an example of an energy conversion in a living organism State that fats and oils contain
More informationDETERMINATION OF COMPOSITION OF TRIACYLGLYCEROLS AND COMPOSITION AND CONTENT OF DI-ACYLGLYCEROLS BY CAPILLARY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY, IN VEGETABLE OILS
INTERNATIONAL OLIVE COUNCIL COI/T.20/Doc. No 32 November 2013 ENGLISH Original: ENGLISH Príncipe de Vergara, 154 28002 Madrid España Telef.: +34 915 903 638 Fax: +34 915 631 263 - e-mail: iooc@internationaloliveoil.org
More informationErythrocytes In Vitro *
Journal of Clinical Investigation Vol. 46, No. 6, 1967 Fatty Acid Transport and Incorporation into Erythrocytes In Vitro * Human RICHARD K. DONABEDIAN AND ARTHUR KARMEN t (From the Department of Radiological
More informationMembrane phospholipids in temperature adaptation of Candida utilis: alterations in fatty acid chain length and unsaturation
Membrane phospholipids in temperature adaptation of Candida utilis: alterations in fatty acid chain length and unsaturation Merja Suutari,'.* Antti Rintam&i,t and Simo Laaksol National Public Health Institute,*
More informationThe lipid profile of the pallid emperor moth Cirina forda Westwood (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) caterpillar
BIOKEMISTRI 13: 37-41 (January 2003) Printed in Nigeria The lipid profile of the pallid emperor moth Cirina forda Westwood (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) caterpillar Adeolu.T. ANDE Department of Biological
More informationTENOFOVIR TABLETS: Final text for addition to The International Pharmacopoeia (June 2010)
June 2010 TENOFOVIR TABLETS: Final text for addition to The International Pharmacopoeia (June 2010) This monograph was adopted at the Forty-fourth WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical
More informationHeparin Sodium ヘパリンナトリウム
Heparin Sodium ヘパリンナトリウム Add the following next to Description: Identification Dissolve 1 mg each of Heparin Sodium and Heparin Sodium Reference Standard for physicochemical test in 1 ml of water, and
More informationAnalytical Method for 2, 4, 5-T (Targeted to Agricultural, Animal and Fishery Products)
Analytical Method for 2, 4, 5-T (Targeted to Agricultural, Animal and Fishery Products) The target compound to be determined is 2, 4, 5-T. 1. Instrument Liquid Chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS)
More informationFatty Acid Composition of Lipid Extracts of
JOURNAL OF BACrERIOLOGY, Jan. 1970, p. 145-151 Copyright a 1970 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 101, No. 1 Printed in U.S.A. Fatty Acid Composition of Lipid Extracts of a Thermophilic Bacillus Species
More informationRespiration. Respiration. Respiration. How Cells Harvest Energy. Chapter 7
How Cells Harvest Energy Chapter 7 Organisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: autotrophs: are able to produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis heterotrophs: live on
More informationTenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Tenofoviri disoproxili fumaras)
C 19 H 30 N 5 O 10 P. C 4 H 4 O 4 Relative molecular mass. 635.5. Chemical names. bis(1-methylethyl) 5-{[(1R)-2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-1-methylethoxy]methyl}-5-oxo-2,4,6,8-tetraoxa-5-λ 5 - phosphanonanedioate
More informationChanges in Composition and Structure of Triacylglycerol of Adipose Tissue and Skin from Laying Hens as Influenced by Dietary Fats
Changes in Composition and Structure of Triacylglycerol of Adipose Tissue and Skin from Laying Hens as Influenced by Dietary Fats Akihiro HIRATA*, Tetsuya MASUDA*, Teiji KIMURA* and Yoshiyuki OHTAKE* *
More informationCellular Localization of Acetyl-Coenzyme A Synthetase in Yeast
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, Nov. 1968, p. 1632-1639 Copyright @ 1968 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 96, No. 5-J Printed In U.S.A.- Cellular Localization of Acetyl-Coenzyme A Synthetase in Yeast HAROLD
More informationIDENTIFICATION AND CONTROLOFRESIDUALSOLVENTS Identification and control of residual solvents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.
EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.4.24. Identification and control of residual solvents paper and wash each filter with 3 quantities, each of 15 ml, of methylenechlorider.placethecombinedfiltrateand washings
More informationMetabolite and Fatty Acid Analysis of Yeast Cells and Culture Supernatants Liwei Chen and Wei Ning Chen *
Metabolite and Fatty Acid Analysis of Yeast Cells and Culture Supernatants Liwei Chen and Wei Ning Chen * School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
More informationOverview on the identification of different classes of. lipids by HPTLC (High Performance Thin Layer. Chromatography) and ITLC (Immuno Thin Layer
Overview on the identification of different classes of lipids by HPTLC (High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography) and ITLC (Immuno Thin Layer Chromatography) Iuliana Popa 1, Marie-Jeanne David 2, Daniel
More informationEffect of phospholipase-d on rat kidney mitochondria*
J. Biosci., Vol. 1, Number 1, March 1979, pp. 75 82. Printed in India. Effect of phospholipase-d on rat kidney mitochondria* S. N. A. ZAIDI, A. C. SHIPSTONE and N. K. GARG Division of Biochemistry, Central
More informationFATTY ACID COMPONENT OF SENEGAL MANATEE FATS
FATTY ACID COMPONENT OF SENEGAL MANATEE FATS SHINGO ITOH AND HIDEO TSUYUKI Departmeni of Food Engineering, College of Agriculture & Veterinary Medicine, Nikon Universiry, Tokyo. ABSTRACT The fats in cerviel,
More informationThey are substances that are soluble in lipid or derived from the lipids by hydrolysis; for examples, cholesterol and fat soluble vitamins.
They are substances that are soluble in lipid or derived from the lipids by hydrolysis; for examples, cholesterol and fat soluble vitamins. Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds,side chian are (alkane).:
More informationCitrobacter, and Providencial
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, Apr. 1973, p 80-85 Copyright 0 1973 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 114, No. 1 Printed in U.SA. Fatty Acid Compositions of Paracolons: Arizona, Citrobacter, and Providencial
More informationTotal Phosphatidic Acid Assay Kit
Product Manual Total Phosphatidic Acid Assay Kit Catalog Number MET- 5019 100 assays FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY Not for use in diagnostic procedures Introduction Phosphatidic Acid (PA) is a critical precursor
More informationDr. Nafith Abu Tarboush
5 Dr. Nafith Abu Tarboush June 25 th 2013 Mohammad Abu Dosh Sheet 5.. Lipids ( Dr. Nafith ) : Classification of fatty acids : - they are classified depending on the existence of double bonds to : 1) Saturated
More informationVery-Long Chain Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
Very-Long Chain Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Objectives: 1. Review information on the isolation of mutants deficient in VLCFA biosynthesis 2. Generate hypotheses to explain the absence of mutants with lesions
More informationMCQS ON LIPIDS. Dr. RUCHIKA YADU
MCQS ON LIPIDS Dr. RUCHIKA YADU Q1. THE FATS AND OILS ARE RESPECTIVELY RICH IN a) Unsaturated fatty acids b) Saturated fatty acids c) Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids d) None of these Q2. ESSENTIAL
More informationSYNTHESIS OF QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS FROM NATURAL MATERIALS
Int. J. Chem. Sci.: 12(3), 2014, 880-884 ISSN 0972-768X www.sadgurupublications.com SYNTHESIS OF QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS FROM NATURAL MATERIALS MUHAMMAD ABDUL QADIR, MAHMOOD AHMED *, SHOUKAT HAYAT,
More informationUMR 8612, Faculty of Pharmacy Chatenay-Malabry. Natura-Brasil. EA Laboratory of Dermatological Research,
Iuliana Popa 1, Noëlle Remoué 2 and Jacques Portoukalian 3 1 UMR 8612, Faculty of Pharmacy Chatenay-Malabry 2 Natura-Brasil 3 EA 41 69 Laboratory of Dermatological Research, University of Lyon I, Faculty
More informationPREPARATION OF LIPIDE EXTRACTS FROM BRAIN TISSUE*
PREPARATION OF LIPIDE EXTRACTS FROM BRAIN TISSUE* JORDI FOLCH, I. ASCOLI, M. LEES,? J. A. MEATH,$ AND F. N. LEBARON (From the McLean Hospital Research Laboratories, Waverley, Massachusetts, and the Department
More informationThe effect of phosphatidyl choline on the degradation of phosphatidyl ethanolamine by the phospholipase of post-heparin plasma or snake venom
The effect of phosphatidyl choline on the degradation of phosphatidyl ethanolamine by the phospholipase of post-heparin plasma or snake venom WILLIAM C. VOGEL, J. L. KOPPEL, and J. H. OLWIN Coagulation
More informationA LDEHYDOGENIC LIPIDS were first observed in mammalian
Evidence for the existence of cholesteryl alk-1-enyl ethers in bovine and porcine cardiac muscle JOHN R. GILBERTSON, HELGA H. GARLICH, and ROSE A. GELMAN Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Graduate
More informationFATTY ACID COMPONENTS OF BLACK RIGHT WHALE OIL BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY HIDEO TSUYUKI* AND SHINGO ITOH* INTRODUCTION
FATTY ACID COMPONENTS OF BLACK RIGHT WHALE OIL BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY HIDEO TSUYUKI* AND SHINGO ITOH* INTRODUCTION There have been a number of studies on whale oil. However, there are a few studies on black
More informationVery-Long Chain Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
Very-Long Chain Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Objectives: 1. Review information on the isolation of mutants deficient in VLCFA biosynthesis 2. Generate hypotheses to explain the absence of mutants with lesions
More informationLutein Esters from Tagetes Erecta
Residue Monograph prepared by the meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), 82 nd meeting 2016 Lutein Esters from Tagetes Erecta This monograph was also published in: Compendium
More informationTest Bank for Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5th Edition by Nelson
Test Bank for Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5th Edition by Nelson Link download full: http://testbankair.com/download/test-bank-forlehninger-principles-of-biochemistry-5th-edition-by-nelson/ Chapter
More informationLipids Analysis. Lipids
Lipids Analysis Stephen Barnes 3 5 15 Lipids Lipids are mostly very hydrophobic Most are conjugates of fatty acids of a variety of chain lengths, which have different degrees of unsaturation, cis trans
More informationFatty acids and phospholipids
PYS 4xx Intro 2 1 PYS 4xx Intro 2 - Molecular building blocks We now describe in more detail the nomenclature and composition of several classes of compounds of relevance to the cell, including: membrane
More informationCellular Respiration Stage 2 & 3. Glycolysis is only the start. Cellular respiration. Oxidation of Pyruvate Krebs Cycle.
Cellular Respiration Stage 2 & 3 Oxidation of Pyruvate Krebs Cycle AP 2006-2007 Biology Glycolysis is only the start Glycolysis glucose pyruvate 6C 2x 3C Pyruvate has more energy to yield 3 more C to strip
More informationANSC/NUTR 618 Lipids & Lipid Metabolism
I. Overall concepts A. Definitions ANC/NUTR 618 Lipids & Lipid Metabolism 1. De novo synthesis = synthesis from non-fatty acid precursors a. Carbohydrate precursors (glucose, lactate, and pyruvate) b.
More informationAutomated Sample Preparation for Profiling Fatty Acids in Blood and Plasma using the Agilent 7693 ALS
Automated Sample Preparation for Profiling Fatty Acids in Blood and Plasma using the Agilent 7693 ALS Application Note Clinical Research Authors Frank David and Bart Tienpont, Research Institute for Chromatography,
More informationTurnover of Individual Cholesterol Esters in Human Liver and Plasma*
Journal of Clinical Investigation Vol. 45, No. 7, 1966 Turnover of Individual Cholesterol Esters in Human Liver and * P. J. NESTEL t AND E. A. COUZENS (From the University of Melbourne Department of Medicine,
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY DATA. Materials and Methods
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Materials and Methods HPLC-UV of phospholipid classes and HETE isomer determination. Fractionation of platelet lipid classes was undertaken on a Spherisorb S5W 150 x 4.6 mm column (Waters
More informationMIDDLETOWN HIGH SCHOOL SOUTH BIOLOGY
MIDDLETOWN HIGH SCHOOL SOUTH BIOLOGY BOOKLET 10 NAME: CLASS: 1 S.Tagore Middletown South High School March 2013 LEARNING OUTCOMES The role and production of ATP (a) Importance, role and structure of ATP
More informationAnalysis of Triglycerides of Soybean Oil by High- Performance Liquid Chromatography in Combination with Gas Liquid Chromatography
Analysis of Triglycerides of Soybean Oil by High- Performance Liquid Chromatography in Combination with Gas Liquid Chromatography Shun WADA, Chiaki KOIZUMI, and Junsaku NONAKA Tokyo University of Fisheries,
More informationPhosphatidylcholine from Hen's Egg
588 I959 The Fatty Acids of Phosphatidylethanolamine and Phosphatidylcholine from Hen's Egg By J. C. HAWKE Fats Research Laboratory, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Wellington, New Zealand
More informationVery-Long Chain Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
Very-Long Chain Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Objectives: 1. Review information on the isolation of mutants deficient in VLCFA biosynthesis 2. Generate hypotheses to explain the absence of mutants with lesions
More informationFATTY ACID COMPONENT OF LIPID OF EUPHAUSIA SUPERBA
FATTY ACID COMPONENT OF LIPID OF EUPHAUSIA SUPERBA HIDEO TSUYUKI AND SHINGO ITOH Department of Food Technology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Tokyo ABSTRACT Lipids extracted
More informationChapter 2 Part 3: Organic and Inorganic Compounds
Chapter 2 Part 3: Organic and Inorganic Compounds Objectives: 1) List the major groups of inorganic chemicals common in cells. 2) Describe the functions of various types of inorganic chemicals in cells.
More information26.1 Acetyl Coenzyme A
Chapter 26 Lipids Lipids Lipids are naturally occurring substances grouped together on the basis of a common property they they are more soluble in nonpolar solvents than in water. Some of the most important
More informationColumn Selection for the Analysis of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Application
Column Selection for the Analysis of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Application Food Analysis Authors Frank David Research Institute for Chromatography President Kennedy Park B- Kortrijk, Belgium Pat Sandra
More informationLipid Composition of the New Functional Lyophilized Product SB-Lyo
635 Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 13 (2007), 635-639 National Centre for Agrarian Sciences Lipid Composition of the New Functional Lyophilized Product SB-Lyo I. NACHEVA, L. GEORGIEVA and Tsv.
More informationLC-Based Lipidomics Analysis on QTRAP Instruments
LC-Based Lipidomics Analysis on QTRAP Instruments Junhua Wang and Paul RS Baker SCIEX LC-Based Lipidomics Analysis Topics Covered Lipid extraction techniques Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography (HILIC)
More informationChapter 5. Microbial Metabolism
Chapter 5 Microbial Metabolism Metabolism Collection of controlled biochemical reactions that take place within a microbe Ultimate function of metabolism is to reproduce the organism Metabolic Processes
More informationHigher Biology. Unit 2: Metabolism and Survival Topic 2: Respiration. Page 1 of 25
Higher Biology Unit 2: Metabolism and Survival Topic 2: Respiration Page 1 of 25 Sub Topic: Respiration I can state that: All living cells carry out respiration. ATP is the energy currency of the cell
More informationQUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF PHYTOSTEROL FROM TWO MEDICINALLY IMPORTANT PLANTS OF CUCURBITACEAE
Int. J. Engg. Res. & Sci. & Tech. 2014 Renu Sarin and Sangeeta Samria, 2014 Research Paper ISSN 2319-5991 www.ijerst.com Vol. 3, No. 2, May 2014 2014 IJERST. All Rights Reserved QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION
More informationChapter 8 Mitochondria and Cellular Respiration
Chapter 8 Mitochondria and Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration is the process of oxidizing food molecules, like glucose, to carbon dioxide and water. The energy released is trapped in the form of
More informationBCM 221 LECTURES OJEMEKELE O.
BCM 221 LECTURES BY OJEMEKELE O. OUTLINE INTRODUCTION TO LIPID CHEMISTRY STORAGE OF ENERGY IN ADIPOCYTES MOBILIZATION OF ENERGY STORES IN ADIPOCYTES KETONE BODIES AND KETOSIS PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX
More informationChemistry 1120 Exam 4 Study Guide
Chemistry 1120 Exam 4 Study Guide Chapter 12 12.1 Identify and differentiate between macronutrients (lipids, amino acids and saccharides) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). Master Tutor Section
More informationA MODIFICATION OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF MILK FAT
1014 Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 22 (No 6) 2016, 1014 1020 Agricultural Academy A MODIFICATION OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF MILK FAT G.
More information