7/31/2015. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery: Change Your Mind, Change Your Practice. Objectives. Enhanced Recovery Society

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1 Enhanced Recovery After Surgery: Change Your Mind, Change Your Practice Margaret Odhner MS, ANP-BC, COCN Kim Meacham, MSN FNP-C, CWON Objectives 1. Describe the Enhanced Recover After Surgery (ERAS) pathway. 2. Define the elements of the ERAS and apply the protocol in the acute care setting. 3. Discuss Lewin's Theory of Change. Enhanced Recovery Society 3 1

2 ERAS Restore normal physiologic functioning Encourage ambulation POD 1 Successful multimodal pain management Timely discharge Organized plan of care Reduced length of hospital stay and costs Enhanced nursing autonomy 4 Colorectal ERAS Restore Pathway Pre-Hospital Patient Education Brochure In Hospital Staff Education Documentation Data Collection Post Hospital Evaluation Implementing ERAS 6 2

3 Colorectal ERAS Reduce surgical stress Support body function through optimizing analgesia, early mobilization, early return to normal diet. 16 primary components Hendry, J. et al. (2009) Determinants of outcome after colorectal resection within an enhanced recovery programme. British Journal of Surgery. The Lone Ranger, long since retired, makes au unpleasant discovery 9 3

4 Transition Time.. Implementation Education Theory application Collaboration 10 Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Pre-operative Phase Intra-operative Phase Day of Surgery Post-operative Day 1 Post-operative Day 2 Post-operative Day 3-5 Discharge PATIENT COPY Pre Hospital DAY OF SURGERY POST OP DAY 1 POST OP DAY 2 POST OP DAY 3 POST OP DAY 4 - NOTES Nutrition Light diet sports drink in evening And 2 hours before surgery Drink fluids Advance diet (go slow!) Chew gum 3 x day Continue until day of discharge Activity No restrictions Sit in chair after surgery Walking today and stay out of bed 6 hours Walk and stay out of bed 8 hours Continue until day of discharge Medication Check with your provider about medications. Stop ASA, Coumadin, Plavix Intravenous and oral pain medications Multimodal approach Take pain medication only if needed Continue until day of discharge Treatments No Bowel prep Surgical wound evaluation Remove Urinary catheter and urinate without use of catheter Continue until day of discharge Discharge Laparoscopic 2-3 days Open 4-5 days Plan for ride home. Rehab Center for some. Ostomy Care and teaching (as applies to you) Plan for discharge by 11:00 AM Continue until day of discharge 4

5 Evidence Reviewed 187 journal /research articles Multinational, multicultural cohort studies Randomized studies Meta-analyses and systematic reviews Looked at 18 different ERAS programs Including key elements: pain relief, fluid therapy, revision of care, oral nutrition, ambulation. Kehlet, Henrik; ( 2008) Annals of Surgery Evidence Retrospective comparative study 260 patients split into 2 groups Convention care and fast tract Outcome measures Time to defecation LOS Morbidity Basse, et al. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum (2004) Evidence Results Traditional / conventional care patients had more medical and surgical post-op complications Group 1 - Traditional care- 72 complications Group 2 ERAS - 33 complications Anastomotic leaks similar- 5 in each group Basse, et al. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum (2004) 5

6 Evidence Results Aggressive ambulation resulted in early bowel function and reduction of pulmonary complications. Epidural catheters- did not independently reduce LOS Use of NG tube enforced a period of artificial ileus Median LOS 8 days for conventional Median LOS 2 days for ERAS Basse, et al. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum (2004) 16 primary components of the ERAS Preoperative Counseling Prospective Audit Peri-operative fluid management Epidural Anesthesia Short Acting Anesthetics No- Premedication No bowel prep Carbohydrate loading beverage/ no fasting Minimal Length incisions No nasogastric tubes Early removal of Catheters Prevention of ileus/ prokinetics Oral analgesia/ NSIADS Bair Hugger Perioperative Nutrition Early Mobilization 18 6

7 No Bowel Prep??? What! Multicenter randomized trial- The Lancet 2007 Compared rates of anastomotic leak 1431 patients, 13 hospitals 77 patients withdrew- Rate of leak did not differ between groups 32/670 (4.8%) had prep, and 37/684 ( 5.4%) no prep Difference 0-6%, 95% CI -1.7 to 2.9%-p=0.69 BUT more pelvic abscess in no mechanical bowel prep. Constant, C. et al.( 2007) Mechanical bowel preparation for elective colorectal surgery: multicenter randomized trial. No Bowel Prep? Systematic Review and Meta Analysis Rate of leak, and septic complications - pelvic abscess 14 trials, including 4859 patients. Divided into 2 groups evenly No statistical difference between groups leak p=0.46 pelvic abscess p= 0.75 wound sepsis p= 0.11 Slim, K, et al., (2009) Gum Chewing Meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies- SHAM Feeding Chewing gum post operatively End points length of hospital stay return to normal bowel function Purkayastha, S. ( 2008) Meta-analysis of Randomized Studies Evaluating Chewing Gum to Enhance Post operative Recovery Following Colectomy. Archives of Surgery, (143) 8. 7

8 Gum Chewing How does it work? Direct cephalic-vagal stimulation, triggers gastrointestinal hormone release, increasing saliva and pancreatic secretions. Craniosacral parasympathetic innervation stimulates gut function. Early Feeding? Reviewed 15 studies, 1352 patients Well tolerated, LOS was reduced Assuaged the concepts that early feeding contributed to leak and aspiration. Support for nurses to use research to drive practice. Quin, W., Neill, J., (2005) Evidence for early feeding of patients after elective open colorectal surgery: a literature review. Gastrointestinal Nursing. Early Feeding Cochrane Review 2009 Identified 13 RCT, total 1173 patients Individual clinical complications failed to reach statistical significance, but the direction of effect indicates that earlier feeding may reduce the rick of post operative complications. Conclusion- no advantage in keeping patients nil by mouth after GI surgery Anderson, H.K, Lewis, Thompson: Cochran Review

9 Implementing Protocol Employee resistance is one of the most frequent impediments to change. 25 Implementing Protocol Outpatient stoma clinic staffed by a certified stoma nurse Division based guidelines for protocol implementation Initiating preoperative carbohydrate loading Preoperative patient education Discontinuing preoperative dietary restrictions Post op multimodal analgesia Early diet, and mobilization Audit outcomes 26 Implementing Protocol ERAS asks everyone involved to deviate from the familiar perioperative protocols No bowel prep/sterilization Regular diet day before surgery/cho loading Early feeding post op without waiting for bowel function to return No drains or NG tube 27 9

10 28 Using Theory to Implement Change Needed regimented format to move forward with protocol Lewins Theory of Change chosen 29 Lewins Theory of Change 3 step process 30 10

11 Unfreezing Old behaviors discarded or unlearned Create awareness of the change Develop urgency to embrace change Present benefits of change Status quo is not acceptable 31 Unfreezing Meeting with anesthesia/ nursing staff/residents Division meeting updates Developed written pathway Clear direction Shared sense of the goal 32 Moving or Transitioning THE CHANGE Actual transition to the new pathway which become engrained Most difficult due to the unknown and prior engrained process CHO loading - most resistance APPs implemented during preop assessment Once this occurred, the remainder followed 33 11

12 Refreezing Stabilization The new norm Culture change 34 Lewins theory of change 35 SMH Clinical Practice Guideline Carbohydrate loading for elective colorectal surgery patients I. The use of pre-operative oral carbohydrate loading in the Enhanced Recovery Protocol for elective colorectal surgical patients has been found to offer patients optimal postoperative recovery. Pre-operative carbohydrate loading results in reducing post operative insulin resistance, reduced post operative nausea and vomiting, quicker return of bowel function and less loss of muscle mass and ultimately a reduced hospital stay. II. III. Patients are instructed to preoperatively purchase 24 ounces of Gatorade Prime 01 (providing 150 grams of carbohydrates), and to consume 16 ounces (100 grams CHO) the evening prior and 8 ounces (50 grams CHO) 2 hours prior to arrival for surgery. Patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, morbid obesity quantified by a BMI over 40 kg/m2, significant cognitive impairment, uncontrolled gastric reflux or known delayed gastric emptying are excluded. Guidelines are intended to be flexible. They serve as reference points or recommendations, not rigid criteria. Guidelines should be followed in most cases, but there is an understanding that, depending on the patient, the setting, the circumstances, or other factors, guidelines can and should be tailored to fit individual needs. 12

13 Early Phase Results 37 Full Implementation Results 38 Conclusions Theory can be applied in real life practice Collaboration is essential for change Diligent follow through essential Ongoing education and monitoring imperative A Colorectal Surgical Site Infection (SSI) bundle now incorporates the ERAS pathway 39 13

14 Plans for the Future Continue to monitor data Project nurse recently hired Smart phone technology

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