Altered reflex control of cutaneous circulation by female sex steroids is independent of prostaglandins
|
|
- Buddy Barrie Burns
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Altered reflex control of cutaneous circulation by female sex steroids is independent of prostaglandins NISHA CHARKOUDIAN AND JOHN M. JOHNSON Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas Charkoudian, Nisha, and John M. Johnson. Altered reflex control of cutaneous circulation by female sex steroids is independent of prostaglandins. Am. J. Physiol. 276 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 45): H1634 H1640, We tested the hypothesis that the shift in the cutaneous vasodilator response to hyperthermia seen with elevated female reproductive hormones is a prostaglandin-dependent resetting of thermoregulation to higher internal temperatures, similar to that seen in the febrile response to bacterial infection. Using water-perfused suits to control body temperature, we conducted heat stress experiments in resting women under conditions of low and high progesterone and estrogen and repeated these experiments after an acute dose of ibuprofen (800 mg). In six women the hormones were exogenous (oral contraceptives); three women had regular menstrual cycles and were tested in the early follicular and midluteal phases. Resting oral temperature (T or ) was significantly elevated with high hormone status (P 0.05); this was not affected by ibuprofen treatment (P 0.2). The T or threshold for cutaneous vasodilation was significantly increased by high hormone status ( C, P 0.02); the shift was not affected by ibuprofen treatment (with ibuprofen: C, P 0.2 vs. control experiments). The T or threshold for sweating was similarly increased by high hormone status ( C, P 0.05); this shift was not influenced by ibuprofen (with ibuprofen: , P 0.1 vs. control experiments). Thus the shift in thermoregulatory control of skin blood flow and sweating mediated by female reproductive steroids is not sensitive to ibuprofen; it therefore appears that this shift is independent of prostaglandins. skin blood flow; estrogen; progesterone; heat stress; active vasodilation; sweating; human; temperature regulation IN ADDITION TO SUBSERVING important thermoregulatory reflexes, human cutaneous vascular control is subject to modification by other factors, including, in women, reproductive hormone status. Progesterone and estrogen have been shown to alter the thermoregulatory control of skin blood flow in hyperthermia (3, 7, 8, 22). When progesterone and estrogen are elevated, either in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (7, 8, 22) or exogenously by oral contraceptives (3), a higher internal temperature (threshold) is required to initiate cutaneous vasodilation during hyperthermia ( 0.3 to 0.5 C). The effect of this threshold shift on skin blood flow can be striking considering the sensitivity of skin blood flow to increments in internal temperature (10) The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. and the maximum capacity of the skin for blood flow of 6 8 l/min (18). The reflex control of the human cutaneous circulation involves two branches of the sympathetic nervous system: the adrenergic vasoconstrictor system and the nonadrenergic cutaneous active vasodilator system. This latter system is not tonically active but is responsible for most of the cutaneous vasodilation observed during hyperthermia in humans (10). We recently found that progesterone and estrogen shifted the control of the cutaneous active vasodilator system to higher internal temperatures (3). Elevated female reproductive hormones also cause increases in resting body temperature and shift the thermoregulatory control of sweating and heart rate to higher internal temperatures during hyperthermia (3, 5, 7, 22). That the control of skin blood flow, sweating, and heart rate (HR) are similarly shifted suggests a central shift in thermoregulatory control (3). This influence on thermoregulatory control is likely to be predominantly due to progesterone, which causes increases in temperature when administered alone (9, 15, 17). Estrogen alone has a depressant effect on body temperature (9) and has been shown to shift the control of cutaneous vasodilation and sweating to lower body temperatures (1). Another example of a central resetting of thermoregulatory control toward higher internal temperatures occurs in a fever induced by bacterial infection. After infection, pyrogenic cytokines [e.g., interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6] are elevated in the circulation, and prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) increases in the area of the preoptic/ anterior hypothalamus (PO/AH) (20, 25). This elevated PGE 2 is thought to be responsible for the increase in the temperature around which the PO/AH regulates body temperature (19, 20, 25). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen are antipyretic via their capacity as cyclooxygenase inhibitors, thereby lowering the level of PGE 2 in the PO/AH area (6, 25). It has been suggested that pyrogenic cytokines might also be responsible for the rise in body temperature in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (2, 13). In an earlier study, Rothchild and Barnes (17) examined whether salicylate administration would affect the body temperature rise induced by very high doses (5 50 mg) of progesterone injected intramuscularly in men, but the results of these experiments were considered by the authors to be inconclusive. We hypothesized that the shift in reflex control of cutaneous vasodilation with elevated progesterone and estrogen is a prostaglandin-dependent shift in the overall control of temperature regulation. To address this hypothesis, we conducted heat stress experiments H /99 $5.00 Copyright 1999 the American Physiological Society
2 SEX STEROIDS, PROSTAGLANDINS, AND SKIN BLOOD FLOW H1635 Table 1. Oral contraceptives used: brand names and dosages Subject No. in resting women in conditions of low and high hormone status, using acute ibuprofen treatment to test whether cyclooxygenase inhibition would reverse or reduce this shift. METHODS Brand Name Ethinyl Estradiol Dose Progestin Dose 1 Ortho-cyclen 35 µg 0.25 mg norgestimate 2 Allesse 20 µg 0.10 mg levonorgestrel 3 Ortho-Novum 1/35 35 µg 1.0 mg norethindrone 4 Loestrin 1.5/30 30 µg 1.5 mg norethindrone 5 Lo/ovral 30 µg 0.3 mg norgestrel 6 Ortho-Novum 1/35 35 µg 1.0 mg norethindrone The protocol for this series of experiments was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. Nine young women (ages yr) with normal health status and no history of cardiovascular disease volunteered for the study; each gave written informed consent before participation. All were nonsmokers, did not consume caffeine within 12 h of the experiments, and did not take any pain medication within 7 days of the experiments. Of the nine subjects, six were taking oral contraceptives (OC group) and the other three had regular menstrual cycles (NOC group). The subjects in the OC group were voluntarily taking combination oral contraceptives of the type that includes ethinyl estradiol and a low-dose progestin and that provides a steady level of hormones for 21 days followed by a 7-day placebo or no-pill period (Table 1) (3). Each subject participated in four experiments. For the OC group the experiments were carried out as follows: at the end of the 3rd wk of hormone pills (high hormone status), at the end of the placebo/no pill week (low hormone status), and one experiment in each phase in which ibuprofen was administered. The women in the NOC group were studied in the early follicular (days 2 8) and midluteal (days 19 24) phases of the menstrual cycle, with one experiment in each phase in which ibuprofen was given. For all subjects the order of experiments was randomized. Each subject monitored her sublingual temperature on waking each morning during the time period over which the four experiments were conducted ( 8 wk). For whole body heating, the subject dressed in a tube-lined suit for control of body temperature (27). The suit did not cover the head or the areas of blood flow measurement. Mean skin temperature (T sk ) was elevated to 38.5 C for min. After whole body heating, T sk was returned to normal, and maximum cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was determined by local warming of the area around the flow probe to 42 C for 30 min (12). Cutaneous blood flow was measured as laser-doppler blood flow (LDF) (14) on the ventral forearm. LDF values were divided by mean arterial pressure to give an index of CVC. Sweating rate was measured by capacitance hygrometry at the forearm site where LDF was monitored. T sk was assessed from the weighted average of six thermocouples (upper back, lower back, abdomen, upper chest, thigh, and calf) (27). Internal temperature (T or ) was measured with a sublingual thermocouple. To ensure that sublingual temperature was an accurate index of internal temperature, subjects kept their mouths closed and breathed only through the nose throughout all experiments, and no liquids were consumed at any time during any experiment. Mean arterial pressure was continuously measured with a finger blood pressure cuff (Finapres) placed on the middle finger of the left hand and referred to heart level, and HR was monitored by electrocardiogram. All studies were conducted at the same time of day, beginning at 8:00 AM, to avoid the complications of circadian variation in body temperature and temperature regulation (22, 23). For those experiments in which ibuprofen was administered, 800 mg were administered orally min before heat stress. This dose is twice the recommended antipyretic dose; it is less than one-half that recommended for daily treatment of arthritis (6). Ibuprofen takes h to reach maximal plasma concentrations and has a plasma half-life of 2 h (6). This time course, therefore, allowed for maximal plasma concentrations of ibuprofen during heat stress. For confirmation of menstrual phase in the NOC group, a 5-ml blood sample was taken from an antecubital vein before each experiment. Samples were collected in EDTA tubes and immediately centrifuged at 4 C; plasma was then stored at 20 C until the hormone assays were performed. Plasma progesterone and estradiol levels were measured using commercially available RIA kits (Coat-A-Count, Diagnostic Products, Los Angeles, CA). Each sample was analyzed in duplicate. Table 2. Resting internal temperatures on experiment days OC Group LH HH LH I HH I T or, C Waking * * Pre-heat stress NOC Group Foll Lut Foll I Lut I T or, C Waking Pre-heat stress Values are means SE. Internal temperatures (T or ) were measured on waking and immediately before heat stress for 4 experimental days: low hormone phase (LH) and high hormone phase (HH) for oral contraceptive (OC) group and follicular (Foll) and luteal (Lut) phases for non-oral contraceptive (NOC) group. Data for both groups are shown with and without ibuprofen (I). Ibuprofen had not been given when waking temperatures were measured. *P 0.05, HH vs. LH; P 0.01, HH vs. LH; P 0.03, Lut vs. Foll.
3 H1636 SEX STEROIDS, PROSTAGLANDINS, AND SKIN BLOOD FLOW Data analysis. Data from OC and NOC groups were analyzed separately. T or at rest was compared across phase and ibuprofen treatment by two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. CVC data are expressed as percentage of maximum to allow for intra- and intersubject comparisons (12). CVC was analyzed as a function of T or. The T or at which cutaneous vasodilation began was identified as the threshold for cutaneous vasodilation. For the determination of this threshold, plots of CVC as a function of time were used by an investigator blinded to the subjects and experimental conditions. The point after which there was a sustained increase over baseline was selected, and the T or at that time was identified as the threshold. The thresholds for sweating were identified as the T or at which active sweating was first detected. Thresholds for vasodilation and sweating were compared across phase and treatment by two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. The amount by which the thresholds shifted was compared between control and ibuprofen conditions by paired t-test. Regression analyses of the CVC-T or and sweating rate-t or relationships beyond the previously identified thresholds were performed for each experiment. The sensitivity of the cutaneous vasodilator or sweating response was identified as the slope of the regression line. For those experiments in which CVC demonstrated a plateau late in heating, the slope was calculated only from the rising phase of the response. The HR-T or relationship was also analyzed by regression analysis, and the slopes were compared across phase and ibuprofen treatment by two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. From this regression analysis, an HR value corresponding to 37 C T or was calculated, and this value was compared across phase and ibuprofen treatment by two-way ANOVA. For the NOC group, plasma levels of progesterone and estradiol were compared between phases by paired t-test. Statistical significance was accepted for P apparent in the high hormone phase. Figure 2 shows sweating as a function of T or from control experiments and those involving ibuprofen. As with CVC, the shift in the sweating response to higher internal temperatures was unaffected by ibuprofen. For all subjects the T or thresholds for cutaneous vasodilation and sweating were increased with high hormone status regardless of whether ibuprofen was administered. Figure 3 shows average thresholds for the OC group, and the values for the NOC group are shown in Table 3. In the OC group the threshold for cutaneous vasodilation increased C in RESULTS Resting internal temperature was increased in the high hormone phase in the OC group and in the luteal phase in the NOC group when measured on waking and at the start of the experiment ( pre-heat stress ; Table 2). This increase in resting temperature was not affected by ibuprofen treatment in either group, as pre-heat stress T or (measured 90 min after ibuprofen administration but before the onset of heat stress) was not affected by ibuprofen treatment regardless of hormone status (P 0.5; Table 2). In the NOC group, menstrual cycle phase was confirmed by measurement of plasma progesterone and estradiol. Plasma progesterone ( and ng/ml in luteal and follicular phases, respectively, P 0.01) and estradiol ( and pg/ml in luteal and follicular phases, respectively, P 0.01) in the luteal phase were significantly elevated above follicular phase levels. Whole body heat stress caused an increase in T or of 0.5 C, which was sufficient to cause marked cutaneous vasodilation and sweating in all experiments. Figure 1A shows the cutaneous vasodilator response to heating as a function of T or for a representative subject in the two phases of the oral contraceptive cycle. Figure 1B shows this response for the same subject in the experiments in which ibuprofen was administered. The shift in the cutaneous vasodilator response is still Fig. 1. Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) as a function of sublingual temperature (T or ) during whole body heating in 2 phases of oral contraceptive use [low (open symbols) and high (filled symbols) hormone phases] for a representative subject. A: control experiments (no ibuprofen). B: experiments after ibuprofen administration. Note shift in threshold for vasodilation to higher internal temperatures with high hormone status; this phase-related shift was not affected by ibuprofen treatment.
4 SEX STEROIDS, PROSTAGLANDINS, AND SKIN BLOOD FLOW H1637 control experiments and C in ibuprofen experiments (P 0.1 for threshold shifts, control vs. ibuprofen). Thresholds for sweating increased C in control and C in ibuprofen experiments (P 0.1, control vs. ibuprofen). Threshold shifts in the NOC group were also unaffected by ibuprofen treatment (P 0.1). Overall, the absolute values of the thresholds for cutaneous vasodilation and sweating were unaffected by ibuprofen treatment regardless of hormone status (P 0.5). The sensitivities of the cutaneous vasodilator and sweating responses with respect to T or were not significantly affected by hormone status or ibuprofen treatment (Table 4). HR increased linearly with T or in all experiments, as has been shown previously (3, 28). The slope of the HR-T or relationship was not altered by hormone status or ibuprofen treatment ( , , 43.1 Fig. 3. T or thresholds for cutaneous vasodilation (A) and sweating (B) in oral contraceptive group (n 6, means SE). Thresholds for cutaneous vasodilation were significantly increased in high hormone phase (P 0.001); neither thresholds nor threshold shift was influenced by ibuprofen treatment (P 0.5). Similarly, sweating thresholds were significantly increased with high hormone status (P 0.001) but unaffected by ibuprofen. Influence of hormone status and lack of effect of ibuprofen were also true for subjects who were not taking oral contraceptives (Table 2). LH, low hormone phase; LH I, low hormone phase ibuprofen; HH, high hormone phase; HH I, high hormone phase ibuprofen. *P 0.001, LH vs. HH. Fig. 2. Sweating rate (SR) as a function of T or during body heating in low and high hormone phases for a representative subject (see Fig. 1. legend for explanation of symbols). A: control experiments. B: ibuprofen experiments. As with CVC, shift in sweating response to higher internal temperatures with high hormone status was unaffected by ibuprofen treatment. 6.3, and beats min 1 C 1 for low hormone, high hormone, low hormone ibuprofen, and high hormone ibuprofen, respectively, P 0.05). As we have shown previously (3), the HR-T or relationship was shifted to higher internal temperatures in the high hormone phase, such that, for a given T or, HR was always lower in the high hormone phase. For example, atat or of 37 C, the corresponding HR value was lower in high hormone phase (P 0.05). This shift was not
5 H1638 SEX STEROIDS, PROSTAGLANDINS, AND SKIN BLOOD FLOW Table 3. T or thresholds for onsets of cutaneous vasodilation and sweating in NOC group Foll Lut Foll I Lut I Cutaneous vasodilation * * Sweating * * Values are means SE in C. T or thresholds for cutaneous vasodilation and sweating were measured in NOC group in follicular and luteal phases with and without ibuprofen. Thresholds in luteal phase were increased relative to follicular phase; this was not affected by ibuprofen. See Table 2 footnote for definition of abbreviations. *P 0.02, Lut vs. Foll. affected by ibuprofen (P 0.05); values were as follows: , , , and beats/min in low hormone, high hormone, low hormone ibuprofen, and high hormone ibuprofen, respectively. Overall, data from all subjects demonstrated a consistent lack of effect of cyclooxygenase inhibition: there was not one individual example in which ibuprofen caused any diminution of the thermoregulatory control shift in the OC or the NOC group. DISCUSSION Cutaneous vasodilator responses to hyperthermia have been shown to be altered by elevated progesterone and estrogen (3, 7, 8, 22, 23); however, the mechanisms involved remain incompletely understood. This alteration is part of a shift in the control of temperature regulation to higher internal temperatures (3, 7, 8, 22, 23). It has been proposed that this shift may be similar to a fever that follows bacterial infection (2, 13). Consistent with this idea is a report that plasma IL-1 is increased in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (2). However, Gonzalez et al. (4) found no increase in the levels of IL-1, IL-6, or tumor necrosis factor in the luteal phase, and Rogers and Baker (16) reported that the levels of IL-1 and IL-6 did not change with the exogenous progesterone and estrogen in oral contraceptives. The fever that accompanies a bacterial infection is dependent on an increase in PGE 2 in the PO/AH area (19, 20, 25) and is therefore reduced by cyclooxygenase inhibition with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen (6, 25). In the present study we found no measurable effect of cyclooxygenase inhibition on the shift in the cutaneous vascular response to hyperthermia, indicating that prostaglandins are not involved. The dose administered in the present study was twice the recommended antipyretic dose for adults (6), yet there was no effect on the absolute values of the thresholds for cutaneous vasodilation or on the amount the threshold shifted between phases. Consistent with these threshold data for CVC, pre-heat stress T or and the T or thresholds for sweating were similarly increased with high hormone status compared with low hormone status regardless of whether ibuprofen was administered. Also, ibuprofen did not affect the shift in the HR-T or relationship to higher internal temperatures with high hormone status. Although many of the observations regarding the thermoregulatory influences of progesterone and estrogen have been made when both hormones are elevated (3, 5, 7, 8, 22), progesterone is probably the dominant hormone in the thermoregulatory control shifts in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and the high hormone phase of oral contraceptive use. Progesterone is said to be thermogenic in that its administration causes increases in body temperature (9, 15, 17). Estrogen alone appears to shift body temperature and temperature regulation to lower levels (1, 9, 24, 26). Although the influence of progesterone appears to dominate, it is also possible that the hormones act in combination in a way that is different from their separate influences. In 1952, Rothchild and Barnes (17) examined the influence of cyclooxygenase inhibition (oral salicylate administration) on the rectal temperature increase following intramuscular injections of large doses of progesterone (5 25 mg) in men. Their results varied from no effect of salicylate in some individuals to a partial reversal of the internal temperature increase in some of the subjects given larger doses of progesterone (10 and 25 mg). The authors commented that their results were not conclusive, since the effects of salicylate were not uniform among subjects (17). Table 4. Sensitivities of cutaneous vasodilation and sweating with respect to T or OC Group LH HH LH I HH I Cutaneous vasodilation, %max/ C Sweating, mg min 1 cm 2 C NOC Group Foll Lut Foll I Lut I Cutaneous vasodilation, %max/ C Sweating, mg min 1 cm 2 C Values are means SE. Sensitivities of cutaneous vasodilator and sweating responses (slopes of responses with respect to T or ) were determined for OC and NOC subjects. There was no effect of hormone status or ibuprofen treatment on sensitivity of either response. See Table 2 footnote for definition of abbreviations.
6 SEX STEROIDS, PROSTAGLANDINS, AND SKIN BLOOD FLOW H1639 A possible central mechanism for the influences of female reproductive hormones on thermoregulatory control involves a direct effect on the temperaturesensitive neurons of the PO/AH. Silva and Boulant (21) demonstrated in rat brain slice preparations that estradiol changes the firing rate of temperature-sensitive neurons in the PO/AH; progesterone can also influence the firing rate of these neurons (11). To the extent that these neurons are ultimately in control of thermoregulation, such direct influences of progesterone and estrogen during the menstrual cycle may contribute to the alterations in thermoregulatory control by these hormones. The cellular mechanism(s) by which the hormones alter firing rate in these neurons remains to be determined; the present results, however, do not support a role for prostaglandins. In agreement with previous observations from our laboratory and others (3, 8, 22), the present data show no influence of hormone status on the sensitivities of the cutaneous vasodilator or sweating responses as functions of internal temperature during hyperthermia (Table 3). Hessemer and Brück (7) reported an increase in the sensitivity of cutaneous vasodilation in the luteal phase; the reason for the discrepancy between their results and the above studies is unclear. In summary, the alterations in cutaneous vascular control during hyperthermia as well as the changes in body temperature and in the control of sweating that accompany increases in plasma progesterone and estrogen are not sensitive to cyclooxygenase inhibition by ibuprofen. These alterations therefore appear to be prostaglandin independent. Therefore, although the changes in thermoregulatory control accompanying elevated progesterone and estrogen follow a pattern similar to that observed with the fever following an infection, the mechanisms must be different. Although direct influences of progesterone and estrogen on temperature-sensitive neurons of the PO/AH may be involved, further study is needed to clarify the mechanisms by which these hormones shift thermoregulatory control. We are grateful to Dr. Lou A. Stephenson for helpful discussions during the development of these studies. We thank Wojciech Kosiba for expert technical assistance and Francis Nieves-Roldan for performing the RIAs. These studies were supported by National Institutes of Health Grants HL and T32-AG Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: J. M. Johnson, Dept. of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX ( johnson@uthscsa.edu). Received 13 October 1998; accepted in final form 19 January REFERENCES 1. Brooks, E. M., A. L. Morgan, J. M. Pierzga, S. L. Wladkowski, J. T. O Gorman, J. A. Derr, and W. L. Kenney. Chronic hormone replacement therapy alters thermoregulatory and vasomotor function in postmenopausal women. J. Appl. Physiol. 83: , Cannon, J. G., and C. A. Dinarello. Increased plasma interleukin-1 activity in women after ovulation. Science 227: , Charkoudian, N., and J. M. Johnson. Modification of active cutaneous vasodilation by oral contraceptive hormones. J. Appl. Physiol. 83: , Gonzalez, R. R., L. A. Blanchard, and W. F. Allison. Cytokine interaction with the menstrual cycle during cold stress and exercise. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 856: , Grucza, R., H. Pekkarinen, E.-K. Titov, A. Kononoff, and O. Hanninen. Influence of the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives on thermoregulatory responses to exercise in young women. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 67: , Hardman, J. G., L. E. Limbird, P. B. Molinoff, R. W. Ruddon, and A. G. Gilman. Goodman & Gilman s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996, p and Hessemer, V., and K. Brück. Influence of menstrual cycle on shivering, skin blood flow and sweating responses measured at night. J. Appl. Physiol. 59: , Hirata, K., T. Nagasaka, A. Hirai, M. Hirashita, T. Takahata, and T. Nunomura. Effects of human menstrual cycle on thermoregulatory vasodilation during exercise. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 54: , Israel, S. L., and O. Schneller. The thermogenic property of progesterone. Fertil. Steril. 1: 53 64, Johnson, J. M., and D. W. Proppe. Cardiovascular adjustments to heat stress. In: Handbook of Physiology. Environmental Physiology. Bethesda, MD: Am. Physiol. Soc., 1996, sect. 4, vol. I, chapt. 11, p Kaple, M. L., and J. A. Boulant. Effects of temperature and reproductive endocrines on rat hypothalamic neurons. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 23: 138, Kellogg, D. L., Jr., J. M. Johnson, W. L. Kenney, P. E. Pérgola, and W. A. Kosiba. Mechanisms of control of skin blood flow during prolonged exercise in humans. Am. J. Physiol. 265 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 34): H562 H568, Kluger, M. J. Fever: role of pyrogens and cryogens. Physiol. Rev. 71: , Öberg, P. Å. Laser-Doppler flowmetry. Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 18: , Prior, J. C., D. W. McKay, Y. M. Vigna, and S. I. Barr. Medroxyprogesterone increases basal temperature: a placebocontrolled crossover trial in postmenopausal women. Fertil. Steril. 63: , Rogers, S. M., and M. A. Baker. Thermoregulation during exercise in women who are taking oral contraceptives. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 75: 34 38, Rothchild, I., and A. C. Barnes. The effects of dosage, and of estrogen, androgen or salicylate administration on the degree of body temperature elevation induced by progesterone. Endocrinology 50: , Rowell, L. B. Cardiovascular adjustments to thermal stress. In: Handbook of Physiology. The Cardiovascular System. Peripheral Circulation and Organ Blood Flow. Bethesda, MD: Am. Physiol. Soc., 1983, sect. 2, vol. III, pt. 2, p Sehic, E., and C. M. Blatteis. Blockade of lipopolysaccharideinduced fever by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy in guinea pigs. Brain Res. 726: , Sehic, E., M. Székely, A. L. Ungar, A. Oladehin, and C. M. Blatteis. Hypothalamic prostaglandin E 2 during lipopolysaccharide-induced fever in guinea pigs. Brain Res. Bull. 39: , Silva, N. L., and J. A. Boulant. Effects of testosterone, estradiol and temperature on neurons in preoptic tissue slices. Am. J. Physiol. 250 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 19): R625 R632, Stephenson, L. A., and M. A. Kolka. Menstrual cycle phase and time of day alter reference signal controlling arm blood flow and sweating. Am. J. Physiol. 249 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 18): R186 R191, Stephenson, L. A., and M. A. Kolka. Thermoregulation in women. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 21: , Stephenson, L. A., and M. A. Kolka. Esophageal temperature threshold for sweating decreases before ovulation in premenopausal women. J. Appl. Physiol. 86: 22 28, 1999.
7 H1640 SEX STEROIDS, PROSTAGLANDINS, AND SKIN BLOOD FLOW 25. Stitt, J. T. Prostaglandin E as the neural mediator of the febrile response. Yale J. Biol. Med. 59: , Tankersley, C. G., W. C. Nicholas, D. R. Deaver, D. Mikita, and W. L. Kenney. Estrogen replacement in middle aged women: thermoregulatory responses to exercise in the heat. J. Appl. Physiol. 73: , Taylor, W. F., J. M. Johnson, D. O Leary, and M. K. Park. Effect of high local temperature on reflex cutaneous vasodilation. J. Appl. Physiol. 57: , Wyss, C. R., G. L. Brengelmann, J. M. Johnson, L. B. Rowell, and M. Niederberger. Control of skin blood flow, sweating, and heart rate: role of skin vs. core temperature. J. Appl. Physiol. 36: , 1974.
Modification of active cutaneous vasodilation by oral contraceptive hormones
Modification of active cutaneous vasodilation by oral contraceptive hormones NISHA CHARKOUDIAN AND JOHN M. JOHNSON Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San
More informationDiurnal variation in cutaneous vasodilator and vasoconstrictor systems during heat stress
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 281: R591 R595, 2001. Diurnal variation in cutaneous vasodilator and vasoconstrictor systems during heat stress KEN AOKI, 1,2 DAN P. STEPHENS, 1 AND JOHN
More informationReflex control of the cutaneous circulation after acute and chronic local capsaicin
J Appl Physiol 90: 1860 1864, 2001. Reflex control of the cutaneous circulation after acute and chronic local capsaicin NISHA CHARKOUDIAN, BÉRENGÈRE FROMY, AND JEAN-LOUIS SAUMET Laboratoire de Physiologie
More informationRole of sensory nerves in the cutaneous vasoconstrictor response to local cooling in humans
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 293: H784 H789, 2007. First published April 27, 2007; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00323.2007. Role of sensory nerves in the cutaneous vasoconstrictor response to local cooling
More informationKenney. Chronic hormone replacement therapy alters thermoregulatory and vasomotor function in postmenopausal
Chronic hormone replacement therapy alters thermoregulatory and vasomotor function in postmenopausal women E. M. BROOKS, 1 A. L. MORGAN, 1 J. M. PIERZGA, 1 S. L. WLADKOWSKI, 1 J. T. O GORMAN, 2 J. A. DERR,
More informationUniversity of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research
Charkoudian, N., Hart, E. C. J., Barnes, J. N., & Joyner, M. J. (2017). Autonomic control of body temperature and blood pressure: influences of female sex hormones. Clinical Autonomic Research, 27(3),
More informationLOW-DOSE ASPIRIN AND CLOPIDOGREL ATTENUATE REFLEX CUTANEOUS VASODILATION IN MIDDLE AGED SKIN Lacy A. Holowatz, John Jennings, and W.
Holowatz et al. 1 LOW-DOSE ASPIRIN AND CLOPIDOGREL ATTENUATE REFLEX CUTANEOUS VASODILATION IN MIDDLE AGED SKIN Lacy A. Holowatz, John Jennings, and W. Larry Kenney Department of Kinesiology and Graduate
More informationCentral command and the cutaneous vascular response to isometric exercise in heated humans
J Physiol 565.2 (2005) pp 667 673 667 Central command and the cutaneous vascular response to isometric exercise in heated humans Manabu Shibasaki 1,2,Niels H. Secher 3,John M. Johnson 4 and Craig G. Crandall
More informationCutaneous vascular responses to isometric handgrip exercise during local heating and hyperthermia
J Appl Physiol 98: 2011 2018, 2005. First published January 20, 2005; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00888.2004. Cutaneous vascular responses to isometric handgrip exercise during local heating and hyperthermia
More informationMedroxyprogesterone increases basal temperature: a placebo-controlled crossover trial in postmenopausal women*
FERTILITY AND STERILITY Copyright 1995 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Printed on acid-free paper in U. S. A. Medroxyprogesterone increases basal temperature: a placebo-controlled crossover
More informationPeople maintain normal body temperature despite variations in both their metabolic activity and Ambient temperature Homeothermic animals (hot blooded)
People maintain normal body temperature despite variations in both their metabolic activity and Ambient temperature Homeothermic animals (hot blooded) Animals with body temperature changes with environmental
More informationMechanisms and modifiers of reflex induced cutaneous vasodilation and vasoconstriction in humans
J Appl Physiol 109: 1221 1228, 2010. First published May 6, 2010; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00298.2010. HIGHLIGHTED TOPIC Mechanisms and Modulators of Temperature Regulation Mechanisms and modifiers of
More informationEffect of Activated Sweat Glands on the Intensity-Dependent Sweating Response to Sustained Static Exercise in Mildly Heated Humans
Short Communication Japanese Journal of Physiology, 52, 229 233, 2002 Effect of Activated Sweat Glands on the Intensity-Dependent Sweating Response to Sustained Static Exercise in Mildly Heated Humans
More informationTHERMOREGULATION AND SET POINT. BPK 422: Physiological Basis of Temperature Regulation By: Edwin Leung () & Lily Gan () Fall 2015 December 2, 2015
THERMOREGULATION AND SET POINT BPK 422: Physiological Basis of Temperature Regulation By: Edwin Leung () & Lily Gan () Fall 2015 December 2, 2015 SUPPORTING POINT HYPOTHESIS Core temperatures are defended
More information8OV 0 3 1C1. Thermoregulation in WomeA
8OV 0 3 1C1 Thermoregulation in WomeA LOU A. STEPHENSON. Ph.D. MARGARET A. KOLKA, Ph.D. AD-A273 393 INTRODUCTION Early investigations concerning thermoregulation in women emphasized "direct comparisons
More informationThe involvement of nitric oxide in the cutaneous vasoconstrictor response to local cooling in humans
J Physiol 574.3 (2006) pp 849 857 849 The involvement of nitric oxide in the cutaneous vasoconstrictor response to local cooling in humans Gary J. Hodges, Kun Zhao, Wojciech A. Kosiba and John M. Johnson
More informationFor more information about how to cite these materials visit
Author(s): Louis D Alecy, 2009 License: Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial Share Alike 3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
More informationHypothalamus. Small, central, & essential.
Hypothalamus Small, central, & essential. Summary: You can t live without a hypothalamus. Located at the junction between the brain stem and the forebrain Medial hypothalamus: interface between the brain
More informationRegulation of Body Temperature. Ass. Prof. Dr. ADEL AMRAN DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY
Regulation of Body Temperature Ass. Prof. Dr. ADEL AMRAN DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY objectives heat gain heat loss discuss the mechanisms by which the body gains or loses heat in a variety of healthy or
More informationTITLE: Thermoregulation during physical exercise: reflexions on exercise-induced hyperthermia
TITLE: Thermoregulation during physical exercise: reflexions on exercise-induced hyperthermia AUTHORS: M. Curé*, L. Bourdon*, B. Melin * and A. buguet** INSTITUTIONS: *Unité de bioénergétique et environnement
More informationPharmacokinetic overview of Ortho Evra /Evra
FERTILITY AND STERILITY VOL. 77, NO. 2, SUPPL 2 FEBRUARY 2002 Copyright 2002 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Published by Elsevier Science Inc. Printed on acid-free paper in U.S.A. Pharmacokinetic
More informationANTIPYRETIC EFFECT OF BEN-CHA-MOON-YAI REMEDY
Original Article 181 ANTIPYRETIC EFFECT OF BEN-CHA-MOON-YAI REMEDY Somkit Bansuttee 1, Rawiwan Manohan 2, Chanida Palanuvej 2, Nijsiri Ruangrungsi 2,3 and Pasarapa Towiwat 1, 1Department of Pharmacology
More informationModelling the relation of body temperature and sleep: importance of the circadian rhythm in skin temperature
Modelling the relation of body temperature and sleep: importance of the circadian rhythm in skin temperature EUS J.W. VAN SOMEREN NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE FOR BRAIN RESEARCH, AMSTERDAM A close relation between
More informationEpidural hyperthermia
Epidural hyperthermia Obstetric Anaesthesia SIG meeting 2018 6 th May 2018 Sydney, Australia Dr Chris Mullington MB BS, PhD, FRCA Biography Contents Definition & history Incidence Maternal and neonatal
More informationHypohydration effect on finger skin temperature and blood flow during cold-water finger immersion
J Appl Physiol 94: 598 603, 2003. First published October 11, 2002; 10.1152/japplphysiol.00678.2002. Hypohydration effect on finger skin temperature and blood flow during cold-water finger immersion CATHERINE
More informationChapter V. Evaluation of the Effects of d-fenfluramine on the Cutaneous Vasculature and Total Metabolic Heat Production
Chapter V. Evaluation of the Effects of d-fenfluramine on the Cutaneous Vasculature and Total Metabolic Heat Production Experiments presented in this chapter were designed to investigate the possible mechanisms
More informationLuteal phase of the menstrual cycle increases sweating rate during exercise
Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 2006 Online Ahead of Print Effect of menstrual cycle on sweating ISSN 0100-879X 1 Luteal phase of the menstrual cycle increases sweating rate during
More informationHypothalamic Control of Posterior Pituitary
Hypothalamic Control of Posterior Pituitary Hypothalamus neuron cell bodies produce ADH: supraoptic nuclei Oxytocin: paraventricular nuclei Transported along the hypothalamohypophyseal tract Stored in
More informationCASE 41. What is the pathophysiologic cause of her amenorrhea? Which cells in the ovary secrete estrogen?
CASE 41 A 19-year-old woman presents to her gynecologist with complaints of not having had a period for 6 months. She reports having normal periods since menarche at age 12. She denies sexual activity,
More informationBreast Cancer Risk in Patients Using Hormonal Contraception
Breast Cancer Risk in Patients Using Hormonal Contraception Bradley L. Smith, Pharm.D. Smith.bradley1@mayo.edu Pharmacy Ground Rounds Mayo Clinic Rochester April 3 rd, 2018 2017 MFMER slide-1 Presentation
More informationEnergy Metabolism and Body Temperature
Energy Metabolism and Body Temperature Hui-ping Wang( 王会平 ), PhD Dept. of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine wanghuiping@zju.edu.cn Part I Energy metabolism Definition The metabolic processes
More informationEstrogens and progestogens
Estrogens and progestogens Estradiol and Progesterone hormones produced by the gonads are necessary for: conception embryonic maturation development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics at puberty.
More informationWOMEN ARE NOT SMALL MEN: SEX DIFFERENCES AND PERFORMANCE. Stacy T Sims, PhD
WOMEN ARE NOT SMALL MEN: SEX DIFFERENCES AND PERFORMANCE Stacy T Sims, PhD OUTLINE Overview The Science: design and general assumptions The Menstrual Cycle: Fluid Balance Thermoregulation Metabolism: Fuel
More informationTest Results SB Samples Arrived: 01/15/2014 Samples Collected: Saliva: 01/11/14 07:14 Date Closed: 01/18/2014
Test Results 8605 SW Creekside Place Beaverton, OR 97008 Phone: 503-466-2445 Fax: 503-466-1636 info@zrtlab.com www.zrtlab.com 2014 01 15 001 SB Samples Arrived: 01/15/2014 Samples Collected: Saliva: 01/11/14
More informationAD-A MENSTRUL CYCLE EFFECT ON THE CONTROL OF SKIN BLOOD 11 FLOW DURING EXERCISE A.. (U) ARMY RESEARCH INST OF
AD-A195 947 MENSTRUL CYCLE EFFECT ON THE CONTROL OF SKIN BLOOD 11 FLOW DURING EXERCISE A.. (U) ARMY RESEARCH INST OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE NATICK MA L A STEPHENSON ET AL. 7ULIIIDAUG 67 F/O 6/4 N ~*...
More information3 SAMPL E REPORT S. This Assessment features three reporting options: Rhythm Adrenocortex Stress Profile Comprehensive Melatonin Profile GDX-4-225
3 SAMPL E REPORT S This Assessment features three reporting options: Rhythm Adrenocortex Stress Profile Comprehensive Melatonin Profile GDX-4-225 SAMPLE REPORT Rhythm Patient: SAMPLE PATIENT ID: Page 2
More informationClinical Policy: Goserelin Acetate (Zoladex) Reference Number: ERX.SPA.145 Effective Date:
Clinical Policy: (Zoladex) Reference Number: ERX.SPA.145 Effective Date: 10.01.16 Last Review Date: 11.17 Revision Log See Important Reminder at the end of this policy for important regulatory and legal
More informationHYPOTHALAMIC SET POINT HYPOTHALAMIC SET
Some like it HOT! Revelations in Managing Fever in the ICU. By Vini Bains, RN, BSN, CNCC(C) Vininder.Bains@vch.ca Fever in Critical Illness 1. Normal Thermoregulation 2. Physiology of Fever 3. Costs and
More informationFlashpoint: Regulating Your Body s Temperature. Presented by: Shari M. Lawson, MD MBA Date Presented: November 1,
Flashpoint: Regulating Your Body s Temperature Presented by: Shari M. Lawson, MD MBA Date Presented: November 1, 2014 1 Disclosures None 2 Objectives Today s discussion will cover How body temperature
More informationRegional Relation Between Skin Blood Flow And Sweating To Passive Heating And Local Administration Of Acetylcholine In Young, Healthy Humans
Archived version from NCDOCKS Institutional Repository http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/asu/ Regional Relation Between Skin Blood Flow And Sweating To Passive Heating And Local Administration Of Acetylcholine
More informationThis article was published in an Elsevier journal. The attached copy is furnished to the author for non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the author s institution, sharing
More informationREPRODUCTION & GENETICS. Hormones
REPRODUCTION & GENETICS Hormones http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=np0wfu_mgzo Objectives 2 Define what hormones are; Compare and contrast the male and female hormones; Explain what each hormone in the mail
More informationOne Day Hormone Check
One Day Hormone Check DOB: Sex: F MRN: Order Number: Completed: Received: Collected: Salivary Hormone Results Estradiol pmol/l >3330.0 Testosterone pmol/l
More informationThermoregulatory Responses to Different Moisture-transfer Rates of Clothing Material during Exercise
Thermoregulatory Responses to Different Moisture-transfer Rates of Clothing Material during Exercise P. Zhang*, Y. Watanabe y,s.h.kim y, H. Tokura y, and R. H. Gong* *Department of Textiles, University
More informationTherapeutic Cohort Results
Patient: PAGE LOVE DOB: January 11, 1983 Sex: F MRN: 1232704193 Order Number: J9020008 Completed: July 08, 2016 Received: July 02, 2016 Collected: July 01, 2016 Aum Healing Center Sarika Arora MD 332 Newbury
More informationVital Signs. Vital Signs. Vital Signs
Vital Signs Vital Signs Why do vital signs? Determine relative status of vital organs Establish baseline Monitor response to Rx, meds Observe trends Determine need for further evaluation, Rx, intervention
More informationLabrix Clinical Services, Inc.
Labrix Clinical Services, Inc. Advantages of Labrix Clinical Services, Inc. We Cater to the Healthcare Practitioner Labrix sample collection tubes are small; only 1 ml of saliva is required from the patient.
More information2016. All Rights Reserved. 1
Pamela W. Smith, M.D., MPH, MS Copyright 2016 The suggested dosages are for educational purposes only. They are suggestions for patients with normal renal and hepatic function. They are based upon my research
More informationEffects of Temperature and Neuroactive Substances on Hypothalamic Neurones in vitro: Possible Implications for the Induction of Fever
Physiol. Res. 41: 77-81, 1992 Effects of Temperature and Neuroactive Substances on Hypothalamic Neurones in vitro: Possible Implications for the Induction of Fever T. HORI, T. KIYOHARA1, T. NAKASHIMA1,
More informationEffects of Passive Heat Stress on Thermoregulation in Smokers versus Non-Smokers
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Health, Human Performance and Recreation Undergraduate Honors Theses Health, Human Performance and Recreation 8-2012 Effects of Passive Heat Stress
More informationPrimary Aging: Thermoregulatory Sweating & Skin Blood Flow. Chasity N. Sullivan. Honors Thesis. Appalachian State University
Primary Aging: Thermoregulatory Sweating & Skin Blood Flow by Chasity N. Sullivan Honors Thesis Appalachian State University Submitted to The Honors College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
More informationENDOCRINE SYSTEM. Mr. Erick Santizo
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Mr. Erick Santizo DO HORMONES ONLY DEAL WITH SEX? -Hormones: are chemical substances which are produced by animals and plants to regulate the organism s activities. They are produced in
More informationArterial Baroreflex Control of Arterial Blood Pressure: Dynamic Exercise By Peter B. Raven, PhD. Professor Dept. of Integrative Physiology & Anatomy
Arterial Baroreflex Control of Arterial Blood Pressure: Dynamic Exercise By Peter B. Raven, PhD. Professor Dept. of Integrative Physiology & Anatomy UNTHSC at Fort Worth, Texas 1977 - Present Neural mechanisms
More informationAPLICATION OF LASER DOPPLER FLOWMETRY IN OCCUPATIONAL PATHOLOGY
62 VII, 2013, 1.,. APLICATION OF LASER DOPPLER FLOWMETRY IN OCCUPATIONAL PATHOLOGY Zl. Stoyneva Clinic of Occupational Diseases, UMHAT Sv. Ivan Rilski So a : ( ).,,.,. -,,, -,,.,,. -,,,, Raynaud -,,,,.,
More informationThermal regulation and comfort during a mild-cold exposure in young Japanese women complaining of unusual coldness
J Appl Physiol 92: 1029 1035, 2002. First published November 16, 2001; 10.1152/japplphysiol.00399.2001. Thermal regulation and comfort during a mild-cold exposure in young Japanese women complaining of
More informationTherapeutic Cohort Results
Patient: SAMPLE PATIENT DOB: Sex: MRN: Menopause Plus - Salivary Profile Therapeutic Cohort Results Hormone Average Result QUINTILE DISTRIBUTION 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Therapeutic Range* Estradiol (E2) 8.7
More informationRhythm Plus- Comprehensive Female Hormone Profile
Rhythm Plus- Comprehensive Female Hormone Profile Patient: SAMPLE REPORT DOB: Sex: F Order Number: K00000 Completed: Received: Collected: SAMPLE REPORT Sample # Progesterone (pg/ml) Hormone Results Oestradiol
More informationHormonal Control of Human Reproduction
Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction Bởi: OpenStaxCollege The human male and female reproductive cycles are controlled by the interaction of hormones from the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary with
More informationORILISSA (elagolix) oral tablet
ORILISSA (elagolix) oral tablet Coverage for services, procedures, medical devices and drugs are dependent upon benefit eligibility as outlined in the member's specific benefit plan. This Pharmacy Coverage
More informationSexual dysfunction of chronic kidney disease. Razieh salehian.md psychiatrist
Sexual dysfunction of chronic kidney disease Razieh salehian.md psychiatrist Disturbances in sexual function are a common feature of chronic renal failure. Sexual dysfunction is inversely associated with
More informationPERIMENOPAUSE. Objectives. Disclosure. The Perimenopause Perimenopause Menopause. Definitions of Menopausal Transition: STRAW.
PERIMENOPAUSE Patricia J. Sulak, MD Founder, Living WELL Aware LLC Author, Should I Fire My Doctor? Author, Living WELL Aware: Eleven Essential Elements to Health and Happiness Endowed Professor Texas
More informationLab Tests Made Simple
Body Fluids Commonly Used for Testing Steroid Hormones Blood Serum (venipuncture) Plasma (venipuncture) Capillary Blood (finger/heel stick) Urine Saliva Limitations of Hormone Testing in Different Body
More informationFemale Sexual Hormones Indications and Therapy
Female Sexual Hormones Indications and Therapy In puberty, a woman has about 400,000 ovules, at the age of 40-44 years about 17,000 only. On average, each grown-up woman (still having ovulation) loses
More informationReproductive hormones and epilepsy
3 rd Congress of the European Academy of Neurology Amsterdam, The Netherlands, June 24 27, 2017 Teaching Course 7 Treatment of women with epilepsy - Level 1-2 Reproductive hormones and epilepsy Gerhard
More informationAbdul R. Khan, MD LABORATORY DIRECTOR S. Pioneer Blvd Artesia, CA Tel: Fax: LABORATORY REPORT
Patient Info: Name: DOB: Gender: Phone No: Collection Date: Received Date: Report Date: Age: Abdul R. Khan, MD LABORATORY DIRECTOR 18173 S. Pioneer Blvd Artesia, CA 90701 Tel: 562 924 2299 Fax: 562 924
More informationGraspIT AQA GCSE Homeostasis and response - Answers
A. Homeostasis 1. The body has two automatic control systems; these systems may involve nervous responses or chemical responses. Compare the structure and mode of action of the two control systems. (4)
More informationChapter-IV. Blood pressure and heart rate variability as function of ovarian cycle in young women
Blood pressure and heart rate variability as function of ovarian cycle in young women INTRODUCTION In human females, the menstrual cycle begins with the onset of menstrual flow on day 1. The menstrual
More information44,i Li~W Us. lilia. il' N 11211! l.micr~ocopy. RESOLUTIN -1i fcart4 -M 1 O4IBUREAU OF STAND)ARDS-1963-A
AD-A186 461 TEMPERATURE REGULATION AT REST AND EXERCISE DURING THE III HUMAN NENSTRUAL. CYCLE(U) ARMY RESEARCH INST OF ENVIRONMENTAL. MEDICINE NATICK MA " A KOLKA ET AL. UNCLASSIFIED JUL 87 FIG 6/1@ NL
More informationTwo important cells in female are the theca cells and the granulose cells. Granulosa cells are affected by the two gonadotropin hormones; FSH and LH.
1 UGS physiology sheet #13 lecture 3 Dr.Saleem Khresha. Now we will start discussing the female reproductive system Ovarian Steroids Two important cells in female are the theca cells and the granulose
More informationRational Therapy of Fever in Children: Special Emphasis on Hydrotherapy
Rational Therapy of Fever in Children: Special Emphasis on Hydrotherapy Piyush Gupta, MD, MAMS, FIAP Visiting Fellow, RCPCH, UK Professor of Pediatrics, University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi Myths
More informationOne Day Hormone Check
One Day Hormone Check Patient: EMILY TEST DOB: January 18, 1948 Sex: F MRN: 0000000004 Order Number: J5070009 Completed: March 07, 2014 Received: March 07, 2014 Collected: March 07, 2014 Alec Smart, ND
More informationTest Results SB Samples Arrived: 06/26/2013 Samples Collected: Saliva: 06/21/13 06:45 Date Closed: 06/29/2013
Test Results 10123 Carroll Canyon Rd San Diego, CA 92131 Phone: 800-908-5603 info@confirmbiosciences.com 2013 06 26 001 SB Samples Arrived: 06/26/2013 Samples Collected: Saliva: 06/21/13 06:45 Date Closed:
More informationRelation of heart rate to percent V O 2 peak during submaximal exercise in the heat
J Appl Physiol 94: 1162 1168, 2003. First published September 27, 2002; 10.1152/japplphysiol.00508.2002. Relation of heart rate to percent V O 2 peak during submaximal exercise in the heat SIGURBJÖRN Á.
More informationInternational Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences
Research Article Allied Science International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences ISSN 0975-6299 INFLUENCE OF STEROIDAL AND NON-STEROIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS ON HORMONAL ALTERATIONS IN WISTAR FEMALE ALBINO
More informationAppendix: Reference Table of HT Brand Names
Appendix: Reference Table of HT Brand Names This is a full reference table in alphabetical order, of Brand Name drugs used in HT. It is the basis for prescription advice throughout this handbook. Drug
More informationThe Human Menstrual Cycle
The Human Menstrual Cycle Name: The female human s menstrual cycle is broken into two phases: the Follicular Phase and the Luteal Phase. These two phases are separated by an event called ovulation. (1)
More informationPharmacokinetic Interaction Between Norgestimate/Ethinyl Estradiol and EVG/COBI/FTC/TDF Single Tablet Regimen
Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Norgestimate/Ethinyl Estradiol and EVG/COBI/FTC/TDF Single Tablet Regimen Polina German, Maggie Wang, David Warren and Brian Kearney Gilead Sciences Foster City, CA,
More information1. During the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, the hypothalamus releases GnRH.
1. During the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, the hypothalamus releases GnRH. 2. This causes the anterior pituitary to secrete small quantities of FSH and LH. 3. At this time, the follicles in the
More informationChapter 28: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: MALE
Chapter 28: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: MALE I. FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY (Fig. 28.1) A. Testes: glands which produce male gametes, as well as glands producing testosterone 2. Seminiferous tubules (Fig.28.3; 28.5) a.
More informationBIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH.45 - ENDOCRINE SYSTEM.
!! www.clutchprep.com Chemical signals allow cells to communicate with each other Pheromones chemical signals released to the environment to communicate with other organisms Autocrine signaling self-signaling,
More informationBLEEDING PATTERNS AND CONTRACEPTIVE DISCONTINUATION FG MHLANGA MTN ANNUAL MEETING 20 MARCH 2018
BLEEDING PATTERNS AND CONTRACEPTIVE DISCONTINUATION FG MHLANGA MTN ANNUAL MEETING 20 MARCH 2018 Introduction Bleeding with contraception may lead to discontinuation and possible unintended pregnancy What
More informationFemale Reproductive System. Lesson 10
Female Reproductive System Lesson 10 Learning Goals 1. What are the five hormones involved in the female reproductive system? 2. Understand the four phases of the menstrual cycle. Human Reproductive System
More informationHomeostasis 1 of 26 Boardworks Ltd 2011
Homeostasis 1 of 26 Boardworks Ltd 2011 2 of 26 Boardworks Ltd 2011 A day at the sauna 3 of 26 Boardworks Ltd 2011 How does the body react to change? Saving energy? 4 of 26 Boardworks Ltd 2011 Sayid has
More informationThe Effect of an Oral Contraceptive on Tests of Thyroid Function
The Effect of an Oral Contraceptive on Tests of Thyroid Function DANIEL R. MISHELL, JR., M.D., STEPHEN Z. COLODNY, M.D., and LEONARD A. SWANSON, M.D. SEVERAL OF the oral ovulation-inhibiting progestational
More informationMODERN TRENDS. Triphasic oral contraceptives: review and comparison of various regimens. Edward E. Wallach, M.D. Associate Editor
FERTILITY AND STERILITY VOL. 77, NO. 1, JANUARY 2002 Copyright 2002 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Published by Elsevier Science Inc. Printed on acid-free paper in U.S.A. MODERN TRENDS Edward
More informationCLASSIFICATION OF NON-FREEZING COLD INJURY IN PATIENTS: AN INTERIM REPORT
CLASSIFICATION OF NON-FREEZING COLD INJURY IN PATIENTS: AN INTERIM REPORT Clare M. Eglin, Frank St.C. Golden and Michael J. Tipton Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth
More informationChapter 12. Temperature Regulation
Chapter 12 Temperature Regulation Temperature Regulation Body core temperature regulation Critical for: Cellular structures Metabolic pathways Too high Protein structure of cells destroyed Too low Slowed
More informationEffect of Training Mode on Post-Exercise Heart Rate Recovery of Trained Cyclists
Digital Commons at Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School Undergraduate Library Research Award ULRA Awards Effect of Training Mode on Post-Exercise Heart Rate Recovery of Trained Cyclists Kelia
More informationStage 4 - Ovarian Cancer Symptoms
WELCOME Stage 4 - Ovarian Cancer Symptoms University of Baghdad College of Nursing Department of Basic Medical Sciences Overview of Anatomy and Physioloy II Second Year Students Asaad Ismail Ahmad,
More informationAmerican Journal of Internal Medicine
American Journal of Internal Medicine 2016; 4(3): 49-59 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajim doi: 10.11648/j.ajim.20160403.12 ISSN: 2330-4316 (Print); ISSN: 2330-4324 (Online) The Effect of Dose-Reduced
More informationOrilissa (elagolix) NEW PRODUCT SLIDESHOW
Orilissa (elagolix) NEW PRODUCT SLIDESHOW Introduction Brand name: Orilissa Generic name: Elagolix Pharmacological class: GnRH antagonist Strength and Formulation: 150mg, 200mg; tabs Manufacturer: AbbVie
More informationHyperthermia modifies muscle metaboreceptor and baroreceptor modulation of heat loss in humans
Articles in PresS. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol (November 16, 2011). doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00463.2011 Hyperthermia modifies muscle metaboreceptor and baroreceptor modulation of heat loss in humans
More informationINDUCTION OF OVULATION IN URETHANE-TREATED RATS
5 INDUCTION OF OVULATION IN URETHANE-TREATED RATS Ronald D. Johnson* and Barbara Shirley Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104 Subcutaneous injection of urethane (1 g/kg
More informationChapter 24 Cholesterol, Energy Balance and Body Temperature. 10/28/13 MDufilho
Chapter 24 Cholesterol, Energy Balance and Body Temperature 10/28/13 MDufilho 1 Metabolic Role of the Liver Hepatocytes ~500 metabolic functions Process nearly every class of nutrient Play major role in
More information(Total 2 marks) Name three conditions which are controlled inside our bodies (3)
Q1. Name two drugs which may harm the human body. 1.... 2.... (Total 2 marks) Q2. (a) We control many conditions inside our bodies. Name three conditions which are controlled inside our bodies. 1.... 2....
More informationStatus Update on the National Cardiovascular Prevention Guidelines - JNC 8, ATP 4, and Obesity 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS Status Update on the National Cardiovascular Prevention Guidelines 1 Drosperinone-Containing Oral Contraceptives and Venous Thromboembolism Risk 1-4 P&T Committee Formulary Action 5 Status
More informationAdrenal Stress Profile (Saliva)
Adrenal Stress Profile (Saliva) Ireland Cortisol Levels Sample 1 Post Awakening Sample 2 (+ 4-5 Hours) Sample 3 (+ 4-5 Hours) Sample 4 (Prior to Sleep) 11.42 2.10 1.60 0.47 Sum of Cortisol 15.590 DHEA
More informationReproductive System. Testes. Accessory reproductive organs. gametogenesis hormones. Reproductive tract & Glands
Reproductive System Testes gametogenesis hormones Accessory reproductive organs Reproductive tract & Glands transport gametes provide nourishment for gametes Hormonal regulation in men Hypothalamus - puberty
More informationTreatment 3 Days After Ovulation In Mares
Luteal Regression And Follicle Development Following Prostaglandin-F 2α Treatment 3 Days After Ovulation In Mares D.R. Bergfelt a, R.A. Pierson b, and O.J. Ginther a a University of Wisconsin, Madison,
More informationDr. Maliheh Keshvari
1 Dr. Maliheh Keshvari Assistant professor of Urology Fellowship in Female Urology Mashhad University of Medical Sciences 2 Female Sexual Function and Dysfunction 3 It was not until recently that urologists
More information