Anna Allen, DVM. Michelle Willette, DVM, MPH, DACVPM. North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services

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2 Anna Allen, DVM North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Michelle Willette, DVM, MPH, DACVPM University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine

3 BEYOND SECURE ZOO: INCORPORATING CAPTIVE MANAGED WILDLIFE INTO STATE ANIMAL DISEASE RESPONSE Michelle Willette, DVM Anna Allen, DVM

4 Captive Managed Wildlife Exhibition Rehabilitation Education Research Falconry Propagation Dealers Recreation

Summer Public Health Institute Emergency Preparedness and Response for the Managed Wildlife Community PubH 7200 Section 103 Class 83098 May 26 (9 am -12 pm) May

5 Summer Public Health Institute Emergency Preparedness and Response for the Managed Wildlife Community PubH 7200 Section 103 Class May 26 (9 am -12 pm) May 27, 28, 29 (8 am-12 pm) 1 credit or 15 CE contact hours S/N only Michelle Willette and Yvonne Nadler More info and online registration: sph.umn.edu/programs/institute

Wildlife Rescue Center Home rehabilitation facility Garage/basement/outbuildings Stearns County State and Federal permits Admits ~ 2500 animals per year Admissions are handled by staff members Staff

6 Wildlife Rescue Center Home rehabilitation facility Garage/basement/outbuildings Stearns County State and Federal permits Admits ~ 2500 animals per year Admissions are handled by staff members Staff 2 staff members (permit holders) volunteers/day 2 interns in charge of the nurseries (mammal and avian/waterfowl) Have 2-3 volunteers in AM and 2-3 in PM Adult animals are cared for by a group of 4 volunteers in AM and 4 volunteers in PM who clean and feed the animals Veterinary care Veterinarian donates time when needed 1 volunteer is a veterinary student

7 Zack s Turkey Farm Free-range, organic turkey farm 12,000 turkeys 50 acres Stearns County Open air coop Brood Chambers Open air coop Open air coop

Waterfowl, passerines and raptors Farm animals Public contact

8 Paynesville Petting Zoo Privately owned petting zoo ~100 animals 20 acres Stearns County Collection Primarily birds Waterfowl, passerines and raptors Farm animals Public contact Small carnivore exhibit Herpetarium Licensed USDA exhibitor Non-AZA facility

9 Jurisdictional Issues - HPAI and Managed Captive Avian Wildlife

10 Agencies Managed Captive Wildlife Federal USDA APHIS Veterinary Services Animal Care Wildlife Services USFWS NPS NOAA CDC Native American tribes State State Department of Agriculture State Department of Fish and Game State Department of Animal Health State Department of Health

11 USDA and State Agriculture

12 USFWS and State Fish & Game

13 CDC and State Public Health

14 Pope County Minnesota 26 February 2015

15 Minnesota Department of Natural Resources

16 : Veterinary Emergency Management An all hazards emergency/disaster preparedness/response plan Biosecurity plan HPAI A comprehensive staff/volunteer occupational health program Zoonosis HPAI A comprehensive veterinary preventive medicine program Rehabilitation raptors HPAI Education raptors HPAI

17 Components of HPAI Plan - State Fish & Game/Animal Health/Agriculture Institutional background HPAI background Routes of transmission Preventive medicine program Quarantine/isolation Husbandry/housing Diet/NPIP Disinfection Clinical cases Diagnosis Treatment? Euthanasia Necropsy/disposal Resolution Vaccination discussion Zoonoses Training and protocols Reporting/communication Records References

18 Emergency Preparedness and Response

Clinical Wildlife Health Initiative ALL HAZARDS PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE PLANNING FOR WILDLIFE REHABILITATION CENTERS: AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE MANAGEMENT POLICY HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA

In contrast to zoological institutions, there has been little to no infectious disease response planning by managed captive avian wildlife facilities such as wildlife or raptor rehabilitation centers.

19 Clinical Wildlife Health Initiative ALL HAZARDS PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE PLANNING FOR WILDLIFE REHABILITATION CENTERS: AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE MANAGEMENT POLICY HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA Abstract Free-ranging and captive wildlife can serve as reservoirs for pathogenic diseases in humans, livestock or poultry. In contrast to zoological institutions, there has been little to no infectious disease response planning by managed captive avian wildlife facilities such as wildlife or raptor rehabilitation centers. It is incumbent upon each managed captive wildlife facility to assure regulators that the facility and its operations do not pose a threat to public health or animal agriculture. This is accomplished by working with local regulators and other stakeholders to develop infectious disease policies and management plans appropriate to each facility in order to protect staff, volunteers and the general public, animal agriculture, wild animals and the environment. In 2014, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) originating from Eurasia spread along wild bird migratory pathways into North America. This paper uses HPAI as an example to assist facilities in developing an effective infectious disease response plan. Key Words All-hazards preparedness and response; risk assessment; infectious disease; highlypathogenic avian influenza; wildlife rehabilitation center; raptor rehabilitation center Introduction Sometime during 2014, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) originating from Eurasia spread along wild bird migratory pathways into North America. By the fall of 2015, almost 50 million chickens and turkeys in 29 states were affected and depopulated at a cost of several billion dollars (Greene, 2015). The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), state departments of agriculture, and state veterinarians are responsible for safeguarding the health of animal agriculture. Zoological institutions, which are regulated by USDA, have been working with USDA and state veterinarians for many years to protect their collections from highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and other emerging and foreign animal diseases (ZAHP, 2015a). Other facilities with managed captive avian collections, such as wildlife rehabilitation centers, are permitted by United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and state departments of fish and game. This disconnect has resulted in little to no infectious disease response planning by managed captive avian wildlife facilities. In addition, the fragmentation amongst federal and state regulatory agencies has resulted in miscommunication, questions of jurisdiction, and inappropriate actions during the recent HPAI outbreak (Personal Communication; Willette, 2015). Human health and animal agriculture will always take precedence over wildlife. Therefore, it is incumbent upon each managed captive wildlife facility to assure regulators that the facility and its

20 Falconry Approx. 4,000 permitted individuals 80% +/- hunt cotton-tails, jack rabbits, upland game (pheasants, huns, prairie grouse) Estimated 20 25% actively pursue waterfowl

21 Managed Captive Wildlife Community

Incorporating Managed Captive Avian Collections into Minnesota s Avian Influenza Response Planning Minnesota Poultry Production Incorporating Managed Captive

federal response planning for avian influenza.

22 Incorporating Managed Captive Avian Collections into Minnesota s Avian Influenza Response Planning Minnesota Poultry Production Incorporating Managed Captive Avian Collections into Minnesota s Avian Influenza Response Planning Specific Aim: To incorporate managed captive avian collections into Minnesota s state and federal response planning for avian influenza. This planning grant will bring together regulatory authorities and avian industries - both domestic and exotic - to develop surveillance, emergency preparedness and communication protocols with an emphasis on avian conservation and business continuity of all industries.

23 Risk Assessment

24 Descriptive Analysis Managed Captive Avian Wildlife Endemic vs exotic species Invasive Endangered Public interaction Temporary vs permanent captivity Traveling vs permanent location Mammal vs non-mammal AZA vs non-aza

25 USDA Permits Managed Captive Wildlife

26 Permits Managed Captive Avian Wildlife State Only Fish & Game and/or Ag Falconry Game/(fur) farms Shooting preserves State and Federal (USFWS) Rehabilitation Raptor propagation Abatement (raptors) Education/ambassadors Game farm Different avian species for state and federal Miscellaneous Waterfowl sale/disposition Scientific research

27 Minnesota Wildlife Rehabilitators Annual Report (2013) 40 Wildlife Rehabilitators 14,754 Wildlife Patients (including transfers)

28 Minnesota Avian Rehabilitators Annual Report (2013) 6 26 Avian Rehabilitators 7,293 Avian Patients (including transfers)

29 Avian Wildlife Patients by Minnesota County - Annual Report (2013) County of Rehabber # of Rehabbers that had birds # of birds (including transfers) # of Families rehabbed # of Species Rehabbed Raptors Waterfowl & Aquatic birds Pigeons Other Avian Ramsey Hennepin St. Louis Crow Wing Stearns Pine Beltrami Lake Clay Anoka Carlton Roseau Chisago Rice Dakota Totals 25 Avian Rehabilitators 7293 Birds Admitted 48 Families 164 Species 1116 Raptors 1714 Waterfowl & Aquatic Birds 497 Pigeons & Doves 3966 Other Avians

30 Game Farms 102 Game Farm Permits 64,486 Managed Game Birds

31 Shooting Preserves 57 shooting preserve permits Some overlap between preserves and game farms 17 facilities have permits for both Do not require reporting of species/numbers of birds

32 USFWS Permits For Raptor Propagation (FALP): 5 Permits Rehabilitation (REHAB): 28 Permits Abatement (SPA): 1 Permit Possession Live (SPPSL): 18 Permits Sp. Purpose Game Bird (SPGB): 7 Permits Sp. Purpose Miscell (SPMS): 9 Permits Waterfowl Sale/Disp. (WASD): 64 Permits

Risk Analysis Surveillance Communication Surveillance for High Consequence Poultry Diseases in Wild Bird Reservoirs: Influenza and Newcastle Disease Goal: Establish a framework for a sustainable

Objectives: - to perform a risk analysis with state and federal animal health regulatory authorities to determine any outcomes of a positive screening sample - to establish designated testing

33 Risk Analysis Surveillance Communication Surveillance for High Consequence Poultry Diseases in Wild Bird Reservoirs: Influenza and Newcastle Disease Goal: Establish a framework for a sustainable surveillance program utilizing managed captive avian wildlife for avian diseases of importance to the poultry industry. Objectives: - to perform a risk analysis with state and federal animal health regulatory authorities to determine any outcomes of a positive screening sample - to establish designated testing sites and conduct antemortem screening tests to monitor for avian influenza and Newcastle disease virus - to provide appropriate educational materials to facilities on risk management (biosecurity, emergency preparedness and response planning, and communication templates)

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza. Outbreak Prevention Protocol September 2015

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Outbreak Prevention Protocol September 2015 BACKGROUND In November 2014 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza was discovered in British Columbia. By December the virus had