Ok, here s the deal. My name is Mel, but my close friends call me Messy Mel. I think it s their way of showing respect.

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1 The next few pages feature detailed review sheets for your students to study key topics. Messy Mel will serve as the narrator and walk students through a wide variety of terms and concepts (with his special brand of humor). Feel free to make copies of these Information Overload sheets to distribute to your students. Ok, here s the deal. My name is Mel, but my close friends call me Messy Mel. I think it s their way of showing respect. I m a construction worker by day and a scientist by night (well, an honorary scientist, anyway). I know that science is full of fancy terms, concepts, and theories. And that s just the basics. Well, I m about as basic as you can get. Let me break down some of that scientific jargon in way that s easy to understand and remember. Like I said, I m no rocket scientist (for what it s worth, my dear Mother used to tell me I had rocks in my head), but I might be just what you need!

2 CELLS, TISSUES, ORGANS, & SYSTEMS The human body is like an onion. No, really! An onion has many layers, just like we do. What you see on the outside is just the top layer. Let s take a closer look... There are cells, which are too small to be seen. We have nerve cells (neurons), blood cells, & bone cells, to name a few. Cells combine to form tissues. The basic types of tissue in the human body are muscle tissue (makes the body move), nerve tissues (sends impulses from the brain), epithelial tissue (covers the body & organs), and connective tissues (tendons, ligaments, & cartilage). Tissues combine to form organs. The organs form complicated tasks. For example, muscle & connective tissues combine to form the heart, which pumps blood throughout the body. Organs work together to form organ systems. There are 11 systems in the human body: circulatory, digestive, endocrine, excretory (urinary), immune, integumentary (skin), muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, and skeletal. All of this is going on inside my body and to think that some people call me simple!

3 MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS Hi, there. If we look like a sad bunch, it s because we re some of Messy Mel s organs. I m his heart, in the middle is his brain, and at the end of the couch is actually, I m not sure what organ that is. His liver, maybe? Any way, Messy Mel isn t exactly a picture of good health, so sometimes it s hard for us to do our job. Still, each organ plays an important role, and we all do our best... It s all about teamwork. Every organ in Messy Mel s body is a part of a team, which smart doctors like to call an organ system. These systems do everything a body needs to survive. Here are a few organ systems in this fancy chart. And we do all of this while Messy Mel is watching TV. A few more organ systems: Skeletal System Provides shape & support for the body and protects the organs (major organs include the bones) Muscular System Controls movement, both voluntary and involuntary (like your heartbeat) (major organs include your muscles) Nervous System Sends impulses throughout the body to recognize pain, & control voluntary & involuntary processes (major organs include the brain, spinal cord, & nerves)

4 DISEASES & AILMENTS I m sure you think that I have an immune system of steel. While I am a picture of great health, I must admit that even I get sick sometimes. I, too, can be a victim of those nasty little pathogens bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protists that prevent your body from functioning normally. And just like that, I am lying in bed with an infectious disease. And that s no fun at all! Whenever I get sick, I worry that I might have these ailments: Strep Throat a highly contagious (i.e. easily passed from person to person) disease that brings a sore throat, fever, and pain Influenza known as the flu, another contagious disease that brings coughing, fever, and muscle aches Asthma a disease that attacks the airways, making it very difficult to breathe Cancer a disease where abnormal cells grow and invade the body s tissues, organs, and systems Diabetes a disease where the level of sugar in the blood rises to high levels and can cause organs to fail Athlete s Food a fungal infection that causes itching and irritation, usually between the toes It s easy to become paranoid when you get sick, but it usually ends up being the common cold. The best remedy? Get lots of rest, drink lots of fluids, and maybe try taking a long bath.

5 HEREDITY & PUNNETT SQUARES Your height Like it or not, you get lots of your physical characteristics, or traits, from your parents. It s called heredity. Just be happy that you re not related to Messy Mel. All of this genetic information or DNA is hidden in your chromosomes way down in the nucleus of your cells. It determines things like: (and other things, too) Your eye color How hairy your arms are I guess I have my parents to thank for having such top-notch genes. Then again, I m sure I d look good no matter which traits were passed on. Do I make a better blonde or brunette? Now, it wasn t just luck that I ended up with such great features. Both of my parents contributed exactly half of my DNA, and the final result is a combination of what they passed on to me. A Punnett Square Some of the traits they had were dominant traits (like dark hair and dark eyes), which means they were likely to get passed on. Some of the traits were recessive (like light hair and light eyes), which means they didn t get passed on if there was a dominant gene nearby. Traits that Mom is carrying So, how do you figure out which traits someone is likely to get? By using a Punnett Square, of course. This one shows which traits my parents were carrying (in this case, each has one allele or single gene for each trait), and predicts the chances that I d end up with those traits. I end up with dark I end up with dark Notice that 3 out of 4 times I ended up with dark hair and eyes. That s because it s the dominant trait. Got it? Traits that Dad is carrying I end up with dark I end up with light

6 INHERITED VS. ACQUIRED TRAITS I m such a humble guy that I sometimes get embarrassed by how great I am. Did I inherit such greatness? Did I acquire my greatness over time? These are all important questions. To answer them, I ve made a list of a few of my inherited traits (those that were the result of good genetics) and my acquired traits (those that were the result of growing up in such a wholesome environment). Inherited Traits Acquired Traits My great locks of hair are all-natural I ve had my movie-star eyes from the beginning I have my dear mother s smooth complexion I ve always had big feet The stubble on my chin is due to a lack of shaving. I may have acquired my large waste line through too much good nutrition I have a scar on my knee from a little accident on the construction site. You don t want to see the athlete s foot on my toes Just like me, the size and shape of plants and animals is a combination of their inherited and their acquired traits. Basic color and design are usually inherited, but environmental factors like temperature, nutrition, injuries, disease, and general living conditions can all cause an organism to acquire new features. As for me, if I lived a healthier lifestyle, I imagine I d look something like this:

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