VACCINES-WHAT HAS HAPPENED IN THE LAST YEAR. Mark H. Sawyer UCSD School of Medicine Rady Children s Hospital San Diego

Transcription

1 VACCINES-WHAT HAS HAPPENED IN THE LAST YEAR Mark H. Sawyer UCSD School of Medicine Rady Children s Hospital San Diego

2 LOTS HAS HAPPENED AND IT CAN BE A LITTLE CONFUSING Some people can get 2 doses of HPV vaccine, others need 3 We have two types of meningococcal vaccine, one that we use routinely but the other only for certain groups. With the second one, one product is given as 2 doses but for the other product some people can get 2 doses, others need 3 and the interval between the 2 doses for each vaccine is different! We used to promote the live attenuated nasal influenza vaccine and now we aren t using it at all?!? There are two different types of pneumococcal vaccine. Some people need one, some need the other, and some need both.and the intervals between them are different for children and adults MMR vaccine is a 2-dose vaccine. Why would we give a 3 rd

3 DISCLOSURES I have no financial disclosures related to this presentation 3

4 OBJECTIVES Explain who can receive only 2 doses of HPV vaccine and who can t so that you immunize your patients correctly Distinguish between the two types of meningococcal vaccines and list the factors influencing recommendations for serogroup B vaccines so that you can decide how to use them Explain why the birth dose of hepatitis B is now supposed to be given within 24 hours of birth to ALL babies so that you can work with birth hospitals to get infants immunized Explain why LAIV is not being used so that you can explain why to your patients Describe why a third dose of MMR vaccine is sometimes being given Discuss why you don t want to get zoster and how to avoid it now and in the future so that you help your patients get immunized 4

5 THREE REASONS YOU SHOULD CARE ABOUT HPV VACCINE HPV causes lots of cancer HPV vaccine prevents cancer We are doing a terrible job of immunizing our population with HPV vaccine to prevent cancer

6 2-DOSE HPV VACCINE!

7 HPV VACCINE WORKS BETTER IF YOU ARE YOUNGER

8 2-DOSE HPV 2 doses at 0, 6 months recommended for adolescents 14 years and younger 3 doses at 0, 1-2, 6 months recommended for persons 15 years of age and older 3 doses recommended for immunocompromised patients of any age 2 doses must be separated by at least 5 months-if not then you still need 3 doses MMWR December 16, 2016;65:

9 2-DOSE HPV VACCINE Age at dose #1 is key! If dose #1 at 14 years of age or younger, then 2-dose regimen is OK If dose #1 at 14 years of age or younger, then long intervals between doses doesn t matter (e.g. dose #2 could be at age 16) If dose #1 at 15 years of age or older, then a 3-dose interval required Recommendation counts retrospectively 2-dose MMWR regimen December not 16, indicated 2016;65: for immunocompromised

10 Meningococcal Disease, College Outbreaks, Meningococcal B Vaccine

11 MENINGOCOCCAL CONJUGATE VACCINES BE CAREFUL! Two very different vaccine types Men ACWY (Menveo, Menactra) Men B (Trumenba, Bexero) Two very different recommendations Men ACWY-routine for adolescents and high-risk individuals Men B-routine only for a subset of high-risk individuals Men B vaccines-two very different vaccines products Different schedules and different intervals between doses Can t be interchanged

12 MENINGOCOCCAL BACKGROUND MEN ACWY Both an older polysaccharide (Menomune) and newer conjugate (Menactra, Menveo) vaccines available Routinely recommended for all adolescents as a 2-dose regimen at 11 and 16 years of age Recommended to both younger (down to 2 months) and older (adults) populations at increased risk May be used in outbreak settings MEN B Licensed in Two products available MenB-fHbp (Trumenba) MenB-4C (Bexsero) MenB-fHbp is now a 2 or 3-dose series depending on the population MenB-4C is a 2-dose series but with different intervals than MenB-fHbp

13 MENINGOCOCCAL VACCINES FOR HIGH RISK INDIVIDUALS 13

14 MEN ACWY VACCINE-HIGH RISK GROUPS Complement deficiency Functional or anatomic asplenia During an outbreak of serogroup A, C, W, or Y Travel or residence in areas where meningococcal disease is endemic (sub-saharan Africa, the Hajj in Saudi Arabia) 2-dose series required and booster doses needed every 3-5 years depending on age and indication MMWR 2013;62(RR02):1-22, MMWR 2014;63:

15 MENINGOCOCCAL ACWY VACCINE FOR HIV-INFECTED PERSONS HIV-infected persons have 5-24 fold increased risk from meningococcal infection Low CD4 count and high viral load further increases risk Most disease is C, W and Y (Not B) Antibody responses are lower and wane faster in HIVinfected persons Men ACWY vaccine recommended for HIV-infected persons 2 months of age and older 2-dose primary series required for those 2 years of age and older (8 week interval) MMWR 2016; 65:

16 SEROGROUP B MENINGOCOCCAL VACCINE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HIGH RISK A serogroup B meningococcal vaccine (MenB) series should be administered to persons aged >10 years at increased risk for meningococcal disease (Category A). This includes: Persons with persistent complement component deficiencies, including those taking eculizomab. Persons with anatomic or functional asplenia including those with sickle cell disease Microbiologists routinely exposed to isolates of Neisseria meningitides Persons identified as being at risk due to a serogroup B meningococcal MMWR, 2015;64: 608 outbreak

17 SHOULD WE BE GIVING MENINGOCOCCAL B VACCINE TO EVERYONE?

18 WHAT ABOUT EVERYONE ELSE? A Men B vaccine series MAY be administered to adolescents and young adults aged years to provide SHORT-TERM protection against MOST strains of serogroup B meningococcal disease. The preferred age for Men B vaccination is years. MMWR 2015;64:1171-6

19 Should we immunize all adolescents to prevent a very small number of cases and deaths? MacNeil-ACIP October 2014;

20 MENINGOCOCCAL B VACCINE- UNKNOWNS Breadth of circulating strains covered Duration of immunity Affect on nasopharyngeal carriage Long-term safety Future epidemiology of meningococcal disease Currently no recommendation for routine use in healthy individuals

21 2-DOSE MEN B-fHbp (TRUMENBA) VACCINE Be careful, it is complicated!

22 MEN B-fHbp (TRUMENBA) 2 DOSE OPTION FDA approved as a 2-dose vaccine in April 2016 Only for healthy individuals For persons with increased risk of meningococcal disease and for use during outbreaks, 3 doses of MenB-fHbp should be used at 0, 1-2, 6 months When given to healthy adolescents who are not at increased risk for meningococcal disease, 2 doses of MenB-fHpb should be administered at 0 and 6 months If the second dose is given at an interval <6 months a third dose should be given at least 6 months after the first Be careful, the two doses of the other vaccine (MebB-4C) are given 1 month apart ACIP Meeting, October

23 HEPATITIS B

24 WHY HEPATITIS B IS A PROBLEM 24

25 Birth dose of Hepatitis B vaccine should be given All babies should get a birth dose of Hep B vaccine and the dose should be given within 24 hours of birth Schillie, ACIP October

26 INFLUENZA-HOW IT HAPPENS

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28 WHO IS NOT GETTING A FLU VACCINE? Group Unvaccinated (end of November) Seniors 40% Adults >18 years 61% Adults,18-64 years high risk 68% Pregnant women 60% 42% if offered Children 61%

29 WHAT HAPPENED TO LAIV? Not recommended for use this influenza season 29

30 This was not new 30

31 CURRENT RECOMMENDATION In light of concerns regarding low effectiveness against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in the United States during the and seasons, for the season, ACIP makes the interim recommendation that live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV4) should not be used. ACIP Recommendations. MMWR 2016;65:1-54/Pediatrics 2016;138(4):DOI: /peds

32 INFLUENZA-IT S COMPLICATED! Investigation into reduced effectiveness of LAIV against H1N1 High temperatures can change the conformation of the vaccine proteins which leads to reduced entry into cells Different strains have different susceptibility to ph changes New study of trivalent influenza compared to monovalent H1N1 shows that the overall vaccine composition may influence the immune response and effectiveness independent of matching Pandemic H1N1 immune response broader than most seasonal vaccines Bright, CDC Meeting February 2017; Athale, Science Trans. Med 2017; Li, PNAS 2012

33 MUMPS! Sidney can t play- Mumps!

34 MUMPS IS MAKING A COMEBACK! County of San Diego HHSA, Monthly Communicable Disease Report 2017;1(2):1-4

35 MORE ON MUMPS Usually only recognized when parotitis occurs Not all patients have parotid swelling Prodrome of low-grade fever, myalgia, malaise, headache Neck/facial swelling usually lasts up to one week Need to distinguish from lymph node swelling which is more common Complications include orchitis, encephalitis, deafness

36 WHY MUMPS? Mumps vaccine less effective than measles vaccine Mumps vaccine only available in the U.S. as combined MMR 1 dose-80% effective 2-doses-90% effective Vaccine immunity can wane over time Recent outbreaks of mumps have included many fully immunized individuals A third dose of MMR vaccine is sometimes used to control outbreaks

37 ZOSTER

38 WHAT IS ZOSTER? WHY DOES IT LOOK LIKE THAT? Zoster is your chickenpox coming back to haunt you VZV remains latent in your spinal cord for decades Reactivation occurs when your immune system is suppressed, either naturally or because of disease or medication About 15% of people who get zoster suffer from post-zoster neuralgia that can last for months or longer Dooling, ACIP Meeting October 2016 Zoster should become less common because we now prevent varicella in children through 38

39 WE SHOULD BE DOING BETTER Dooling, ACIP Meeting October

40 NEW ZOSTER VACCINE COMING Dooling, ACIP Meeting October

41 SUMMARY You can use only 2 doses of HPV vaccine if the first dose is given at age 14 or below Men ACWY is routinely recommended for all adolescents and some high-risk young children and adults. Men B is only routinely recommended for high-risk adolescents and adults The birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine should be given at birth (<24 hours) Get your influenza vaccine and give more influenza vaccine but don t use LAIV Be on the lookout for mumps