GEOG 101 PART III TERMS. World Population Distribution. Population Growth TERMS R E M I N D E R S. Human Geography: 11/28/2016

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1 R E M I N D E R S Two required essays were due on Nov. 14, If not submitted they get scored as a zero. FINAL EXAM Thursday, Dec :30 AM - 1:30 PM Only Part III topics taken from chapters 6-12 will be on the exam. Same format as exams 1 and 2 Extra Credit Options on Syllabus Think Geographically Essays from any five of the textbook s 12 chapters. Last day to submit is Dec. 12 but it is best to do them as you finish reading a chapter. Any extra credit essay may be submitted before the deadline. Don t wait for the night before to write them!! Do it after you read the chapter. GEOG 101 PART III Human Geography: People, Society and Development Chapters 6 12 (selected parts) Prof. Anthony Grande Hunter College Geography 2016 Lecture design, content and presentation AFG Individual images and illustrations may be subject to prior copyright. World Population Distribution We need data to evaluate a population. 1. Numbers of people. 2. Concentration of people. 3. Other data to help assess a situation 3 TERMS Carrying capacity: the ability of the land to support life. It is directly related to resource base (food watershelter) which composes a habitat. The quality of a habitat can be assessed. The better the quality of a habitat, the more life it can support. Good quality habitats will attract people (it is a pull factor). 4 TERMS Carrying capacity is reached if too many people use what is available and the resource base is taxed to its limit. Once carrying capacity is reached, the quality of habitat diminishes and an area is said to be overpopulated. OVERPOPULATION: Too many people for the resource base. Population Growth Can the earth support its fast-growing population? Does it have the capacity to keep up with a population s demands on its resources? How can we tell? Need data. DEMOGRAPHY: statistical study of a population. However, there is a problem with the data. Accuracy of national censuses varies

2 Historic Population Growth Population J-Curve What caused world population to increase dramatically starting in the late 1700s? Better medical practices. Understanding causes of illness and the transmission of disease. Improved sanitation. Better agricultural methods Improved food supplies. Knowledge of nutrition. 7 8 Population Growth and Projections Population Growth and Projections estimated 20 th century 2000 historic 1. World population growth has been fast since the mid-1900s. 2. It has been regionally uneven. 3. Estimates are based on current growth rates and they change over time Birth Rate Birth Rate and Death Rate Death Rate Total Fertility Rate TFR: Total Fertility Rate. The number of children borne by child bearing age women. The younger and larger a population, the higher the TFR and the higher growth potential especially if infant mortality rates are reduced. ZPG: Zero population growth is considered to be the replacement rate (statistically it is 2.1 children/ parents.)

3 Percent of Population UNDER 15 years of age Annual Rate of Increase Life Expectancy Population Pyramid G G G KEY Every year age groups move up the pyramid. The groups get smaller as members die unless an area experiences immigration Population Pyramids for Regions of the United States USA Malthusian Theory In 1798 Thomas Malthus postulated that unless population growth was slowed (by self-control, war or natural disaster), its rate of growth would soon exceed the rate of food production (exceed carrying capacity). He predicted that people would not be able to feed themselves and widespread poverty and hunger would follow. WHY? Because population tends to double in size quickly, while agriculture grows at a steady rate. His prediction did not take into account new technologies that allowed people to produce more food

4 Demographic Transition The J-Curve becomes an S-Curve when a population reaches carrying capacity. It returns to a J-Curve when new technologies allow people to live longer. Demographic Transition and Economic Development Agrarian 2. Industrialization 3.Urban/ 4.Highly 5. Old society established economic developed population 20 Demographic Transition and Economic Development Comparison of BR and DR by Economic Development 22 Homeostatic Plateaus Medical Geography How long can this go on? The J-Curve turns into an S-Curve every time something occurs to either increase or slow down the death rate (changes existing equilibrium). MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY studies the well-being of people as an aspect of habitat. Medical aspects are studied spatially (where they occur). The are correlated to conditions of site and situation as wind direction, watershed, wells and aquifers, routes of dispersal. EPIDEMIOLOGY: the study of the causes and control of disease

5 Health and Nutrition Undernourished Areas Important part of the population question. Areas with good health and nutrition can accommodate large numbers of people. They are also become PULL factors. Analysis includes: Food availability (type/diet/caloric value) Life expectancy/infant mortality (BR/DR/wellness) Disease (susceptibility/transmission/dr/social issues) TERMS Categories of Disease ENDEMIC a disease in a host population that affects many people locally. Can be confined to a small group of people. Usually not transferrable to other regions. EPIDEMIC a disease that affects a local or regional area. Contagious; It can spread. PANDEMIC a disease that has spread worldwide. Requires an international response to control its spread and treat its victims Malaria is an endemic disease to tropical areas. Swine flu is locally an epidemic. H1N1 Virus occurred world wide. It is a pandemic Dr. John Snow s Cholera Map Cholera pandemic reached London in Dr. Snow began to map each case and death. He was convinced contaminated water was to blame and he associated new cases with tainted wells. When officials refused to shut down wells, he removed the well pump handles, preventing their use. New cases deceased immediately. 29 EFFECTS of CLIMATE CHANGE Drought (windborne dust diseases) Increased Rainfall (waterborne diseases) Warmer Temps (increase range of mosquitoes and other insects Climate Change and the Spread of Disease Indicates possible distribution by

6 Heart Disease by Region Lung Cancer Occurrence on Long Island, NY MALE by zip code FEMALE by zip code Green = low Purple = high Population Growth and Overpopulation The world needs to deal with the present rate of population growth and overpopulation. There is a need to either increase the carrying capacity of an area (habitat quality) or reduce the stress of a population on the habitat. Can this be done? Population Growth 1 AD: 250 mil people on earth 1650: 500 mil = 1,650 yrs to double 1830: 1 billion = 1830 yrs to reach 1 billion 1925: 2 billion = 95 yrs to add 1 billion 1960: 3 billion = 35 yrs to add 1 billion 1975: 4 billion = 15 yrs to add 1 billion 1986: 5 billion = 11 yrs to add 1 billion 2000: 6 billion = 14 yrs to add 1 billion 2011: 7 billion = 11 yrs to add 1 billion There are 5 general scenarios: 1. Expand the resource base 2. Emigration 3. Economic change 4. Education 5. Natural population controls 1. Expand the resource base (carrying capacity). A. Use of technology (existing and/or new). B. Creation of artificial environments. C. Make new discoveries

7 2. Emigration. A. Encourage movement away B. Discourage in-migration C. Relocate people to other areas (transmigration) 3. Economic change (demographic transition model) A. Shift from an agrarian to an industrial economy B. Shift from rural to urban settlement (may have a negative impact if cities take over farmland) C. Use of technology Education A. Knowledge of the local situation B. Ability to read and follow instructions C. Training in the use of technology D. Changing the attitudes and philosophies of people regarding family size through dialogue and reasoning. 5. Natural population controls (involves ethical and moral issues) A. Famine B. Disease C. War D. Poverty Should the world community help borderline areas by providing aid for hunger and prevent disease? Biogeography Studies the spatial aspects of plant and animal life. The relationship between a life forms and the physical environment. Looks at the composition of biomes, habitats, ranges, etc. Migrations. Biogeography Tundra Swan Range in North America Location of dinosaur fossils 41 Migratory pattern 42 7

8 Ecology Ecology Studies how living things affect each other and what determines their distribution and abundance. Biosphere, ecosystems, biomes and niches. Quality of habitat and carrying capacity. Food chain. Human interaction N E X T GEOGRAPHY of ECONOMICS: Economy, development and sustaining a population. 45 8