Maize redness. a serious threat to corn production Disease epidemiology and strategies for control of the insect-vector Reptalus panzeri

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1 International Symposium on Current Trends in Plant Protection Maize redness a serious threat to corn production Disease epidemiology and strategies for control of the insect-vector Reptalus panzeri moderator: Dr Jelena Jović

2 Maize redness a disease of maize associated with stolbur phytoplasma

3 Distribution in Europe historical data

4 Distribution in Europe molecular evidence

5 Since February 2012 EPPO Alert List

6 Maize redness Maize redness (MR) is a severe disease of maize associated with stolbur phytoplasma (16SrXII-A) which is transmitted to maize by the cixiid planthopper Reptalus panzeri Disease is characterized by midrib, leaf and stalk reddening, followed by reddening and desiccation of the whole-plant and abnormal ear development. Although MR has been reported from Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria for more than 50 years, the associated agent, a vector and the epidemiological cycle of the disease have only recently been determined

7 Etiology of MR symptoms

8 01 Jun 15 Jun 28 Jun 04 July 06 July 07 July 17 July 23 July 31 July 08 Avg 13 Avg 20 Avg 01 Sep Number of specimens per plot Seasonal population level of Reptalus panzeri and MR symptoms appearance oviposition MR symptoms appearance Collection dates

9 Vector role of Reptalus panzeri and etiology of MR Setup of experiment for phytoplasma transmission

10 Appearance and development of MR symptoms 30 days after infection

11 Appearance and development of MR symptoms 29 days 34 days 38 days

12 Appearance and development of MR symptoms

13 Development of MR symptoms

14 Development of MR symptoms 55 days after infection

15 Reptalus panzeri behavior

16 Reptalus panzeri nymphs on maize L 1 L 3

17 L 5 Reptalus panzeri nymphs on wheat

18 ~ Epidemiological cycle of MR disease ~

19 MR Epidemiology: 1 st step Reptalus panzeri Stolbur phytoplasma Reptalus panzeri adults emerge from mid June to early July from wheat fields adjacent to the maize field. Stolbur phytoplasma detected in adults at emergence.

20 MR Epidemiology: 2 nd step Reptalus panzeri Stolbur phytoplasma Eggs are oviposited in soil surrounding maize in late July to early August when maize is already infected with stolbur. No evidence for transovarial transmission of phytoplasmas.

21 MR Epidemiology: 3 rd step Reptalus panzeri Stolbur phytoplasma L 1 nymphs hatch in late August to early September and feed on maize roots. Stolbur phytoplasma not detected in L 1 nymphs.

22 MR Epidemiology: 4 th step Reptalus panzeri Stolbur phytoplasma L 2 /L 3 nymphs are present when winter wheat is planted over maize in mid October. Stolbur phytoplasma detected in maize roots and L 3 nymphs.

23 MR Epidemiology: 5 th step Reptalus panzeri Stolbur phytoplasma L 4 /L 5 nymphs feed on wheat roots from March to mid June. Stolbur phytoplasma detected in wheat roots and L 4 /L 5 nymphs.

24 MR Epidemiology: 6 th step Reptalus panzeri Stolbur phytoplasma Reptalus panzeri adults emerge in mid June to early July. Stolbur phytoplasma detected in adults at emergence. Back to the beginning. Cycle closed!

25 November March hibernation L 3 Septemear October L 1 -L 3 phytoplasma acquisition adults shift to maize April Jun nymphs development L 4 -L 5 July infection of maize Avgust oviposition end of Jun - July adult emergence

26 Disease development

27 Disease development

28 Yield losses

29 Disease and vector distribution in Serbia

30 Disease and vector distribution in Serbia

31 Strategies for control of the insect-vector Since the first records of MR appearance in the South Banat district of Serbia in 1957 it has been noted that the disease has periodical variations in symptom intensity and incidence. Due to specificities of the disease epidemiological cycle and the insect vector life cycle, environmental factors play a significant role both in the intensity and incidence of the disease. More severe disease and higher incidence of symptoms are associated with warm springs and summers which facilitates earlier emergence of the vector adults and consequently earlier infection of maize with the stolbur phytoplasma.

32 Strategies for control of the insect-vector factors that influence disease incidence and severity - all tested hybrids are susceptible - Maize - winter wheat crop rotation facilities high survival rate of vector nymphs and consequently high number of adults capable to transmit stolbur phytoplasma. Later seeding date enables infection in earlier phenophase of the plants development allowing higher infection rate, more severe symptoms and higher yield losses. Deep plowing makes soil more suitable for nymphs survival and consequently higher disease incidence.

33 Strategies for control of the insect-vector Rotation with other crops. Avoid winter crops (wheat, barley, etc.) Earlier seeding date Reduced tillage A comprehensive research is needed to determine most effective strategy Most suitable crops for rotation Hybrids exact seeding period Use of soil insecticides for vector control

34 International Symposium on Current Trends in Plant Protection Maize redness a serious threat to corn production Disease epidemiology and strategies for control of the insect-vector Reptalus panzeri moderator: Dr Jelena Jović

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