The type of Salmonella usually associated with infections in humans, non-typhoidal Salmonella, is usually contracted from sources such as:

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1 Salmonellosis TASACCO members have herbal products that completely cure Typhoid (Salmonellosis) within a period of 1 week to 3 months depending on the type and intensity as seen from the laboratory test. Read more about Salmonellosis. Salmonellosis is an infection with Salmonella bacteria. Most people infected with Salmonella develop diarrhea, fever, vomiting, and abdominal cramps 12 to 72 hours after infection. In most cases, the illness lasts four to seven days, and most people recover without treatment. However, in some cases the diarrhea may be so severe that the patient becomes dangerously dehydrated and must be taken to a hospital. At the hospital, the patient may receive intravenous fluids to treat the dehydration, and may be given medications to provide symptomatic relief, such as fever reduction. In severe cases, the Salmonella infection may spread from the intestines to the blood stream, and then to other body sites, and can cause death unless the person is treated promptly with antibiotics. The elderly, infants, and those with impaired immune systems are more likely to develop severe illness. Some people afflicted with salmonellosis later experience reactive arthritis, which can have long-lasting, disabling effects. There are different kinds of Salmonella, including S. bongori and S. enterica. The type of Salmonella usually associated with infections in humans, non-typhoidal Salmonella, is usually contracted from sources such as: Poultry, pork and beef, if the meat is prepared incorrectly or is infected with the bacteria after preparation Infected eggs, egg products, and milk when not prepared, handled, or refrigerated properly. Reptiles, such as turtles, lizards and snakes, which may carry the bacteria in their intestine. Tainted fruits and vegetables. The typhoidal form of Salmonella can lead to typhoid fever. Typhoid fever is a life-threatening illness, and about 400 cases are reported each year in the United States, and 75% of these are acquired while traveling out of the country. It is carried only by humans and is usually contracted through direct contact with the fecal matter of an infected person. Typhoidal Salmonella is more commonly found in poorer countries and can affect as many as 21.5 million persons each year, where unsanitary conditions are more likely to occur. Epidemiology Both Salmonellosis and the Salmonella genus of microorganisms derive their names from a modern Latin coining after Daniel E. Salmon ( ), an American veterinary surgeon. He had help from Theobald Smith, and together they found the bacterium in pigs. Symptoms

2 The bacterium induces responses in the animal it is infecting, and this is what typically causes the symptoms rather than any direct toxin produced. Symptoms are usually gastro-intestinal, including,nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps and bloody diarrhea with mucus. Headache, fatigue and rose spots are also possible. These symptoms can be severe, especially in young children and the elderly. Symptoms last generally up to a week, and can appear 12 to 72 hours after ingesting the bacterium. After bacterial infections, reactive arthritis (Reiters syndrome) can develop. In sickle cell anemia, osteomyelitis due to Salmonella infection is much more common than in the general population. Though salmonella infection is frequently the cause of osteomyelitis in sickle-cell anemia patients, it is not the most common cause. The most common cause of osteomyelitis remains due to Staphylococcus infection. Pathogenesis An infectious process can only begin after living salmonellae (not only their toxins) reach the gastrointestinal tract. Some of the microorganisms are killed in the stomach, while the surviving salmonellae enter the small intestine and multiply in tissues (localized form). By the end of the incubation period, the macro-organisms are poisoned by endotoxins that are released from the dead salmonellae. The local response to the endotoxins is enteritis and gastrointestinal disorder. In the generalized form of the disease, salmonellae pass through the lymphatic system of the intestine into the blood of the patients (typhoid form) and are carried to various organs (liver, spleen, kidneys) to form secondary foci (septic form). Endotoxins first of all act on the vascular and nervous apparatus. This is manifested by increased permeability and decreased tone of the vessels, upset thermal regulation, vomiting and diarrhea. In severe forms of the disease, enough liquid and electrolytes are lost to upset the water-salt metabolism, to decrease the circulating blood volume and arterial pressure, and to cause hypovolemic shock. Septic shock may develop. Shock of mixed character (with signs of both hypovolemic and septic shock) are more common in severe salmonellosis. Oliguria and azotemia develop in severe cases as a result of renal involvement due to hypoxia and toxemia. [5] Incidence The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. About 142,000 Americans are infected each year with Salmonells enteritidis from chicken eggs, and about 30 die. Up to 2005 The U.S. Government reported that as many as 20% of all chickens were contaminated with Salmonella in the late 1990s, and 16.3% were contaminated in [7] In the mid to late 20th century, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis was a common contaminant of eggs. This is much less common now with the advent of hygiene measures in egg production, and the

3 vaccination of laying hens to prevent Salmonella colonization. Various Salmonella serovars (strains) also cause severe diseases in animals other than humans In June 2006, the BBC reported that the Cadbury chocolate manufacturer withdrew a number of products when products contaminated with Salmonella resulted in up to 56 cases of salmonellosis. The causes had been traced to a leaking pipe at a Cadbury plant in Herefordshire in January 2006, though the announcement was not made until June In February 2007, the U.S. Food and drug Administration (FDA) issued a warning to consumers not to eat certain jars of Peter Pan or Great Value peanut butter, due to risk of contamination with S. Tennessee. In March 2007, around 150 people were diagnosed with salmonellosis after eating tainted food at a governor's reception in Krasnoyarsk, Russia. Over 1,500 people attended the ball on March 1, and fell ill as a consequence of ingesting salmonella-tainted sandwiches. About 150 people were sickened by salmonella-tainted chocolate cake produced by a major bakery chain in Singapore in December Main article: 2008 United states salmonellosis outbreak. From April 10, 2008 to July 8, 2008, the rare Saintpaul serotype of Salmonella Enteritidis caused at least 1017 cases of salmonellosis food poisoning in 41 states throughout the United States, the District of Columbia, and Canada. As of July 2008, the FDA suspected the contaminated food product was a common ingredient in fresh salsa, such as raw tomato, fresh jalapeño pepper, fresh serrano pepper, and fresh cilantro. It is the largest reported salmonellosis outbreak in the United States since New Mexico and Texas have been proportionally the hardest hit by far, with 49.7 and 16.1 reported cases per million, respectively. The greatest number of reported cases have occurred in Texas (384 reported cases), New Mexico (98), Illinois (100), and Arizona (49). There have been at least 203 reported hospitalizations linked to the outbreak, it has caused at least one death, and it may have been a contributing factor in at least one additional death. The CDC maintains "it is likely many more illnesses have occurred than those reported." If applying a previous CDC estimated ratio of unreported salmonellosis cases to reported cases (38.6:1), one would arrive at an estimated 40,273 illnesses from this outbreak. As of 18 July 2008, the FDA removed raw tomatoes and cilantro as potential carriers; however, fresh jalapeño and serrano peppers still remain. In December 2008 and January 2009, several Midwestern states, including Ohio (officially confirmed by state authorities), reported an outbreak of salmonellosis from Salmonella

4 typhimurium that had sickened at least 50 people, due to contaminated dairy products like cheeses. ] 2009 Main article: Peanut Corporation of America On January 17, 2009, the FDA announced they had traced the source of an outbreak of S. typhimurium to a plant in Blakely, Georgia, owned by PCA, and urged people to postpone eating commercially-prepared or manufactured peanut butter-containing products and institutionallyserved peanut butter. Salmonella was reported to be found in 46 states in the United States in at least 3,862 peanut butter-based products, such as crackers, energy bars, and peanut butter cookies from at least 343 food companies. Dog treats were affected, as well. At least 691 people in more than 46 states became sick, and the Salmonella claimed at least nine lives as of March 25. Peanut butter and peanut paste manufactured by PCA were distributed to hundreds of firms for use as an ingredient in thousands of different products, such as cookies, crackers, cereal, candy and ice cream, all of which were recalled. Some products were also sold directly to consumers in retail outlets, such as dollar stores. On March 14, 2009, expressing his own personal concern for the safety of his children who enjoy peanut butter, President Obama announced the establishment of the Food Safety Working Group, "an inter-agency effort to help overhaul the oversight system." The announcement came days after the FDA, also responding, released its first "guidance" on dealing with Salmonella contamination An outbreak of salmonellosis caused by a rarer subspecies of Salmonella S. bareilly) was reported in multiple states mostly in the East, having yet caused no deaths but many episodes of sickness and some hospitalizations has been linked to the consumption of raw scraped ground tuna product. Four-Inch Regulation The "Four-Inch Regulation" or "Four-Inch Law" is a colloquial name for a regulation issued by the FDA in 1975, restricting the sale of turtles with a carapace length of less than four inches. Exceptions are provided for scientific and educational use, export, and private sale. The regulation was promulgated, according to the FDA, "because of the public health impact of turtle-associated salmonellosis." There had been reported cases of young children placing small turtles in their mouths, which led to the size-based restriction. Prevention

5 The FDA has published guidelines to help reduce the chance of food-borne salmonellosis. Food must be cooked to C ( F), and liquids such as soups or gravies must be boiled. Freezing kills some Salmonella, but it is not sufficient to reliably reduce Salmonella below infectious levels. While Salmonella is usually heat-sensitive, it does acquire heat resistance in high-fat environments such as peanut butter. Antibodies and vaccine development Salmonella antibodies were first found in Malawi children in research published in The Malawian researchers have identified an antibody that protects children against bacterial infections of the blood caused by Salmonella. A study at Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Blantyre found that children up to two years old develop antibodies that aid in killing the bacteria. This could lead to a possible Salmonella vaccine.