Immune System Review. 1. State one way white blood cells protect the body from foreign microbes.

Transcription

1 Name Immune System Review Date 1. State one way white blood cells protect the body from foreign microbes. 2. Cells of the immune system are able to respond to the presence of invading organisms because they recognize the A) antigens present on the invaders B) antibodies present in invading pathogens C) DNA pattern in the nuclei of viruses D) antibiotics released from microbes 3. A new vaccine was developed and then tested on a large sample of individuals. This new vaccine will be considered effectice if it helps prepare the body to fight future invasion by A) inhibiting the response of red blood cells B) stimulating the reproduction of microbes C) inhibiting the action of immune cells D) stimulating the production of antibodies 4. An infection in the body might result in a sudden A) decrese in the activity of antigens produced by the mitochondria B) decrese in the amount of DNA present in the nuclei of cells C) increase in the activity of white blood cells D) increase in the number of red blood cells 5. The diagram below represents a microscopic view of blood. Cell A protects the body by producing specific chemicals in response to pathogens. Cell A is A) a red blood cell B) a bacteria cell C) an insulin-producing cell D) a white blood cell 6. How do some human white blood cells help destroy pathogenic bacteria? A) causing mutations in the bacteria B) engulfing and digesting the bacteria C) producing toxins that compete with bacterial toxins D) inserting part of their DNA into the bacterial cells 7. The diagram below shows a cell in the human body engulfing a bacterial cell. The cell labeled X is most likely a A) red blood cell B) white blood cell C) liver cell D) nerve cell 8. The immune system of humans may respond to chemicals on the surface of an invading organism by A) releasing hormones that break down these chemicals B) synthesizing antibodies that mark these organisms to be destroyed C) secreting antibiotics that attach to these organisms D) altering a DNA sequence in these organisms 9. Which activity is not a function of white blood cells in response to an invasion of the body by bacteria? A) engulfing these bacteria B) producing antibodies to act against this type of bacteria C) preparing for future invasions of this type of bacteria D) speeding transmissions of nerve impulses to detect these bacteria 10. A researcher needs information on antigen antibody reactions. Searching for which phrase would best lead the researcher to information about these reactions? A) protein synthesis B) energy sources in nature C) white blood cell activity D) DNA replication 11. Which activity is not a response of human white blood cells to pathogens? A) engulfing and destroying bacteria B) producing antibodies C) identifying invaders for destruction D) removing carbon dioxide 12. When getting a vaccination, which substance is injected into the body? A) bacteria to combat a pathogen B) white blood cells to engulf a pathogen C) a weakened form of a virus D) antibiotics to kill a virus

2 13. Base your answer to the following question on the information and diagram below. A technician needed to determine the blood type of four individuals. To do this, the technician set up four slides, one for each individual. The technician placed a drop of antibody A serum and a drop of antibody B serum on each of four slides. The technician mixed a drop of blood from each individual into the anti-a and anti-b serum on a different slide. The results of the four tests are shown below. Which slide contains blood from the individual who has antigen A, but not antigen B? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 Base your answers to questions 14 and 15 on the blood-typing chart below and on your knowledge of biology. 14. Individual 1 has blood type A) A B) B C) AB D) O 15. Which antibodies, if any, are in the plasma of individual 2? A) anti-a, only B) anti-b, only C) both anti-a and anti-b D) neither anti-a nor anti-b

3 16. Pneurrwcystis is an organism normally found in the human lungs that can cause pneumonia. It seldom causes problems in individuals with healthy immune systems. However, people with AIDS sometimes become seriously ill with pneumonia. This is most likely due to the fact that individuals with AIDS have A) inherited a tendency to contract pneumonia B) difficulty fighting off infections C) an allergy to this organism D) hormones that strengthen the infection 17. Which type of pathogenic microbe causes AIDS? A) a bacterium B) a virus C) a multicellular fungus D) a single-celled algae 18. The human immune system fights infection by releasing A) ATP's B) antibiotics C) antibodies D) antigens 19. People who have AIDS are more likely than others to become ill with multiple infections because the pathogen that causes AIDS A) targets many body systems B) mutates, releasing toxins directly into the bloodstream C) increases the rate of enzyme activity in different types of body cells D) damages the immune system 20. It is recommended that people at risk for serious flu complications be vaccinated so that their bodies will produce A) antigens to fight the flu virus B) antibodies against the flu virus C) toxins to fight the infection caused by the flu virus D) antibiotics to reduce symptoms caused by the flu virus 21. Drugs to reduce the risk of rejection are given to organ transplant patients because the donated organ contains A) foreign antigens B) foreign antibodies C) DNA molecules D) pathogenic microbe 22. To replace burned skin, doctors can successfully transplant replacement skin taken from another part of the body of the burn victim. Which statement best explains why the transplanted skin is not rejected? A) The transplanted skin is damaged, making the immune system nonfunctional. B) The antigens of the replacement skin are the same as those of the damaged skin. C) Burn victims lose so much blood that white blood cells cannot cause an immune response. D) There is no blood supply to the skin, so mixing of antigens does not occur. 23. Pollen grains often stimulate an allergic response that produces A) antigens B) antibodies C) plasma D) platelets 24. In 1995, during an Ebola virus outbreak, approximately 80% of the infected individuals died. Which statement is an inference that could be made based on this information? A) The individuals who survived were able to produce antibodies against the Ebola virus B) The individuals who survived were not exposed to the Ebola antigens C) Eighty percent of the population had a natural immunity to the Ebola virus. D) Eighty percent of the population was infected with a viral antigen. 25. To increase chances for a successful organ transplant, the person receiving the organ should be given special medications. The purpose of these medications is to A) increase the immune response in the person receiving the transplant B) decrease the immune response in the person receiving the transplant C) decrease mutations in the person receiving the transplant D) increase mutations in the person receiving the transplant 26. Which statement best describes how a vaccination can help protect the body against disease? A) Vaccines directly kill the organism that causes the disease. B) Vaccines act as a medicine that cures the disease. C) Vaccines cause the production of specific molecules that will react with and destroy certain infectuous organisms. D) Vaccines contain white blood cells that engulf harmful germs and prevent them from spreading throughout the body. 27. The purpose of introducing weakened microbes into the body of an organism is to stimulate the A) production of living microbes that will protect the organism from future attacks B) production of antigens that will prevent infections from occurring C) immune system to react and prepare the organism to fight future invasions by these microbes D) replication of genes that direct the synthesis of hormones that regulate the number of microbes 28. Which activity would stimulate the human immune system to provide protection against an invasion by a microbe? A) receiving antibiotic injections after surgery B) choosing a well-balanced diet and following it throughout life C) being vaccinated against chicken pox D) receiving hormones contained in mother s milk while nursing

4 29. Base your answer to the following question on the graph below. Which statement best explains a change in the incidence of disease in 1970? A) Children were vaccinated against measles. B) New drugs cured diabetes. C) The bacteria that cause pneumonia developed a resistance to drugs. D) New technology helped to reduce the incidence of all three diseases. 30. The diagram below represents what can happen when homeostasis in an organism is threatened. 33. Which condition would most likely result in a human body being unable to defend itself against pathogens and cancerous cells? A) a genetic tendency toward a disorder such as diabetes B) a parasitic infestation of ringworm on the body C) the production of antibodies in response to an infection in the body D) the presence in the body of the virus that causes AIDS 34. An allergic reaction to certain types of natural, unprocessed foods, such as peanuts, is caused by A) a lack of digestive enzymes B) a response to specific antigens C) microorganisms living within the food D) high levels of carbon dioxide in the air 35. An activity that occurs in the human body is shown below. This activity helps to Which statement provides a possible explanation for these events? A) Antibiotics break down harmful substances by the process of digestion. B) Some specialized cells mark and other cells engulf microbes during immune reactions. C) Embryonic development of essential organs occurs during pregnancy. D) Cloning removes abnormal cells produced during differentiation. 31. Many vaccinations stimulate the immune system by exposing it to A) antibodies B) enzymes C) mutated genes D) weakened microbes 32. Which disorder could develop in the human body when the immune system attacks a usually harmless environmental substance? A) cancer B) AIDS C) an allergy D) an infection A) provide protection against pathogens B) produce antibiotics to control disease C) eliminate harmful gene alterations D) regulate production of ATP by the cell 36. Many people become infected with the chicken pox virus during childhood. After recovering from chicken pox, these people are usually immune to the disease for the rest of their lives. However, they may still be infected by viruses that cause other diseases, such as measles. Discuss the immune response to the chicken pox virus. In your answer, be sure to include: the role of antigens in the immune response the role of white blood cells in the body's response to the virus an explanation of why recovery from an infection with the chicken pox virus will not protect a person from getting a different disease, such as measles an explanation of why a chicken pox vaccination usually does not cause a person to become ill with chicken pox

5 Base your answers to questions 37 through 39 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Chickenpox vaccine is the best way to prevent chickenpox. Vaccination not only protects vaccinated persons, it also reduces the risk for exposure in the community for persons unable to be vaccinated because of illness or other conditions, including those who may be at greater risk for severe disease. While no vaccine is 100% effective in preventing disease, the chickenpox vaccine is very effective: about 8 to 9 of every 10 people who are vaccinated are completely protected from chickenpox. In addition, the vaccine almost always prevents against severe disease. If a vaccinated person does get chickenpox, it is usually a very mild case lasting only a few days and involving fewer skin lesions (usually less than 50), mild or no fever, and few other symptoms. Source: Describe how vaccinations help to prevent the spread of disease, even in people who have not received the vaccination. 38. Describe how a vaccination prevents disease in the individual who receives a vaccination. 39. Identify the component of a vaccine that makes it effective. 40. An accident resulted in a man's hand being cut off from his arm. Paramedics arriving first on the scene placed the cut-off hand in ice. The man and his hand were flown to a hospital, where doctors successfully reattached the hand to his arm. Explain, using one biological reason, why placing the hand in ice improved the chances of saving it. Base your answers to questions 41 through 43 on the statement below. The immune system protects against foreign substances and even some cancers. Explain how the immune system functions. 41. Identify one disease that damages the immune system and state how it affects this system. 42. Describe the response of the immune system to the vaccine. 43. Identify the substance in a vaccine that stimulates the immune system. Base your answers to questions 44 through 47 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Many people have a sensitivity to peanuts. The symptoms can include watery itchy eyes and difficulty breathing. This allergic reaction can be mild, severe, or fatal. Discuss why an individual can have a sensitivity to peanuts. 44. Describe how this reaction is similar to the rejection of a transplanted organ 45. State one reason why a person could be allergic to peanuts, but not be allergic to walnuts 46. Identify the specific type of molecule that triggers an allergic reaction 47. Identify the human system that is responsible for this sensitivity to peanuts

6 48. Base your answer to the following question on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Proteins on the surface of a human cell and on a bird influenza virus are represented in the diagram below. In the space below, draw a change in the bird influenza virus that would allow it to infect this human cell.

7 Answer Key Immune System Review Sheet 1. They engulf pathogens. They produce antibodies. They mark invaders for destruction. They remember antigens from past exposure, which speeds up antibody production with a second exposure. 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. B 8. B 9. D 10. C 11. D 12. C 13. A 14. A 15. A 16. B 17. B 18. C 19. D 20. B 21. A 22. B 23. B 24. A 25. B 26. C 27. C 28. C 29. A 30. B 31. D 32. C 33. D 34. B 35. A 36. (essay) 37. Not as many people get sick, so the disease does not spread to as many other people. It is less likely that the disease will spread, since fewer people are going to have the disease. reduces the risk for exposure in the community 38. The vaccination activates the immune system. stimulates the production of antibodies, stimulates the formation of memory cells 39. antigens, weakened/dead pathogen, inactive chickenpox virus 40. Cooling would slow down any tissue 41. AIDS/HIV attacks the immune system so it cannot fight off diseases cancer/leukemia destroys immune system cells, which weakens immune responses 42. The vaccine stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies. It causes the body to make antibodies. 43. dead/weakened pathogen, antigens, a small piece of the virus/viral coat 44. Transplanted organs also have antigens that will stimulate antibodies that will attack the organ. They both stimulate immune responses. 45. One type of antibody only reacts with (fits) one type of antigen. Antibody reactions are specific. Walnuts and peanuts have different proteins. Walnuts and peanuts are made up of different chemicals. 46. antigen protein allergen 47. immune system 48.

8 Answer Key Immune System Review Sheet 36. Responses include, but are not limited to: Antigens stimulate the immune response; Antigens on the chicken pox virus are recognized by the person's immune system and it responds by producing antibodies. White blood cells attack and destroy the virus; White blood cells are able to recognize foreign antigens; White blood cells make antibodies against the virus. These antibodies are specific for the chicken pox virus; The antibodies the body makes against the chicken pox antigens (or virus) have specific shapes that only work against the antigens on the chicken pox virus, not the measles virus, because their antigens are shaped differently. A vaccine contains weakened virus; A vaccine usually consists of a dead or weakened form of the disease organism that stimulates the production of antibodies without causing the disease.