POLIO ERADICATION SUCCESS AND SETBACKS OF GLOBAL VACCINATION
|
|
- Shannon Kelley
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 POLIO ERADICATION SUCCESS AND SETBACKS OF GLOBAL VACCINATION Polio The Virus Poliomyelitis, commonly referred to as polio or even Infantile Paralysis, is a virus that causes the gray matter of the spinal cord to become inflamed. There are three strains of polio, classified as Type I, Type II and Type III. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the polio virus does not directly cause the paralysis that is associated with it. The vast majority of individuals who contract polio likely do not even realize they have it. It typically presents with only mild respiratory or gastrointestinal symptoms, fever, headache and muscle stiffness; symptoms which most people would associate with a case of the flu. Presentation of these symptoms is typically referred to as non-paralytic polio 1. The more serious of polio or true polio that most people equate with the disease causes weakness or paralysis of muscles which is often permanent. In this type of presentation, the virus invades the central nervous system, attaching to protruding proteins on motor neurons, or nerve cells, in the anterior horns of the spinal cord and brainstem. The inflammation causes damage to the nerve cells which results in tightness, weakness and paralysis of muscles, usually in the neck, back and hamstring muscles of the leg. Many affected individuals improve after the infection subsides, but for many the motor neurons have been so severely damaged or destroyed that the weakness or paralysis is permanent. Some cases are so severe as to damage the motor neurons of the diaphragm and respiratory system, causing death from the patients inability to breathe. 2,3
2 Polio Vaccination 2 Polio is transmitted by faecal-oral contact. The virus is contracted orally and once in the intestines it multiplies and then is excreted in the intestines. It is then transmitted via contaminated water, where sewage and drinking water supplies are not adequately treated, or through contact with the faecal matter of an infected individual. Children are especially susceptible to transmission. 4,5 Historical Perspective Polio transmission and numerous outbreaks that rose to the level of epidemics have had a profound effect on modern medicine and spurred worldwide discussions on the wisdom and implementation of vaccinations and control of communicable diseases. Polio appears to have a long history with evidence of its existence dating back to the Egyptian era. Epidemics began appearing in Europe and then in the U.S. in the mid-1800 s. Prior to the 20 th century sanitation and sewage treatment was poor and babies were frequently exposed to polioviruses. However, because they also were breastfed, they received antibodies through their mother s breast milk, enabling their immune systems to develop their own antibodies. 6 Then in the 1940 s and 1950 s the polio epidemic in the U.S. reached a critical point with over 20,000 cases that rose to the paralytic condition of true polio. Improvements in sanitation that occurred during this period reduced people s initial exposure to the virus and also increased the age of exposure, resulting in more severe cases and even death. 7 Vaccine Development - Salk and Sabin The polio epidemic seemingly grew with every decade during the early years of the 20 th century. Smallpox, diphtheria, measles, and pertussis were also seen in epidemic proportions. Many first generation vaccines began to be used to combat the spread of communicable disease during this time. 8
3 Polio Vaccination 3 Dr. Jonas Salk began his career in immunology. While at the University of Pittsburgh, in 1947 he began researching poliovirus. He discovered that he could grow the virus in a cell culture rather than relying on monkeys to produce the virus. Then, in 1952 he developed a mixture of all three types of the virus. Using a chemical process that made the virus inactive he was able to develop a vaccine. The inactivated, or killed, polio vaccine (IPV) could be administered in an injection. Massive and urgent clinical trials began in 1954 in the U.S. and Canada. In 1955 the government readily approved the licensing of the vaccine for widespread distribution. The vaccine was determined to be 90 percent effective against Types II, and III and percent effective against Type I. Production facilities for the vaccine had already been built and were ready for production. Widespread inoculation began in the U.S., Canada and many European countries. 9 However, there were concerns about Salk s IPV vaccine. Many virologists were concerned that the inactivated virus would not be able to provide long lasting protection and that boosters would be necessary. Another issue that created concern was that almost 300 cases of polio and 10 deaths were attributed to vaccinations of the Salk IPV that contained incomplete inactivation of some of the viral particles. That production problem was soon corrected. But efforts to improve upon Salk s work continued. Albert Sabin at the University of Cincinnati developed a live attenuated vaccine that could be administered orally (OPV). It was believed that this vaccine would provide greater immunity than the injection, which would require boosters. However, conducting clinical trials of the Sabin vaccine was challenging as so many U.S. children were already receiving the Salk vaccine. Sabin took his trials to Northern Ireland, the Congo and the Soviet Union. By 1960 over 15 million children had received the Sabin vaccine. 8,9
4 Polio Vaccination 4 Sabin s vaccine offered longer immunity without boosters, acted quickly and was easier to administer. But a major benefit over Salk s vaccine was that it offered passive vaccination. Since the vaccination contained a live virus, it replicated in the bowel and a live attenuated virus was excreted. Thus in less sanitary conditions, the vaccine could actually protect those who had not been vaccinated in the same way that the virus was transmitted. By 1968 Sabin s OPV replaced Salk s IPV in the U.S., but many other countries continued to use Salk s vaccine. 9 One likely explanation is that switching back and forth between the two applications was not only costly, but would adversely affect public confidence in the vaccine. Additionally, if a country had already made significant progress in vaccination rates, it would be counter-productive to switch. Evolution from OPV to IPV However, work on both vaccines continued. New cases of paralytic polio were seen in the U.S. in individuals who had been inoculated with the OPV. It was determined that their conditions were consistent with the live virus regaining strength. Researchers in the Netherlands were motivated by their country s vaccination plan to combine the polio vaccination with vaccinations for diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus. In order to do so, the potency of the Salk vaccine would need to be improved. They were able to develop vaccines of any desired poliovirus concentration. As a result of improvements made in the Netherlands, U.S. children are once again being immunized with the new, improved Salk vaccine. The risk in the U.S. of contracting vaccine induced polio with the OPV is now greater than contracting polio through natural transmission, or wild polio.
5 Polio Vaccination 5 World Health Organization Strategy 1988 The World Health Organization, founded in 1948, is an agency of the UN whose mission is to maintain and improve worldwide standards of health. In 1988 the World Health Assembly launched The Global Polio Eradication Initiative. The organization successfully completed a similar effort to eradicate Smallpox in The World Health Organization continues to use the OPV in its vaccine packet of subsidized vaccines to poor countries because of its low cost, long term efficacy and ease of administration to patients. 9 Progress Toward Eradication Indeed, the effort has made significant progress; in 1988 there were an estimated 350,000 cases compared to 1,919 laboratory-confirmed cases in Only four countries, Nigeria, India, Pakistan and Afghanistan continue to see wild polio transmission.only six countries that were previously polio-free had reoccurrences in Three regions of the world have been certified as polio-free; the Americas, Europe and the Western Pacific. 12 The Wild Poliovirus Weekly Update published on April 25, 2007 reported that to date in incidents have been reported. 1,997 incidents were reported in Figure 1 Source: Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2005 Annual Report
6 Polio Vaccination 6 Obstacles to Eradication There are challenges to successful eradication of polio that were not present in the effort to eradicate smallpox, nor were they anticipated when WHO developed its strategy in The pathology of the virus and the existence of multiple strains of polio are unlike the single virus of smallpox. As vaccinations have been implemented and fewer incidents of naturally contracted polio are reported, most new incidents of polio result from activation of the live virus contained in the OPV. These strains have mutated over time and now require development of monovalent OPVs. Monovalent OPVs are vaccines which are generated from a single strain of the virus. Research and development of these new polio vaccines needs to be stepped up beyond current levels and made available to the population. 14 Use of the current trivalent OPV which is effective against all three types of virus in one application should be discontinued to prevent further mutations which might lead to new outbreaks. However, the technology for production capability for trivalent OPV cannot be eliminated. In the event it becomes necessary to treat an outbreak larger than the stockpiles of trivalent OPV, production may need to be resumed. In an article for Nature, David Heymann, Roland Sutter and R. Aylward, from the Global Polio Eradication Effort at the World Health Organization, stated that we urgently need to develop mopv for each of Type I, Type II and Type III as well as an IPV from poliovirus strains that are not from the wild virus. The risk of reintroducing the virus from a laboratory or manufacturing facility is also a concern. One incidence of polio in a child who had been inoculated was determined to have been caused by contamination from a laboratory accident where the father of the child worked. In fact, smallpox and sever acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) incidents have also been
7 Polio Vaccination 7 attributed to errors in laboratory practices. 200,000 laboratories, vaccination production facilities or other facilities have been identified with at risk materials for polio contamination. Outbreaks of vaccine derived poliovirus have occurred in many areas that were previously certified as being cleared of polio. These outbreaks were detected using a surveillance system established by the Eradication Initiative (Heymann). The surveillance system is designed to isolate the cause of acute paralysis. There are numerous viruses or conditions that can cause sudden paralysis in children under 15. Referred to as acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), it is imperative that the cause of AFP be determined promptly to rule out polio or confirm it. Prompt virological testing of faecal samples is used to disprove or confirm poliovirus infection. 15 There are 150 approved laboratories around the world to conduct surveillance testing (Heymann). Politics and economics also play an important role in compliance with the Eradication Initiative. Immunizations were suspended in Nigeria during due to rumors among many Muslims that the vaccinations were a western plot to inject chemicals into the population to cause infertility or HIV/AIDS. The rumors seem to have begun with some Islamic priests but gained credibility when the Nigerian government suspended the program and conducted independent testing on the vaccines. The vaccines were ultimately pronounced safe by the Nigerian government, but officials in Kano state reported that their independent tests indicated levels of hormones that reduced fertility. Kano, which had already had high levels of polio incidents, saw an even higher increase and strains that were known to originate in Kano spread to other regions of the country. 16 Leaders from WHO have since met with government and health leaders and most inoculations have resumed. But the damage to credibility and the spread of the disease had already created a great setback to eradication efforts in Nigeria.
8 Polio Vaccination 8 There is an additional concern that once eradication is complete and the individual risk of paralysis is eliminated, many developing countries who have limited funds and human resources will turn their efforts to other health concerns and will discontinue polio immunizations which will open the door for new outbreaks from reduced immunity or imported cases. Industrialized countries are likely to continue incorporating polio immunizations in their existing vaccination plans (Heymann). Increasing Focus on Vaccinations Industrialized countries are increasingly being targeted for criticism against an alarming increase in all vaccinations. In 1940 American children received 3 vaccinations for diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus. In 2000 they received up to 39 doses of 12 different vaccines. It is not unusual for a child to receive as many as nine doses in a single visit to the pediatrician One of the criticisms is the fact that many of the new vaccines are not for epidemics that occur in the industrialized world or in child populations. For example, children now receive 3 doses of the Hepatitis B vaccine, an infection that is found primarily among drug abusers and
9 Polio Vaccination 9 prostitutes. Critics argue that just because a vaccine is available does not mean that it should be automatically included in the mandatory schedule. Rather that, vaccines should be administered according to risk (Koch). Vaccine safety and public distrust of vaccination proponents is another major concern of vaccine awareness advocates. For example, brain damage and seizure associated with DPT vaccination were long considered a concern. Japan developed a safer version but the U.S. continued to use older, more profitable version for 15 years. The Japanese version was adopted in the U.S. in Also, In 1999 The FDA stated that vaccines expose infants to unsafe levels the neurotoxin mercury; used as a preservative in vaccines. Yet the Center for Disease Control which oversees U.S. vaccination protocol, recommended voluntary transition to mercury free vaccines to be implemented over time. High mercury exposure in children and infants with impairment in their ability to maintain glutathione defense is believed to prevent them from detoxifying and excreting the mercury toxins present in vaccinations, leading to impaired brain and nervous system development, resulting in learning disabilities, autism and other brain and cognitive disorders that are being increasingly diagnosed. 19 Along with concerns about genetically engineered foods, there is also concern over genetically engineered vaccines and vaccines produced from animal tissues. It is currently unknown if these might transfer unknown viruses or other diseases. Ronald Kennedy, professor of Microbiology and Immunology at the University of Oklahoma sums up the vaccine controversies rather well; There are too many hypotheses without scientific support. We need to support careful scientific investigation in this area, but unfortunately the federal government and the pharmaceutical companies don t agree and don t
10 Polio Vaccination 10 support such efforts. Executive Director of the American Association of Physicians and Surgeons, Jane Orient agrees. They are not doing the studies they need to do to put some of these fears to rest children receiving these immunizations really are experimental subjects. (Koch) Summary The controversies about overall vaccination rates and quality are likely to continue until scientific evidence can be brought to bear on the numerous hypotheses and speculation and confidence can be restored to pediatric vaccination programs. In the meantime, the worldwide efforts to eradicate polio will continue on a parallel track. As eradication of polio is achieved in other areas of the world and developing nations become more industrialized, their vaccination needs and patterns will change and it is likely that the current concerns of some industrialized nations will become global concerns. It seems that these are all issues that can be resolved with research and technology. Polio eradication, while still experiencing many challenges to success, does seem possible. The last remaining obstacles to most problems are usually the most difficult to overcome, which is why they remain until the last. Nevertheless, if funding and focus can remain strong for the development of monovirulent vaccines, containment, AFP surveillance and overcoming political opposition, it seems likely that we will see eradication of polio in our children s lifetime, if not in our own. In the meantime, it is imperative that science determine whether or not vaccine policy and quality concerns are valid and that the world health community establishes global guidelines for the use and range of vaccinations which can then be applied to all areas of the globe and can direct future efforts for disease eradication.
11 Polio Vaccination 11 References List 1 Polio s Legacy: An Oral History. Sass, E., Ed. (1996) University Press of America. Retrieved from on May 1, Site last updated February 19, Chamberlain, Neal PhD. A. T. Still University of Health Sciences/Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine. Retrieved from Retrieved on May 1, Site Last Revised 6/26/06 3 Smithsonian National Museum of American History Behring Center. Retrieved from May 1, Public Health Agency of Canada. Poliomyelitis. Retrieved from May 1, Site last updated October 12, Hull, H., Ward, N., Hull, B., Milstien, J., de Quadros, C., Paralytic Poliomyelitis: Seasoned Strategies, Disappearing Disease. The Lancet. Vol 34, May 28, pp Retrieved April 25, 2007 from Ovid. 6 Okonek, B. & Morganstein, L., ed. Development of Polio Vaccines. Access The National Health Museum. Retrieved from May 1, EMedTV Polio History Accessed May 1, Immunization Time Line. Retrieved May 1, Site Last updated July 1, Blume, S. & Geesink, I. A Brief History of Polio Vaccines. Science. 2 June, Vol no pp Retrieved from April 30, Global Polio Eradication Initiative Strategic Plan World Health Organization Printed in Switzerland. Retrieved from May 1, The Briefing Book on International Organizations in Geneva 2004, World Health Organization Retrieved from May 1, Global Polio Eradication Initiative Annual Report [WHO]. [report on internet]. Geneva, Switzerland. May, 2006 Retrieved from on May 1, 2007.
12 Polio Vaccination Wild Polio Weekly Update. April 25, [WHO]. [report on internet]. Retrieved from on May 1, Heymann, D., Sutter, R., & Aylward, R. (2005, April 7) A Global Call for New Polio Vaccines. Nature. Vol April, Retrieved April 25, 2007 from Academic Search Premier Database. 15 Continued surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. Retrieved from May 1, NIGERIA: Muslim suspicion of polio vaccine lingers on. (March 2004). Science in Africa. [online magazine] Retrieved from on May 1, Koch, K. (2000, August 25). Vaccine controversies. CQ Researcher, 10, Retrieved May 1, 2007, from CQ Researcher Online, 18 Peltola, Heikki. (December, 2000). What Would Happen if we Stopped Vaccination? Lancet Vol. 356S. December p s22. Retrieved April 25, 2007 from Ovid Database. 19 EWG Report. Overloaded? Mercury and Autism (December, 2004). Retrieved from on May 1, 2007
Polio vaccines and polio immunization in the pre-eradication era: WHO position paper. Published in WER 4 June, 2010
Polio vaccines and polio immunization in the pre-eradication era: WHO position paper Published in WER 4 June, 2010 Epidemiology & Background Poliomyelitis (polio) is an acute communicable disease of humans
More informationD.A.Henderson, MD, MPH. Professor of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Honorary Fellow, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
Polio Eradication a reconsideration of strategy D.A.Henderson, MD, MPH Professor of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Honorary Fellow, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Baltimore, Maryland
More informationFact sheet. Poliomyelitis. WHO Media centre. ADAPTED FOR ADDITION TO THE RHIZOME POLIOK.IT PLATFORM 16 Jan 2017 INFORMATION FOR ERADICATION FROM
Fact sheet Poliomyelitis WHO Media centre ADAPTED FOR ADDITION TO THE RHIZOME POLIOK.IT PLATFORM 16 Jan 2017 INFORMATION FOR ERADICATION FROM Media centre Poliomyelitis Fact sheet Updated April 2016 Key
More informationPreparing for the withdrawal of all oral polio vaccines (OPVs): Replacing trivalent OPV with bivalent OPV
Preparing for the withdrawal of all oral polio vaccines (OPVs): Replacing trivalent OPV with bivalent OPV Frequently Asked Questions February 2015 Table of Contents Rationale for OPV cessation... 2 About
More informationA story based research in District Abbottabad for eradication of Polio in Pakistan needs acceptance of the vaccine
2016; 4(6): 12-16 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 JEZS 2016; 4(6): 12-16 2016 JEZS Received: 03-09-2016 Accepted: 04-10-2016 Muhammad Waqas Salma Afridi Javid Khan Nisar Ahmad Muhammad Ayub Jadoon
More informationWhy still Polio Donato Greco ECDC polio consultant 14 April 2016
Why still Polio Donato Greco ECDC polio consultant 14 April 2016 A medical student with the last texbook on Communicable diseases! Where there is no chapter on Poliomielitis!!! What can I say o Background
More informationPoliomyelitis and Post Polio Syndrome. S.M. Mazloumi MD Associate professor
Poliomyelitis and Post Polio Syndrome S.M. Mazloumi MD Associate professor What is Poliomyelitis? polio= gray matter Myelitis= inflammation of the spinal cord This disease result in the destruction of
More informationPoliomyelitis: successful and critical issues in the eradication process
Vaccine Preventable Diseases in the Mediterranean Basin and Black Sea: immunization strategies and coverage in the general population and the newly arrived migrants the ProVacMed project Poliomyelitis:
More informationSuggested Exercises and Projects 395
Suggested Exercises and Projects 395 Projects These suggested projects are taken in part from the recent book A Course in Mathematical Biology: Quantitative Modeling with Mathematical and Computational
More informationRevisiting Old and Addressing Current Issues on Vaccines: POLIO
Revisiting Old and Addressing Current Issues on Vaccines: POLIO Maria Carmen B. Nievera MD Fellow, Pediatric Infectious Disease Society of the Philippines Fellow, Philippine Pediatric Society Regional
More informationPoliomyelitis eradication in the WHO European Region
Provisional agenda item 6(i) EUR/RC60/16 (+EUR/RC60/Conf.Doc./9) 23 July 2010 101614 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH Poliomyelitis eradication in the WHO European Region WHO Regional Committee for Europe Sixtieth session
More informationInternational PolioPlus Committee PolioPlus Facts and Figures June Rotary s financial contribution to the polio eradication effort:
International PolioPlus Committee PolioPlus Facts and Figures June 2018 1. The goal of the PolioPlus program: The goal of the PolioPlus program is the global certification of polio eradication. By eradication,
More informationBelow you will find information about diseases, the risk of contagion, and preventive vaccinations.
Vaccinations Below you will find information about diseases, the risk of contagion, and preventive vaccinations. DTP - Diphtheria Tetanus Polio Yellow fever Hepatitis A Typhoid fever Cerebrospinal meningitis
More informationKURUKSHETRA JULY 2017 RURAL HEALTH
KURUKSHETRA JULY 2017 RURAL HEALTH Jagat Prakash Nadda is the Union Minister of Health and Family Welfare. Immunization, or immunisation, is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes
More informationAt that moment, it became possible to purge the planet of a disease that has plagued humanity...
F E B R U A R Y 2 0 0 9 T H E R O T A R I A N 1 Ann Arbor, Mich., USA. 12 April 1955.* Scientists gather to discuss the results of trials by Thomas Francis and Jonas Salk of a new polio vaccine. At that
More informationCurrent Incident Status of Vaccine-Preventable Bacterial and Viral Infectious Diseases in Japan
Research and Reviews Current Incident Status of Vaccine-Preventable Bacterial and Viral Infectious Diseases in Japan JMAJ 53(2): 106 110, 2010 Hajime KAMIYA,* 1 Tomoe SHIMADA,* 2 Nobuhiko OKABE* 3 Abstract
More informationPolio Eradication: The Difficult Inclusion of IPV. Research, Policy and Product Development (RAP), Polio Operations & Research Department (POL)
Polio Eradication: The Difficult Inclusion of IPV Research, Policy and Product Development (RAP), Polio Operations & Research Department (POL) Overview Historical context Early inequality in case burden
More informationEradication of poliomyelitis
EXECUTIVE BOARD EB142/37 142nd session 27 November 2017 Provisional agenda item 6.4 Eradication of poliomyelitis 1. This report provides an update on the status of the four objectives of the Polio Eradication
More informationSelected vaccine introduction status into routine immunization
Selected introduction status into routine infant immunization worldwide, 2003 This report summarizes the current status of national immunization schedules in 2003, as reported by Member States in the /UNICEF
More informationAvian influenza Avian influenza ("bird flu") and the significance of its transmission to humans
15 January 2004 Avian influenza Avian influenza ("bird flu") and the significance of its transmission to humans The disease in birds: impact and control measures Avian influenza is an infectious disease
More informationPolio Eradication Rotary s Commitment & Global Partnership. Carol Wells District 6440 EPN Chair
Polio Eradication Rotary s Commitment & Global Partnership Carol Wells District 6440 EPN Chair Session Outline Background on the history of polio infection Current status of global polio eradication Legacy
More informationOUR BEST SHOT: The Truth About Vaccines for You and Your Loved Ones VACCINES. Produced in partnership with
OUR BEST SHOT: The Truth About Vaccines for You and Your Loved Ones VACCINES Produced in partnership with OUR BEST SHOT: The Truth About Vaccines for You and Your Loved Ones Vaccines are one of the greatest
More informationpolio STRATEGY OVERVIEW
polio STRATEGY OVERVIEW OUR MISSION Guided by the belief that all lives have equal value, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation works to help all people lead healthy, productive lives. Our Global Health
More information3/25/2018. End Polio Now an Update. Type 3 has not been seen since The Polio Virus. Polio What is it and Where did it Originate?
End Polio Now an Update The Polio Virus Presentation to the Northern California Chapter American Microbiology Association Spring Meeting, March 2, 2018 Polio What is it and Where did it Originate? Polio
More informationAIDA M. SALONGA, MD, FPNA, FCNSP CHAIR, AFP EXPERT PANEL, DOH MEMBER, REGIONAL CERTIFICATION COMMITTEE, WHO
POLIO FAQs on ENDGAME Tuberculosis AIDA M. SALONGA, MD, FPNA, FCNSP CHAIR, AFP EXPERT PANEL, DOH MEMBER, REGIONAL CERTIFICATION COMMITTEE, WHO OBJECTIVES Brief history of poliomyelitis Polio eradication:
More informationFISCAL YEAR 2020 APPROPRIATIONS REQUESTS (updated ) USAID Global Health Programs (GHP) and State Department
FISCAL YEAR 2020 APPROPRIATIONS REQUESTS (updated 2.13.19) Contact: Brian Massa, Senior Manager for Global Health Advocacy, Shot@Life (bmassa@unfoundation.org) USAID Global Health Programs (GHP) and State
More informationAddendum to IPV Introduction Guidelines based on Recommendations of India Expert Advisory Group (IEAG)
Addendum to IPV Introduction Guidelines based on Recommendations of India Expert Advisory Group (IEAG) Background India was certified polio-free along with 10 other countries of WHO South-East Asia Region
More informationUNDERSTANDING THE CORRECT ANSWERS immunize.ca
UNDERSTANDING THE CORRECT ANSWERS Understanding the correct answers Question 1: Vaccination is... (information adapted from Your Child s Best Shot, 3rd edition, page 10) Vaccination (or immunization) is
More informationQuality, safety and standards for poliomyelitis vaccines
Quality, safety and standards for poliomyelitis vaccines 7 th WHO/UNICEF consultation Geneva, 30 October 2008 Jackie Fournier-Caruana, WHO/QSS 1 Expert Committee on Biological Standardization The ECBS
More informationRoman Bystrianyk, "Flu vaccines for all nursing home patients?", Health Sentinel, August 29, 2005,
Flu vaccines for all nursing home patients? Roman Bystrianyk, "Flu vaccines for all nursing home patients?", Health Sentinel, August 29, 2005, The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has put
More information9/11/2018. Polio and Polio Vaccine. Poliomyelitis Disease. Poliovirus. First outbreak described in the U.S. in 1843
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases Polio and Polio Vaccine Chapter 18 September 2018 Photographs and images included in this presentation
More informationCase Studies in Ecology and Evolution. 10 The population biology of infectious disease
10 The population biology of infectious disease In 1918 and 1919 a pandemic strain of influenza swept around the globe. It is estimated that 500 million people became infected with this strain of the flu
More informationLet s talk about protection Childhood Vaccination. Flipbook to support conversations with parents and caregivers
Let s talk about protection Childhood Vaccination Flipbook to support conversations with parents and caregivers F Let s talk about protection Childhood Vaccination Flipbook to support conversations with
More informationJust What the Doctor Ordered
Just What the Doctor Ordered When Carol-Ann Normandin was almost 4 years old, a terrible disease changed her life. At first, the symptoms were ordinary: headaches, fever, chills, and stomachaches. Because
More informationExpanded Programme on Immunization (EPI):
Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI): Introduction Four to five million annual deaths could be prevented by 2015 through sustained and appropriate immunization efforts, backed by financial support.
More informationSURVEILLANCE TECHNICAL
CHAPTER 5 SURVEILLANCE TECHNICAL ASPECTS 55 Protect - detect - protect Polio eradication strategies can be summed up as protect and detect protect children against polio by vaccinating them, and detect
More informationVincent Racaniello
Vincent Racaniello vrr1@columbia.edu www.virology.ws Poliomyelitis Polio (grey), myelon (marrow) = Greek itis (inflammation of) = Latin A common, acute viral disease characterized clinically by a brief
More informationMedia centre Statement on the 7th IHR Emergency Committee meeting regarding the international spread of poliovirus
Media centre Statement on the 7th IHR Emergency Committee meeting regarding the international spread of poliovirus WHO statement 26 November The 7th meeting of the Emergency Committee under the International
More informationNeurosciences- Lecture 2 Virus associated meningitis Polio Virus
Al- Balqa Applied University Faculty of Medicine Neurosciences- Lecture 2 Virus associated meningitis Polio Virus Dr. Hala Al Daghistani The most important Enteroviruses are the three poliovirus serotypes
More informationEradicating Polio: It's Feasibility in Near Future?
J. Commun. Dis. 40 (4) 2008 : 225-232 Eradicating Polio: It's Feasibility in Near Future? Singh Prem*, Das JK*, Dutta PK* Abstract Continuous wild poliovirus transmission despite 2 years of intensive surveillance
More informationPolio post-certification strategy
1 Polio post-certification strategy SAGE Meeting, Geneva, 17 April 2018 Michel Zaffran, Director, Polio Eradication, WHO On Behalf o the GPEI Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategy 1. Poliovirus detection
More informationVaccines: Heroes or Villains?
Vaccines: Heroes or Villains? (Hint: It s the first one) James W. Jarvis, MD, FAAFP Senior Vice President/Senior Physician Executive Northern Light Eastern Maine Medical Center 1 Vaccinations: A brief
More informationAn Egyptian stele portraying Roma the Doorkeeper with a withered leg reveals that poliomyelitis (polio) is an ancient disease
to An Egyptian stele portraying Roma the Doorkeeper with a withered leg reveals that poliomyelitis (polio) is an ancient disease British doctor, Michael Underwood, attempted the first known clinical description
More informationIssue Overview: Vaccines
Issue Overview: Vaccines By ProCon.org on 01.24.17 Word Count 1,428 Level MAX A young boy receives an immunization shot at a health center in Glasgow, Scotland, September 3, 2007. Photo by: Jeff J Mitchell/Getty
More informationPolio Vaccine. By: Lia Schmitz, Pharm.D. Poliomylitis is a viral infection for which vaccination is generally given
Polio Vaccine By: Lia Schmitz, Pharm.D. Poliomylitis is a viral infection for which vaccination is generally given to infants and small children, and to people planning to travel to countries in which
More informationThe Science of Vaccines:
The Science of Vaccines: Addressing Common Concerns Paul A. Offit Division of Infectious Diseases Children s Hospital of Philadelphia Perelman School of Medicine The University of Pennsylvania Are vaccines
More informationPOLIO ERADICATION AND POST-CERTIFICATION STRATEGY
POLIO ERADICATION AND POST-CERTIFICATION STRATEGY PRE-BOARD MEETING 5 June 2018, Geneva Reach every child www.gavi.org Agenda Topic Presenter 1. Polio eradication update WHO 10 minutes 2. IPV supply, demand
More informationAn Open Letter to Legislators Currently Considering Vaccine Legislation from Tetyana Obukhanych, PhD
An Open Letter to Legislators Currently Considering Vaccine Legislation from Tetyana Obukhanych, PhD April 17, 2015 Dear Legislator: My name is Tetyana Obukhanych. I hold a PhD in Immunology. I am writing
More information3. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
3. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 3.1 Polio Endgame Strategy Conclusions 1. The TAG welcomes the RCC conclusion that Western Pacific Region maintains its polio-free status, and commends China for the
More informationPractical Applications of Immunology. Chapter 18
Practical Applications of Immunology Chapter 18 I. Vaccines A. Definition A suspension of organisms or fractions of organisms that is used to induce immunity (immunologic memory). The mechanism of memory
More informationGlobal Polio Eradication & Endgame Strategy. December 2015
Global Polio Eradication & Endgame Strategy December 2015 Poliovirus detection & interruption OPV withdrawal, IPV introduction, RI strengthening Containment & Global Certification Legacy Planning Polio
More informationبسم الل الرحمن الرحيم الحمد لل رب العالمين والصالة والسالم على نبينا محمد خاتم األنبياء وسيد المرسلين وعلى آله وصحبه أجمعين وبعد
بسم الل الرحمن الرحيم الحمد لل رب العالمين والصالة والسالم على نبينا محمد خاتم األنبياء وسيد المرسلين وعلى آله وصحبه أجمعين وبعد Prevention and control of Communicable Diseases Communicable diseases are
More informationMinistry of health. Our Community
Ministry of health Our Community This flip book is specially developed for Community Health Volunteer CHVs MUST ask 4 questions while using communication materials 1. What is happening in this picture?
More informationTABLE OF CONTENTS. In what way can this educational material help me? Why are vaccinations important? Who needs vaccinations?
www.promovax.eu TABLE OF CONTENTS A B C D E F G H In what way can this educational material help me? Why are vaccinations important? Who needs vaccinations? Which diseases do vaccines prevent? Are vaccinations
More informationWHO: Forum Issue #02 Student Officer Position:
WHO: Topic B Forum : World Health Organization Issue #02 : Topic B: Preparing for a Global Health Crisis Student Officer : Samantha Portillo Position: Chair of the United Nations World Health Organization
More informationWild Poliovirus Weekly Update
1 of 5 12/07/2010 12:09 PM Google search this site contact links donate Home > Global Situation Wild Poliovirus Weekly Update 7 July 2010 Data as at 6 July 2010 Map of polio cases worldwide Wild poliovirus
More informationPertussis immunisation for pregnant women
Pertussis immunisation for pregnant women Introduction The routine childhood immunisation programme has been very effective in reducing the overall numbers of cases of pertussis. Before the introduction
More informationImmunization and Vaccines
Immunization and Vaccines A parental choice Dr. Vivien Suttorp BSc, MPH, MD, CCFP, FCFP Lead Medical Officer of Health South Zone, Alberta Health Services November 7, 2013 Overview Facts about vaccines
More information4.0 Prevention of Infection Vaccines
4.0 Prevention of Infection Vaccines National Curriculum Link Key Stage 3 Sc1:1a - 1c. 2a 2p Sc2: 2n, 5c, 5d Unit of Study Unit 8: Microbes and Disease Unit 9B: Fit and Healthy Unit 20: 20 th Century Medicine
More informationANNEX Page. AFR/RC61/11 4 July 2011 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH REGIONAL COMMITTEE FOR AFRICA
4 July 2011 REGIONAL COMMITTEE FOR AFRICA ORIGINAL: ENGLISH Sixty-first session Yamoussoukro, Côte d Ivoire, 29 August 2 September 2011 Provisional agenda item 16 PROGRESS REPORT ON POLIOMYELITIS ERADICATION
More informationProgress report on eradication of poliomyelitis: regional implications of the endgame strategy
Regional Committee for the Eastern Mediterranean Sixtieth session Provisional agenda item 3 (a) August 2013 Progress report on eradication of poliomyelitis: regional implications of the endgame strategy
More informationCounty of Santa Cruz. General Questions About Measles HEALTH SERVICES AGENCY. Public Health Division. What is measles?
County of Santa Cruz Public Health Division HEALTH SERVICES AGENCY POST OFFICE BOX 962, 1080 EMELINE AVE., SANTA CRUZ, CA 95060 TELEPHONE: (831) 454-4000 FAX: (831) 454-4770 General Questions About Measles
More informationAcute neurological syndromes
Acute neurological syndromes Assoc.Prof. Murat Sayan Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Rutin PCR Lab. Sorumlu Öğt.Üyesi Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi, DESAM Kurucu Öğrt. Üyesi sayanmurat@hotmail.com 0533 6479020 Medical
More informationVaccination Recommendations for Travellers from Polio-infected Countries: Report of the SAGE Polio Working Group
Vaccination Recommendations for Travellers from Polio-infected Countries: Report of the SAGE Polio Working Group Peter Figueroa, Chair SAGE Polio Working Group April 1, 2014 1 Overview Context for the
More informationGlobal and Regional update on Polio Eradication Activities. Kenya Paediatric Association Pride Inn, Mombasa April 26, 2018
Global and Regional update on Polio Eradication Activities Kenya Paediatric Association Pride Inn, Mombasa April 26, 2018 Presentation Outline 1. Background information 2. Poliovirus detection & interruption
More informationAOHS Global Health. Unit 1, Lesson 3. Communicable Disease
AOHS Global Health Unit 1, Lesson 3 Communicable Disease Copyright 2012 2016 NAF. All rights reserved. A communicable disease is passed from one infected person to another The range of communicable diseases
More informationPolio Vaccine Biological Page
Polio Vaccine Biological Page Section 7: Biological Product Information Standard #: 07.300 Created by: Approved by: Province-wide Immunization Program Standards and Quality Province-wide Immunization Program,
More informationHow does the body defend itself?
Prevention of Infection 2 Immunisation 3 rd BDS B. Martin Major World Causes Of Death COUNTRIES Developing Developed Total x10-6 Population 5400 (80%) 1200 (20%) 6600 CAUSE OF DEATH % % % Infectious diseases
More informationasdf World Health Organization Chair: Joyce Lee Director:
asdf World Health Organization Chair: Joyce Lee Director: Contents Chair s Letter.3 Topic A: Water Health and Sanitation...4 Topic B: Mental Health 10 2 Chair s Letter Dear delegates, Welcome to PMUNC
More informationHistory and aims of immunisation. Dr Anna Clarke Department of Public Health Dr. Steevens Hospital Dublin 8
History and aims of immunisation Dr Anna Clarke Department of Public Health Dr. Steevens Hospital Dublin 8 Objectives To examine the history of immunisation To explain the aim of immunisation To develop
More informationContents. Part One Vaccine Use. Acknowledgments
Contents Foreword Acknowledgments xiii xv Part One Vaccine Use Chapter 1 Introduction 1 To Vaccinate or Not to Vaccinate? 2 Not the Last Word 3 Permission Granted 4 Your Right to Know 4 The Goals of This
More informationIssues Management Guide
GLOBAL ERADICATION INITIATIVE To support countries in preparing for unexpected situations with implications for public This version has been adapted by the Pan American Health Organization/World Health
More informationImmunization Dialogue
Immunization Dialogue Typhoid Vaccine Dr. T. Jacob John, Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology and Virology, Christian Medical College Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632 004 answers important questions
More informationNHS public health functions agreement Service specification No.9 DTaP/IPV and dtap/ipv pre-school booster immunisation programme
NHS public health functions agreement 2018-19 Service specification No.9 DTaP/IPV and dtap/ipv pre-school booster immunisation programme 1 NHS public health functions agreement 2018-19 Service specification
More informationCNS MODULE. Dr Hamed Al-Zoubi Ass. Prof. of Microbiology
CNS MODULE Dr Hamed Al-Zoubi Ass. Prof. of Microbiology Enteroviruses Picornaviridae family 1. Enteroviruses a) Polioviruses types 1, 2 and 3 b) Coxsackieviruses A1-A24 (no A23), B1-B6 c) Echoviruses 1
More informationImmunisation for pre-school children. three years and four months old
Immunisation for pre-school children three years and four months old Introduction This leaflet contains the facts about the diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and polio booster vaccine, and the second MMR
More informationBaby Friendly Vaccines
Baby Friendly Vaccines What exactly are Baby Friendly Vaccines? Background on Immunity Immunity is the ability of the body to resist and fight germs (disease causing organisms) that can cause infectious
More informationTETANUS, DIPHTHERIA, WHOOPING COUGH (Td/Tdap)
TETANUS, DIPHTHERIA, WHOOPING COUGH (Td/Tdap) WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ARE YOU SURE YOU USE THE RIGHT MEASURES TO PROTECT YOURSELF AGAINST TETANUS, DIPHTHERIA OR PERTUSSIS? GET INFORMED! GET VACCINATED! GET
More informationMaking Life Better UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA
Making Life Better UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA MCOL UNIV Making Life Better CO UN Disclosures I have no financial, personal, or familial associations to disclose What is a Vaccine? Agent stimulates the
More informationEradicating Polio: Why and How? Dr Roland Sutter, World Health Organization 20 September 2011
Eradicating Polio: Why and How? Dr Roland Sutter, World Health Organization 20 Why? Polio Crippled for life Primarily affects children We have a historic opportunity. Preventable with vaccine 1955: polio
More informationThe Continued Need for Immunizations in Top Ten Causes of Death in the U.S., 1900 vs Common Questions about Vaccines
The Continued Need for Immunizations in 2016 Stephanie Schauer, Ph.D. Program Manager, Immunization Program April 13, 2016 Ten Great Public Health Achievements United States, 1900-1999 MMWR 1999 Control
More informationThe Continued Need for Immunizations in 2016
The Continued Need for Immunizations in 2016 Stephanie Schauer, Ph.D. Program Manager, Immunization Program April 13, 2016 Wisconsin Department of Health Services Ten Great Public Health Achievements United
More informationIndia s last polio case was reported on January 13,
P E R S P E C T I V E Polio Eradication and Endgame Plan Victory within Grasp MANISH PATEL, * LISA MENNING AND # PANKAJ BHATNAGAR From Task Force for Global Health, Atlanta, GA, USA; * World Health Organization,
More informationDiscovery of. 1892: Russian biologist Dmitri Ivanovsky publishes. 1931: first images of viruses obtained using
Discovery of (1884: invention of the Chamberland filter with pores smaller than bacteria) 1892: Russian biologist Dmitri Ivanovsky publishes a paper in which shows that extracts from diseased tobacco plants
More informationCopyright regulations Warning
COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright regulations 1969 Warning This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of the University of Melbourne pursuant to part VB of the Copyright
More informationCONTENTS. Paragraphs I. BACKGROUND II. PROGRESS REPORT ON THE AFRICAN REGIONAL IMMUNIZATION STRATEGIC PLAN
23 September 2013 REGIONAL COMMITTEE FOR AFRICA ORIGINAL: ENGLISH Sixty-third session Brazzaville, Republic of Congo, 2 6 September, 2013 Agenda item 14 IMMUNIZATION IN THE AFRICAN REGION: PROGRESS REPORT
More informationApplication Form/Pre-examination Form for IMOVAX POLIO Subcutaneous Injection For optional vaccination
Application Form/Pre-examination Form for IMOVAX POLIO Subcutaneous Injection For optional vaccination Created in February 2016 SPJP.IPV.16.02.0025 To physicians who administer IMOVAX POLIO Subcutaneous
More informationVIRAL HEPATITIS: SITUATION ANALYSIS AND PERSPECTIVES IN THE AFRICAN REGION. Report of the Secretariat. CONTENTS Paragraphs BACKGROUND...
8 April 2014 REGIONAL COMMITTEE FOR AFRICA ORIGINAL: ENGLISH PROGRAMME SUBCOMMITTEE Sixty-fourth session Brazzaville, Republic of Congo, 9 11 June 2014 Provisional agenda item 6 VIRAL HEPATITIS: SITUATION
More informationVACCINATION. DR.FATIMA ALKHALEDY M.B.Ch.B;F.I.C.M.S/C.M.
VACCINATION DR.FATIMA ALKHALEDY M.B.Ch.B;F.I.C.M.S/C.M. IMMUNIZATION Immunization is defined as the procedure by which the body is prepared to fight against a specific disease. It is used to induce the
More informationCould a combination of OPV & IPV accelerate wild type poliovirus eradication? Nicholas Grassly
Could a combination of OPV & IPV accelerate wild type poliovirus eradication? Nicholas Grassly SAGE working group on IPV (est. Aug 2008) SAGE Members Elizabeth Miller, Chair Hyam Bashour Peter Figueroa
More informationGENERAL IMMUNIZATION GUIDE FOR CHILDCARE PROVIDERS August 2018 **CHILD VACCINES** DIPHTHERIA, TETANUS, PERTUSSIS VACCINES
GENERAL IMMUNIZATION GUIDE FOR CHILDCARE PROVIDERS August 2018 **CHILD VACCINES** DIPHTHERIA, TETANUS, PERTUSSIS VACCINES DTaP: Diphtheria, Tetanus, acellular Pertussis Vaccine Infanrix Licensed in 1997
More informationVaccines. Magdalena Sobieszczyk, MD, MPH Division of Infectious Diseases Columbia University. Outline
Vaccines Magdalena Sobieszczyk, MD, MPH Division of Infectious Diseases Columbia University Outline Public health impact of vaccines Historical perspective Active vs. Passive Immunization Immune system
More informationHelp protect your child. At-a-glance guide to childhood vaccines.
Help protect your child. At-a-glance guide to childhood vaccines. Why vaccines matter. Thanks to widespread vaccination programs, several diseases that can infect our children have been eliminated. But
More informationHelp protect your child. At-a-glance guide to childhood vaccines.
Help protect your child. At-a-glance guide to childhood vaccines. Why vaccines matter. Thanks to widespread vaccination programs, several diseases that can infect our children have been eliminated. But
More informationGENERAL SAFETY ISSUES September 18, 2009
Is the 2009 H1N1 influenza vaccine safe? GENERAL SAFETY ISSUES September 18, 2009 We expect the 2009 H1N1 influenza vaccine to have a similar safety profile as seasonal flu vaccines, which have a very
More informationGREENHAVEN PRESS An imprint of Thomson Gale, a part of The Thomson Corporation THOMSON * GALE
THE HISTORY OF DRUGS I Vaccines Ken R. Wells, Book Editor GREENHAVEN PRESS An imprint of Thomson Gale, a part of The Thomson Corporation THOMSON * GALE Detroit New York San Francisco New Haven, Conn WaterviNe,
More informationVACCINES TRIUMPHS AND TRIBULATIONS. William Schaffner, MD Chairman, Department of Preventive Medicine Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
VACCINES TRIUMPHS AND TRIBULATIONS William Schaffner, MD Chairman, Department of Preventive Medicine Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Never in the history of human progress has a better and cheaper
More informationClassification: official 1
NHS public health functions agreement 2018-19 Service specification No.4 Immunisation against diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis, pertussis, Hib and HepB programme 1 NHS public health functions agreement
More informationCHAPTER ONE: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. The Global Vaccine Industry CHAPTER TWO: INTRODUCTION TO VACCINES
CHAPTER ONE: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Global Vaccine Industry o Scope and Methodology o Overview o Pediatric Preventative Vaccines o The Market o Adult Preventative Vaccines o The Market o Total Market o
More information