Microbiology. Microbiology

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1 Microbiology Microbiology

2 What are GERMS?

3 What are GERMS? Microorganisms that make you sick (pathogens) There are many different types of microorganisms: Bacteria (strep throat, food poisoning like E. coli or Salmonella) Fungi (athlete s foot, ringworm, thrush) Protists (malaria, toxoplasmosis) Viruses (the flu, AIDS, chickenpox, ebola) Not all microorganisms make us sick!!!!

4 BACTERIA

5 Bacteria Prokaryotic --bacterial cells do not have a nucleus Most numerous organisms on Earth Found in every environment, from the bottom of the ocean to the arctic There are two Kingdoms of bacteria: Eubacteria and Archeabacteria different genetic information and molecular composition

6 Amoeba Sisters Video: Bacteria

7 Bacterial Cell Structure Prokaryotic 10 times smaller than eukaryotic cells, but can be seen with a regular compound microscope Unicellular Bacterial Cells have: Cell Wall Cell Membrane Cytoplasm DNA (chromosome and plasmids) Ribosomes Some have flagella for movement

8 Bacteria Shapes and organization Bacteria come in three main shapes Bacillus rod shaped Coccus sphere shaped Spirillum Spiral or corkscrew shaped

9 Bacterial Reproduction Bacteria usually reproduce through BINARY FISSION Asexual They copy their DNA and then split in two This can happen as fast as minutes Bacteria can also produce through CONJUGATION Sexual Exchange of genetic info between bacterial cells

10 Types of bacteria Can be aerobic or anaerobic Can be photosynthetic, chemosynthetic, or heterotrophic Can be helpful or hurtful Can infect other organisms like plants and animals

11 Helpful Bacteria Our skin and gut contain hundreds of species of bacteria, most are good for us! Bacteria are used to ferment food (yogurt, sauerkraut, sourdough bread) Bacteria have been genetically engineered to produce drugs like insulin Botulism toxin is used to treat neurological disorders and even improve wrinkles Enzymes made by bacteria are used in industry Bacteria have been engineered to clean up oil spills or digest plastic waste

12 Gram Staining Lab procedure that stains bacteria based on the composition of their cell walls Some bacteria will stain pink, others will stain purple This helps scientists and doctors identify the bacteria and prescribe the correct antibiotics, if needed

13 Antibiotics Drugs that treat bacterial infections First developed in the 1940 s (Penicillin discovered by Alexander Fleming by accident) Different types of antibiotics work on different types of bacteria Some prevent bacteria from building cell walls Some dissolve the bacteria s cell membranes Some prevent bacterial ribosomes from making bacterial proteins Some attach the bacterial DNA and prevent it from copying itself

14 Antibiotics WebQuest

15 VIRUSES

16 Are Viruses Alive? Living characteristics Reproduce Mutate and evolve Non-living characteristics No cells, cytoplasm, or cell structures No metabolism DNA or RNA, but not both Can only reproduce inside a host cell

17 Amoeba Sisters Video: Viruses

18 Viral Structure Viruses are NOT made of cells Up to 100 times smaller than bacteria, can only be seen with an electron microscope ALL viruses contain genetic material (DNA or RNA) and an outer protein coat called a capsid SOME viruses also have a lipid envelope similar to a cell membrane Viruses can only reproduce inside a host cell

19 Types/Shapes of Viruses Polyhedral nucleic acid surrounded by a many-sided protein capsid (Adenovirus, Poliomyelitis) Helical - nucleic acid surrounded by a protein capsid in a helical shape (Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Ebola) Enveloped nucleic acid surrounded by capsid AND envelope (Hepatitis, Influenza, Herpes) bacteriophage complex structure, infects bacterial cells (Lambda phage, T2 phage, T4 phage)

20 Retrovirus- HIV Contains genetic info in the form of RNA Contains an enzyme called reverse transcriptase that allows the virus to hijack the cell and convert viral RNA into DNA Retroviral DNA becomes part of the host cell s genome and the cell continues to make more viruses

21 Viral Reproduction Each virus usually targets a specific type of cell Proteins on the surface of the virus attach to receptor proteins on the cell surface Entire virus or viral genetic material is incorporated into the cell The cell is hijacked and the cell s ribosomes, enzymes, etc. are used to make more viral DNA/RNA Viruses erupt from host cell and can go on to infect nearby cells. - Flu Attack video clip

22 Anti-viral drugs Antibiotics DO NOT work against viruses. There are some anti-viral drugs that can reduce the severity of a viral infection These drugs can work by blocking the virus from the host cell, preventing the copying of viral DNA, or boosting the host s natural immune response to fight off the virus

23 Vaccinations Vaccinations work by preparing your immune system to fight off an infection before it happens The vaccine triggers the production of antibodies that will recognize invading bacteria or viruses You immune system is then ready and can fight off those microorganisms before they can make you sick. Vaccines are SAFE and EFFECTIVE! Possible side effects exist, but they are usually much less severe than the diseases themselves.

24 Deadly viruses video

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