Lumpy Skin Disease: Emerging disease in the Middle East Threat to EuroMed countries

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Ripani OIE Sub Regional Representation for North Africa - Tunis, Tunisia Dr

1 10 th JPC REMESA - Heraklion, Greece (16-17 March 2015) Lumpy Skin Disease: Emerging disease in the Middle East Threat to EuroMed countries Dr Alessandro Ripani OIE Sub Regional Representation for North Africa - Tunis, Tunisia Dr Xavier Pacholek OIE Sub Regional Representation for Middle East - Beirut, Lebanon 1

2 LSD epidemiology: etiology Viral disease of cattle and buffaloes characterised by skin nodules q Virus family Poxviridae, genus Capripoxvirus, 1 Serotype of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) q Antigenically closely related to sheep and goat pox (SGPV) Highly resistant virus Infectious material: skin lesions, blood, nasal & lachrymal secretions, semen, saliva 2

3 LSD epidemiology: transmission q Blood-feeding vectors ü Insects Mosquitoes: Aedes aegypti Flies: Stomoxys calcitrans (SGPV) Other species (horn flies, horse flies, midges) involved? Mechanical transmission Multiplication in insect cells? 3

variegatum, Hyalomma extravatum Mechanical transmission Biological transmission: multiplication +

4 LSD epidemiology: transmission q Blood-feeding vectors ü Ticks Demonstrated in sub-saharan ticks Closely related species in the ME Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Amblyoma variegatum, Hyalomma extravatum Mechanical transmission Biological transmission: multiplication + transstadial & transovarial passages Rhipicephalus (boophilus) decoloratus Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Amblyomma hebraeum 4

5 Biological transmission and overwintering Mechanical transmission 5

LSD epidemiology: transmission Vector borne

contact Vector pop x (warm & wet season)

6 LSD epidemiology: transmission Vector borne disease Higher transmissibility vs direct contact Vector pop x (warm & wet season) Mobility Blood-feeding (trancutaneous) Biological cycle in ticks: o virus multiplication o reservoir (overwintering) Restrictions on animal movements insufficient to prevent spread Encroachment in the infested biotopes 6

LSD epidemiology: transmission q Iatrogenic transmission by contaminated needles during veterinary treatments or vaccination campaigns q Food or water

7 LSD epidemiology: transmission q Iatrogenic transmission by contaminated needles during veterinary treatments or vaccination campaigns q Food or water contaminated with infected saliva (common drinking troughs) q Natural or artificial insemination q Direct contact could be a minor source of infection 7

8 LSD epidemiology: symptoms LSD signs range from inapparent to severe disease q Fever which may exceed 41 C and persist for 1 week q Marked reduction in milk yield in lactating cattle q Painful nodules of 2 5 cm in diameter develop over the entire body q Enlarged superficial lymph nodes q Pregnant cattle may abort q Permanently or temporarily infertile period 8

9 LSD epidemiology: symptoms 9

10 LSD epidemiology: symptoms Morbidity Widely variable (5-45%) depending on vectors presence and host susceptibility Mortality Usually low (<10%) Unusually high (75 85%), unexplained 10

LSD economic impact q Severe emaciation q Lowered milk production q Abortion q Secondary mastitis q Loss of fertility q Extensive damage to hides Source: Department of Agriculture, Forestry and

11 LSD economic impact q Severe emaciation q Lowered milk production q Abortion q Secondary mastitis q Loss of fertility q Extensive damage to hides Source: Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fischeries, Republic of South Africa q Loss of draft from lameness Direct: Production loss estimated 40-60% Indirect: Restrictions/total ban of international trade of live cattle and their products 11

12 LSD distribution: from Africa to ME Geographical distribution NEVER REPORTED 1960s 1970s 1930s 1940s Since 1990s Geographical distribution 12

13 LSD expansion: from Africa to ME : restricted to sub-saharan Africa : E a s t A f r i c a i n K e n y a : S u d a n : W e s t A f r i c a : S o m a l i a - > E n z o o t i c : E g y p t ( : a l l E g y p t ) 1989: Israel (1 outbreak, stamping out of infected cattle and contacts + Ring vaccination with a sheep pox strain, no further clinical cases) Then reported in ME: Bahrain (2009); Kuwait (1991); Lebanon (2012); Oman (1984); UAE (2000) and Yemen (1995). 13

LSD expansion: from Africa to ME Since the years 2000s LSD was sporadically reported in the Middle East To feed a rapidly growing human population, the Middle East has become a substantial importer

14 LSD expansion: from Africa to ME Since the years 2000s LSD was sporadically reported in the Middle East To feed a rapidly growing human population, the Middle East has become a substantial importer of live cattle, frozen meat and animal feed from Europe, Asia and Africa Source: Review: Lumpy Skin Disease: An Emerging Threat to Europe, the Middle East and Asia; Transboundary and Emerging Diseases; E. S. M. Tuppurainen and C. A. L. Oura 2011: 59 (2012)

15 LSD expansion: from ME to Europe Jan 2012 May 2013 Jun 2013 Dec 2013 Jun 2013 Jun 2014 Jun 2013 Dec

LSD distribution: from ME to Europe Country Period Reason Lebanon 2012 (Nov) First occurrence Jordan 2013 (April) First occurrence Irak 2013 (August) First

16 LSD distribution: from ME to Europe Country Period Reason Lebanon 2012 (Nov) First occurrence Jordan 2013 (April) First occurrence Irak 2013 (August) First occurrence Turkey 2013 (August) First occurrence Iran 2014 (May) First occurrence AzerbaiJan 2014 (July) First occurrence Kuwait 2015 (Jan) Reccurrence (1991) 16

17 LSD expansion: from ME to Europe Source: EU Standing Committee on Animal Health & Animal Welfare: Presentations January

LSD control: key components 1. Swift implementation of large scale vaccinations using effective vaccines (LSD virus vaccine) 2. Vector control in animals and facilities 3.

18 LSD control: key components 1. Swift implementation of large scale vaccinations using effective vaccines (LSD virus vaccine) 2. Vector control in animals and facilities 3. Requirements set for importation of live cattle from infected countries 4. Control of animal movements - Nomadic and transhumance livestock production systems 5. Slaughter of infected and in-contact animals 18

scale farmers and owners practising transhumance farming Storage and handling of vaccine: Maintain the cold chain Keep the

19 LSD control: vaccination Early warning system for vaccination in time and avoiding herds already incubating the disease > 80% coverage maintained in large areas around infected zones Annual / biannual Affordable/free of charge particularly for small scale farmers and owners practising transhumance farming Storage and handling of vaccine: Maintain the cold chain Keep the vaccine out of sun Opened bottles must be used within 6 hours and then discarded (without exception) Proper needle hygiene must be practised 19

20 LSD control: vaccination q Sheep pox vaccines RM ,5 (Jordan Bioindustries Centre, JOVAC) (LT cells) 10 ml / head Jovivac, RM (Jordan Bioindustries Centre, JOVAC) (LT cells) 2 ml / head Tissue Culture Sheep Pox Vaccine (Kenyan S/GP 0240, VSVRI, Egypt) (Vero cells) q LSDV vaccines New live vaccine, HerbivacLS by Deltamune/Ceva Sante Animale Lumpy skin Disease Vaccine for Cattle (Onderstepoort Biological Product, South Africa) Lumpyvax,MSD Animal Health (Merck) Vaccine efficacy must be tested in vivo 20

21 LSD control: vaccination Country Period Reason Lebanon 2012 (Nov) First occurrence Jordan 2013 (April) First occurrence Irak 2013 (August) First occurrence Vaccination in response to outbreaks (YES) Turkey 2013 (August) First occurrence Iran 2014 (May) First occurrence Kuwait 2015 (Jan) Re-occurrence (1991) No vaccination AzerbaiJan 2014 (July) First occurrence AzerbaiJan 2014 (Oct) Re-occurrence No vaccination Yes vaccination 21

LSD control: cattle import controls Chapter 11.11 OIE Terrestrial Code 1. Pre-quarantine 28 days 2. Veterinary Health Certificate stating absence of LSD clinical signs a.

22 LSD control: cattle import controls Chapter OIE Terrestrial Code 1. Pre-quarantine 28 days 2. Veterinary Health Certificate stating absence of LSD clinical signs a. Prior to arrival on the quarantine station b. On the day of shipment 3. PCR blood test a. First immediately prior to arrival at quarantine station b. Second 3 weeks later 4. Tick and insect treatment at arrival to the quarantine station 22

23 Conclusion - Can LSD be contained?? - Risk factors (vector borne diseases) - Climate change - Development of irrigated agricultural schemes - Uncontrolled transboudary animal movements (transhumance, illegal trade, local political crisis ) - Lack of entomological information on arthropods in the various biotopes of the regions at risk Animal - Environmental Human interface - Lack of diagnostic and control capacities (VS) 23

24 Thank you for your attention! 24

Overview on Lumpy skin disease in the Mediterranean region: From Middle East to Europe

Ghazi Yehia & Ahmad Al Majali Regional representation for the ME Overview on Lumpy skin disease in the Mediterranean region: From Middle East to Europe 15th REMESA meeting 20-21 November 2017 Dead Sea-