WILDLIFE DISEASE - PRESENT YET EMERGING THREAT
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1 WILDLIFE DISEASE - PRESENT YET EMERGING THREAT Disease whether driven by pathogens, pollutants, genetics, or dietary deficiencies can threaten vulnerable wildlife populations as significantly as do overhunting and habitat destruction Wildlife Conservation Society Reports indicate that over 75% of emerging pathogens in humans are considered zoonotic (animal to human transmission) diseases. The Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State 1
2 Wildlife Disease --- Three Parts to Consider Disease a disorder of structure or function Pathogen causative agent of an infectious disease Vector organism that transmits a pathogen Disease Disease levels: Enzootic chronic or constant low level of disease in population Lyme disease, plague, etc. Epizootic disease outbreak affecting many animals at the same time Examples depend on species. Could be enzootic in one but epizootic in another Disease Types of diseases: Congenital diseases Nutritional deficiencies Toxic diseases Parasitic diseases Infectious diseases 2
3 Disease --- Congenital Diseases Present at birth, usually inherited from parents Rare in wild animals because of natural selection May persist at rare levels if not fatal Example: albinism Disease --- Nutritional Deficiencies Results from poor diet or interference with intake, absorption, or storage of nutrients Weakens animals and makes them susceptible to other mortality factors Disease --- Toxic Diseases Occur when animals are exposed to toxins that disrupt their normal functions 3
4 Disease --- Parasitic Diseases Macroparasite infections Can be ectoparasite (external) or endoparasite (internal) Nematodes, flatworms, mites, botflies, etc. Microparasite infections Tiny Malaria (protist), giardia (protozoan), ringworm (fungus), etc. Disease --- Infectious Diseases Diseases that can be spread from one individual to another Usually species-specific but some diseases spread among different species (zoonotic) Density-dependent Pathogens Types of Pathogens Protozoa Avian malaria, trypanosomiasis Bacteria Brucellocis, avian cholera, Lyme disease Viruses Rabies, West Nile, Hanta Fungi Aspergillosis, White-Nose Syndrome Parasitic Worms Lungworms, liver flukes, botfly larvae Prions Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) 4
5 Vectors 5
6 Wildlife Disease Wildlife Conservation Important source of mortality Fragmentation lead to decreased genetic diversity Island species particularly at risk Climate Change leads to range shifts High incidence in captive breeding hinders reintroduction Case Study: Amphibian fungus Amphibian Fungus - Chytridiomycosis Virulent Fungus that blocks skin Can lead to a 50% extinction rate locally when moves into a new area within 6 months Affecting species in both protected and unprotected areas Unknown how it is moving other than humans moving infected individuals Case Study: Bat Fungus White Nose Syndrome Infects insectivorous bats destroys wings and forces them to leave caves during hibernation during winter in search of food leading to starvation Virulent fungus identified in % population declines in bats in the North East Lack of pest control could cost more than $4 billion/year Most likely accidently introduced by European tourist in cave in New York 6
7 Case Study: Tasmanian Devil Devil Facial Tumor Disease Transmissible, parasitic cancer id ed in 1996 that s 100% lethal (6-9 months) 70% population decline and could cause extinction within 10 years 80% of remaining devils appear affected Decreased age at first breeding Not well understood where it came from. A few females have shown partial immunity Released first immunized devils in 2015 Case Study: Featherless Penguins Adelie Magellanic African Kane et al. (2010). Waterbirds Barbosa et al. (2014). Antarctic Science Case Study: Starfish melting disease Sea Star Associated Densovirus First emerged in 2013 and virus identified in 2014 Lead to death of millions of seastars from six species ranging from Alaska to Baja California Been present in sea stars for more than 70 years, just now causing mass mortality Enzootic disease became epizootic 7
8 Case Study: Saiga Antelope Endangered 85,000 died in one day behind-mysterious-mass-antelope-deaths /?utm_source=facebook.com&no-ist Case Study: Salamanders Nasty Fungus Is Imminent Threat to North American Salamanders 8
9 Zoonotic Wildlife Disease and Humans Zoonotic diseases are incredibly hard to control Ever increasing as we continue to move into natural environments We are the naïve population Why do you think zoonotic diseases are hard to control? What do we know about naïve populations? What do we know about density dependence? Wildlife Disease and Humans - Historically Bubonic plague Spread by rats and fleas Killed 50% of world population (AD ) Killed 20% of world population (AD ) Still present Current outbreak spreading through Madagascar 9
10 Wildlife Disease and Humans - Historically Spanish Flu Related to avian influenza Killed 50,000,000 people ( ) Infected young and healthy Appeared and disappeared Compared to war deaths in WWI ~17,000,000 deaths in WWI ( ) Wildlife Disease and Humans - Contemporary HIV Primate to human 75 million infected 36 million dead Ongoing epidemic Wildlife Disease and Humans - Contemporary Malaria Mosquito to humans 207 million cases in 2012 One child dies in Africa every minute 10
11 Wildlife Disease and Humans - Contemporary Rabies Mammalian vectors 60,000 cases/year ~100% fatal without treatment Wildlife Disease and Humans Emerging Ebola Mammalian Vectors >10,000 cases in recent outbreak >50% mortality Wildlife Disease and Humans Emerging Avian Influenza H5N1 and H7N9 Avian vectors Not currently common ~70% fatality rate for both First N.A. case of H5N1 in January 2014 in Canada Evolve rapidly 11
12 Wildlife Disease and Humans Emerging Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Animal virus (unknown vector) that recently crossed barrier ~10% mortality Outbreak in 2003 started in Asia and spread to >24 countries National Select Agent Registry Program declared it as an agent with the potential to pose a severe threat to public health Zoonotic Zoonotic? 12
13 Addressing wildlife disease Collaboration between conservationists, communities, governments, and health agencies Early warning systems Education on how to prevent disease transmission between wildlife and humans Train locals to monitor 13
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