Neglected zoonoses situation

Transcription

1 Neglected zoonoses situation Japan Yukitake Okamura DVM Animal Health Division, Food Safety and Consumer Affairs Bureau Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

2 Animal Health System in Japan Producers Beef cattle: 57,500 farms (2.57 M head) Dairy cattle: 18,600 farms (1.40 M head) Pigs: 5,270 farms (9.54 M head) Layers: 2,560 farms (172 M hens) Broilers: 2,380 farms (136 M broilers) (as of Feb. 1, 2014) Prefectural Gov ts Livestock Hygiene Service Centers (LHSC) 170 centers (including disease diagnosis centers) with 2,102 veterinarians (as of Mar. 31, 2014) (MHLW) 101 Meat Inspection Centers with 2,580 veterinarians (as of Mar. 31, 2013) International organizations (e.g. OIE) MAFF Animal Health Division, Food Safety and Consumer Affairs Bureau Animal Quarantine Service Head office, 7 branches, 17 sub-branches with 394 animal quarantine officers (as of Apr. 2015) Industrial associations for disease control National Veterinary Assay Laboratory National Institute of Animal Health

3 Location of major facilities for animal health services National Institute of Animal Health National Institute of Animal Health: 4 Local Livestock Hygiene Service Centers: 170 (as of Mar 31, 2014) Local Livestock Hygiene Service Centre 3

4 Notifiable diseases under the Act on Domestic Animal Infectious Diseases Control Infectious Animal Diseases (28): e.g. RP, FMD, AHS, anthrax, ASF, brucellosis, CBPP, CSF, HPAI, Japanese encephalitis, LPAI, ND, PPR, fowl typhoid and pullorum disease *1, SVD, TSE, tuberculosis, VS Notifiable Infectious Diseases (71): e.g. Aujeszky s disease, avian influenza, bluetongue, bovine leukemia, bovine genital campylobacteriosis, equine influenza, leptospirosis, low pathogenic Newcastle disease, Nipah virus infection, porcine epidemic diarrhea, salmonellosis *2, sheep pox, toxoplasmosis, trypanosomosis *1 by Salmonella serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum/Gallinarum *2 by Salmonella serovar Dublin, Enteritidis, Typhimurium and Choleraesuis

5 Occurrence of zoonotic diseases among livestock population in the last 10 years (Unit: household) Year Anthrax (Cattle) Infectious Animal Diseases Notifiable Infectious Diseases Brucellosis (Cattle) Tuberculosis Cattle Deer Japanese encephalitis (Swine) Fowl typhoid and pullorum disease * Leptospirosis Cattle Swine Dogs Toxoplasmosis (Swine) Bovine genital campylobacteriosis * Trypanosomosis (Cattle) * *4 1 *4 1 *4 Salmonellosis *3 Swine Cattle Chicken *1 by Salmonella serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum/Gallinarum *2 by C. fetus *3 by Salmonella serovar Dublin, Enteritidis, Typhimurium and Choleraesuis *4 by T. theileri

6 Situation in animals Cattle : mostly free Goat : only one case detected in 1949 Swine and sheep : historically free Dogs : sporadic Brucellosis in Japan (unit : head) Control measures Test & slaughter for dairy cattle and breeding bulls LHSC performs active surveillance with agglutination test, ELISA, CF, bacterial isolation and PCR. At least once every 5 years Cost: 5-6 USD/head Compensation for culling (4/5 of the estimated market price) Constraints No legal basis to control brucellosis for dog Further actions Reviewing the surveillance programme, to demonstrate freedom among livestock population Fig: Brucellosis in cattle Table : Cases in the last 5 years Cattle Human * *1 1+ (1) (1) (1) *1 : sero-positive case (no clinical signs & no bacterial isolation) *2 : Human domestic cases are caused by B. canis Bracket () shows imported cases caused by B. melitensis

7 Tuberculosis in Japan Situation in animals Cattle : mostly free (In 1999, 35 beef cattle at 19 farms were diagnosed as tuberculosis) Control measures Test & slaughter for dairy cattle and breeding bulls LHSC performs active surveillance with intradermal tuberculin test At least once every 5 years Cost: 5-6 USD/head Clinical inspection at slaughter house Compensation for culling (4/5 of the estimated market price) Fig : Tuberculosis in cattle Table : Cases in the last 5 years (unit : head) Constraints Comparative intradermal tuberculin test to differentiate between animals infected with M. bovis or M. tuberculosis and those infected with other mycobacteria is not performed Further actions Reviewing the surveillance programme, to demonstrate freedom among livestock population Cattle Human * , , , , *1 - *1 : No clinical signs ( bacterial isolation was not performed) *2 : M. tuberculosis case or that without identifying the pathogen

8 Salmonellosis in Japan Situation in animals Fowl typhoid and pullorum disease : almost free (The last outbreak occurred at 10 farms in 2010) Salmonellosis : See Fig (unit : head) Control measures For fowl typhoid and pullorum disease : Test & Slaughter for parental stock (surveillance for pullorum disease) LHSC performs active surveillance with agglutination test Compensation for culling (1/3 of the estimated market price) For salmonellosis In some prefectures, the prevalence of salmonellosis among livestock/poultry population has been investigated in cooperation with public health authorities. Constraints No legal basis and budget to decrease the prevalence of salmonellosis in livestock/poultry population Fig1 : Fowl typhoid/pullorum disease (unit : head) Fig2 : Salmonellosis in animals Table : food poisoning cases in the last 5 years ,476 3, Cattle Swine Chicken

9 Other diseases Japanese encephalitis (JE) Pig farmers vaccinate breeding sows and boar against JE virus, before the season when mosquito vectors are active. National Institute of Infectious Diseases take samples at slaughter house in cooperation with local public health authorities and perform sero-surveillance to monitor the prevalence of JE virus. Table : Cases in the last 5 years Swine (Unit: household) Human Toxoplasmosis Swine toxoplasmosis is endemic in Okinawa prefecture and the cases detected at slaughter houses are notified to animal health side.

10 Strength or weakness in terms of zoonotic diseases Strength Legal basis and budget to implement test & slaughter policy with compensation for certain zoonotic diseases Weakness Some zoonoses are low- or non-pathogenic for animals (e.g. campylobacteriosis, toxoplasmosis), and in these cases, legal basis can be inadequate or weak to take necessary preventive measures against animals to control human infections