Influenza Pandemic Plan. A Northern Devon Healthcare NHS Trust plan for managing cases of Influenza Pandemic

Transcription

1 Influenza Pandemic Plan A plan for managing cases of Influenza Pandemic

2 Document Control Report Title Influenza Pandemic Plan Author s job Emergency Preparedness, Resilience & Response (EPRR) Officer Directorate Operations Department Division of Emergency Services, Logistics and Resilience Version Date Status Comment / Changes / Approval 0.1 July 2015 Draft Initial draft for consultation 2.0 August 2015 Final Final version following consultation, amendments, ratification and approval by the EPRR Board Main Contact Emergency Preparedness, Resilience & Response (EPRR) Officer Trinity Suite, Level 5 North Devon District Hospital Raleigh Park Barnstaple, EX31 4JB Lead Director Director of Operations Document Class Plan Distribution List All Trust Staff Target Audience Infection, Prevention & Control All Heads of Department All Service Leads All Staff Distribution Method Intranet site (Bob) Superseded Documents Pandemic Influenza Plan 2009 Issue Date February 2015 Review Date February 2016 Review Cycle Annually Consulted with the following stakeholders: (list all) Members of EPRR Board Divisional General Managers Infection, Prevention, Control Health & Social Care Senior Nurses Pharmacy LRF partner organisations Approval and Review Process Emergency Preparedness, Resilience and Response (EPRR) Board Contact responsible for implementation and monitoring compliance: Emergency Preparedness Officer Education/ training will be provided by: Emergency Preparedness Officer Ratified by Trust Board? Yes

3 Local Path G:\DIRECTORATE MANAGEMENT\Div of Emergency Services\Emergency Planning & Business Continuity\Plans\Pandemic Flu Policy categories for Trust s internal website (Bob) Pandemic Pandemic Influenza Emergency Planning Business Continuity Business Continuity Infection, Prevention, Control Tags for Trust s internal website (BOB) Emergency Preparedness, Resilience and Response (EPRR) / Pandemic / Pandemic Influenza / Emergency Plan / Emergency Planning / Business Continuity

4 Influenza Pandemic Plan (V2.0 August 2015) Contents and Foreword Contents Contents... 3 Figures and Tables... 6 Foreword... 7 Abbreviations... 8 PART ONE: AN INTRODUCTION TO THIS PLAN Introduction & Context Aim of this Plan Objectives of this Plan Scope of this Plan Guidance Links to other Plans & Policies PART TWO: INFLUENZA PANDEMIC & STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT Introduction Pandemic Influenza: Nature & Characteristics Pandemic Influenza: Historical Data Pandemic Influenza: Planning Assumptions Pandemic Influenza: Risk Assessment The Likely Impacts for the Trust of an Influenza Pandemic International Approach to Influenza Pandemic National Approach to Pandemic Influenza Command and Control Arrangements PART THREE: BEFORE THE PANDEMIC Introduction Planning Principles Influenza Pandemic Group In Preparedness Business Continuity Planning Workforce Planning & Development Infection Prevention & Control Communications Page 3

5 Influenza Pandemic Plan (V2.0 August 2015) Contents and Foreword 23.0 Reporting Developing and Reviewing Plans Testing & Exercising Plans PART FOUR: THE INITIAL RESPONSE The Detection Stage The Assessment Stage Influenza Pandemic Group In Response NHS Strategic Response Objectives Identifying Cases of Influenza Promoting Self-Help & Recovery Isolating and Cohorting Patients Infection Prevention & Control Personal Protective Equipment Antivirals Prophylaxis PART FIVE: TREATMENT Introduction The Treatment Stage The Escalation Stage National Pandemic Flu Service Communication Arrangements Treatment Business Continuity Ethical Considerations Excess Deaths Vaccination PART SIX: AFTER THE PANDEMIC Recovery Stage Influenza Pandemic Group In Recovery Debrief & Lessons Learned Page 4

6 Influenza Pandemic Plan (V2.0 August 2015) Contents and Foreword SECTION SEVEN: SUPPORTING INFORMATION Monitoring Compliance with and the Effectiveness of this Plan Equality Impact Assessment SECTION EIGHT: APPENDIX Appendix A: Pandemic Planning Assumptions Appendix B: NDHT Risk Assessment for Influenza Pandemic Appendix C: Proportionality: Planning for Uncertainty Page 5

7 Influenza Pandemic Plan (V2.0 August 2015) Contents and Foreword Figures and Tables Table 1: Characteristics of the past four influenza pandemics Table 2: 2011 UK Planning Assumptions for Influenza Pandemic Table 3: Command & Control Arrangements Table 4: Determining the State of the Influenza Pandemic Group Table 5: Neonatal / Paediatric Care Capacity Table 6: ICU Capacity Table 7: Equality Impact Assessment Figure 1: The Continuum of Pandemic Phases Page 6

8 Influenza Pandemic Plan (V2.0 August 2015) Contents and Foreword Foreword The patients and communities that we serve expect us to be there for them when they need it, irrespective of the circumstances we face. As such, we as a Trust must do all that we can to ensure we are well prepared to respond to any disruptive challenges or emergencies that we might come to face. At the time of writing, Influenza Pandemic is the top risk on the UK Government s risk register for civil emergencies; representing the significant impacts which could be felt by both the NHS and society at large. The most recent outbreak of influenza pandemic, H1N1 (swine flu) in 2009, demonstrated some of the challenges that the NHS might face during a pandemic and reinforced the need for robust and flexible plans which can be scaled both up and down to meet the characteristics of the pandemic. To support us in this work, we have developed this Influenza Pandemic Plan which will support staff and departments across the Trust in planning for and responding to any future outbreak of influenza pandemic. This plan has been developed in line with national guidance published by the Department of Health and is intended to work alongside similar influenza pandemic plans belonging to local and regional partner organisations. All staff and departments, clinical and non-clinical, will be affected by any future outbreak of influenza. As such, it is important that staff read this document and familiarise themselves with any actions which they may be expected to carry out in preparation for or response to a future outbreak. If you have any questions regarding this plan or would like further information on the Trust s wider emergency plans, please contact the Trust s Emergency Preparedness Officer. Robert Sainsbury Director of Operations Page 7

9 Influenza Pandemic Plan (V2.0 August 2015) Contents and Foreword Abbreviations ACP CAR CRR DH DCIoS DIPC ED EPRR FF100 GP HSC ICU ILI IPC IPG LAT LHRG LHRP LRF NDHT NPFS NHS NRR SAGE PHE UN WHO Antiviral Collection Point Clinical Attack Rate Community Risk Register Department of Health Devon, Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly Director of Infection, Prevention & Control Emergency Department Emergency Preparedness Resilience and Response First Few 100 [Cases] General Practitioner Health & Social Care Intensive Care Unit Influenza-like illness Infection, Prevention & Control Influenza Pandemic Group Local Area Team Local Health Resilience Group Local Health Resilience Partnership Local Resilience Forum National Pandemic Flu Service National Health Service0 National Risk Register Scientific Advisory Group in Emergency Public Health England United Nations World Health Organisation Page 8

10 Influenza Pandemic Plan (V2.0 August 2015) Part 1: The Strategic Approach to Pandemic Influenza PART ONE: AN INTRODUCTION TO THIS PLAN Page 9

11 Influenza Pandemic Plan (V2.0 August 2015) Part 1: The Strategic Approach to Pandemic Influenza 1.0 Introduction & Context Seasonal influenza is an infectious respiratory disease capable of producing a range of symptoms ranging from those similar to a common cold, through to those which are very severe or even fatal. Each year, seasonal influenza affects many thousands of people in the UK, the majority of which occur during the winter months and triggers intense pressure on the NHS and wider health and social care system. From time to time, with unpredictable frequency, a distinctly different strain of influenza virus emerges that spreads rapidly across the world, causing an influenza pandemic. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines a pandemic as: the worldwide spread of a new disease. An influenza pandemic occurs when a new influenza virus emerges and spreads around the world, and most people do not have immunity. When an influenza pandemic occurs, large swathes of the population may become infected by the new virus over a relatively short period of time. Influenza pandemics may be associated with mild to moderate illness in the population (which may or may not be widespread), or significant severe illness and mortality in certain age or patient groups. Due to the potential impact posed by a future outbreak, the UK government currently rates the risk of influenza pandemic as the most significant civil emergency risk to the UK. Fortunately, influenza pandemic can be responded to in many of the same ways as seasonal influenza, with the same good hygiene and self-care measures helping to meet the needs of most patients infected with an influenza virus that causes mild to moderate symptoms. However, additional plans that extend over and above those used for seasonal influenza are needed for influenza pandemic in order to: take account of the potentially much greater number of people who will become ill with influenza and / or experience more severe symptoms; and to prepare for an influenza pandemic that may have a high impact on the health system and wider society. Whilst influenza pandemics have been relatively infrequent over the past century, a new pandemic could emerge at any time. Therefore, as a healthcare provider, it is of vital importance that Northern Devon Healthcare Trust (NDHT) has in place robust arrangements to plan for and respond to any future outbreak of influenza pandemic. 2.0 Aim of this Plan The aim of this plan is to set out how will plan for, respond to, and recover from an outbreak of pandemic influenza. Page 10

12 Influenza Pandemic Plan (V2.0 August 2015) Part 1: The Strategic Approach to Pandemic Influenza 3.0 Objectives of this Plan The objectives of this plan are: To define the Trust s key roles and responsibilities during each stage of the influenza pandemic, including intra-pandemic (planning), detection, assessment, treatment, escalation and recovery; To provide the Trust with robust and flexible plans which can be scaled both up and down to meet the characteristics of a future pandemic; To ensure the Trust s plans coexist with both national and regional plans for managing an outbreak of influenza pandemic; To fully integrate the lessons learned during the previous outbreak of influenza pandemic, H1N1 (Swine Flu), with the Trust s pandemic plans; To set out how the Trust will ensure its plans are relevant and fit for purpose. 4.0 Scope of this Plan This policy applies to all Trust services and staff, including those on bank, agency or NHSP. This plan only applies to influenza pandemic and does not apply to non-pandemic strains of flu or other influenza like illnesses. In these cases, you should refer to the Trust s Infection Control Policy on Influenza Like Illnesses. 5.0 Guidance This plan has been developed in line with the following documents: World Health Organization, Pandemic Influenza Risk Management, WHO Interim Guidance; Department of Health, UK Influenza Pandemic Preparedness Strategy 2011; Department of Health, Health and Social Care Influenza Pandemic Preparedness and Response; Department of Health, England and Health Departments of the Devolved Administrations of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, UK Pandemic Influenza Communications Strategy 2012; NHS England, Operating Framework for Managing the Response to Pandemic Influenza; Public Health England, Pandemic Influenza Strategic Framework; Public Health England, Pandemic Influenza Response Plan 2014; Department of Health, Report of the Swine Flu Critical Care Clinical Group and Key Learning Points for Future Surge Planning. Page 11

13 Influenza Pandemic Plan (V2.0 August 2015) Part 1: The Strategic Approach to Pandemic Influenza 6.0 Links to other Plans & Policies This plan should be read in conjunction with the following Trust plans: NDHT Incident Response Plan; NDHT Business Continuity Policy / Plan; NDHT Departmental Business Continuity Plans; NDHT Influenza Like Illness Operational Guidance ; NDHT Outbreak Policy. Page 12

14 Part 2: Influenza Pandemic & Strategic Management PART TWO: INFLUENZA PANDEMIC & STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT Page 13

15 Part 2: Influenza Pandemic & Strategic Management 7.0 Introduction This section sets out some of the key information regarding influenza pandemic and its strategic management, including: information regarding the nature and characteristics of influenza pandemic; the risk assessments and challenges associated with influenza pandemic; International and National approaches to planning for and responding to any future influenza pandemic. All of the information within this section has been taken from the latest international and national guidance, as set out in Section Pandemic Influenza: Nature & Characteristics 8.1 Virology Influenza, a viral respiratory disease, can cause high morbidity and mortality in humans and is known to affect some animal species. Clinical disease can range from mild to severe and in some cases result in death. While influenza B remains a human disease, influenza A viruses are found in human, avian and some mammalian species. An influenza pandemic occurs when an influenza A virus, to which most humans have little or no existing immunity, acquires the ability to cause sustained human-to-human transmission leading to community-wide outbreaks. Such a virus has the potential to spread rapidly worldwide, causing a pandemic. 8.2 Infectivity and mode of spread Influenza spreads by droplets of infected respiratory secretions which are produced when an infected person talks, coughs or sneezes. It may also be spread by hand-toface contact after a person or surface contaminated with infectious droplets has been touched. Spread of the disease may also be possible via fine particles and aerosols but the contribution to spread is, as yet, still unclear with the latest evidence suggesting this mode of transmission may be more important than previously thought. The incubation period will be in the range of one to four days (typically two to three). Adults are infectious for up to five days from the onset of symptoms. Longer periods have been found, particularly in those who are immunosuppressed. Children may be infectious for up to seven days. Some people can be infected, develop immunity, and have minimal or no symptoms but may still be able to pass on the virus. 8.3 Symptoms Influenza is an acute viral infection typically characterised by sudden onset fever and cough, with or without a sore throat or other respiratory symptoms. Other common symptoms include headache, prostration (extreme lack of energy) and muscle and joint pains. The acute symptoms can last for about one week, although full recovery may take longer. Influenza is a seasonal illness, typically occurring during the winter months. The very young, pregnant women, the elderly and people with certain Page 14

16 Part 2: Influenza Pandemic & Strategic Management underlying medical conditions are at particular risk of serious illness or death from influenza and its complications. Regardless of the nature of the virus, it is likely that members of the population will exhibit a wide spectrum of illness, ranging from minor symptoms to pneumonia and death. Most people will return to normal activity within 7-10 days. All ages are likely to be affected but those with certain underlying medical conditions, pregnant women, children and otherwise fit younger adults could be at relatively greater risk as older people may have some residual immunity from previous exposure to a similar virus earlier in their lifetime. The exact pattern will only become apparent as the pandemic progresses. 9.0 Pandemic Influenza: Historical Data Influenza pandemics are unpredictable but recurring events that can have significant global consequences. Since the 16 th century, influenza pandemics have been described at intervals ranging between 10 and 50 years with varying severity and impact. Three pandemics occurred in the 20th century (in 1918, 1957 and 1968), with the first pandemic of the 21 st century taking place in April The 20 th century pandemics ranged in severity from something resembling a severe outbreak of seasonal influenza to a major event where millions of people became ill and died. They also varied with respect to number of waves of disease, age groups affected and symptoms caused. Planning at the start of the 21st century was based on these events, however the 2009 pandemic did not manifest as anticipated, thus illustrating the uncertainty underpinning the science behind pandemic preparedness. Table 1 below sets out in more detail the characteristics of the four most recent influenza pandemics. Table 1: Characteristics of the past four influenza pandemics Page 15

17 Part 2: Influenza Pandemic & Strategic Management 10.0 Pandemic Influenza: Planning Assumptions 10.1 Introduction The National Risk Register of Civil Emergencies recognises that the outbreak of H1N1 influenza in 2009 (Swine Flu) did not match the severity of the scenario that had previously been planned for and is not necessarily indicative of future pandemic influenzas. In addition, the risk assessment makes clear that the 2009 H1N1 pandemic has not changed the risk of another pandemic emerging or mean that the severity of any future pandemics will be the same as the 2009 H1N1 outbreak. Whilst there is uncertainty around the nature and characteristics of any future pandemic, there are some key assumptions that will help to inform planning and these have been set out below in Table X: 2011 UK Planning Assumptions. Appendix A compares national planning assumptions published in 2007 (used to plan for the 2009 pandemic), with commentary on the 2009 pandemic and with the 2011 UK Influenza Pandemic Preparedness Strategy. This illustrates the unpredictable nature of pandemics and the requirement for flexibility at all levels of preparedness and response UK Planning Assumptions (2011) While the profile of the next pandemic remains by its very nature unknown, it is prudent to continue to plan and prepare using modelling assumptions based on experiences of previous pandemics. Although all parts of society will be affected by a pandemic, the NHS is likely to be particularly impacted due to an increase in demand for services from patients coupled with a potential reduction in staffing (due to a variety of factors including personal illness and caring responsibilities) and possible supply chain disruptions. Table 2 below sets out the UK Planning Assumptions for Influenza Pandemic (released in 2011) and includes details of how this translates to the population served by. Table 2: 2011 UK Planning Assumptions for Influenza Pandemic Planning Assumption 2011 National Strategy Where it will start An influenza pandemic could emerge anywhere in the world, including in the UK When it will start An influenza pandemic could emerge at any time of the year Stopping the spread It will not be possible to stop the spread of, or to eradicate, the pandemic influenza virus, either in the country of origin or in the UK, as it will spread too rapidly and too widely When it will reach the UK Regardless of where or when it emerges, it is likely to reach the UK very quickly Page 16

18 Part 2: Influenza Pandemic & Strategic Management Planning Assumption How spread will start in the UK 2011 National Strategy From arrival in the UK, it will probably be a further one to two weeks until sporadic cases and small clusters of disease are occurring across the country Where it will first enter the UK Anywhere How long it will last and when it will peak Initially, pandemic influenza activity in the UK may last for three to five months, How many waves there will be There may be subsequent substantial activity weeks or months apart even after the pandemic is declared over; subsequent winters are likely to see a different level of flu activity compared to pre-pandemic winters What the clinical attack rate will be Studies suggest that roughly half of all people will display symptoms (ranging from mild to severe) but the proportion with severe symptoms will not be known in advance. For the population served by Northern Devon Healthcare NHS Trust across North, East & Mid Devon, Torridge and Exeter, this translates to approximately 250,000 people displaying symptoms. How patients will seek healthcare support Health services should prepare for up to 30% of symptomatic patients requiring assessment and treatment in usual pathways of primary care. For the population served by Northern Devon Healthcare NHS Trust, this translates to approximately up to 75,000 people requiring assessment and treatment through means of primary care (non-ndht services). 1-4% of symptomatic patients will require hospital care, depending on how severe the illness caused by the virus is. For the population served by North Devon District Hospital, this translates to between 1,631 and 6,524 people possibly requiring acute care. In addition, there is likely to be increased demand for intensive care. How many deaths there will be Up to 2.5% of those with symptoms could die as a result of influenza if no treatment proved effective. Local planners should prepare to Page 17

19 Part 2: Influenza Pandemic & Strategic Management Planning Assumption 2011 National Strategy cope with a mortality rate of up to ,000 additional deaths. For the population served by Northern Devon Healthcare NHS Trust across North, East & Mid Devon, Torridge and Exeter, this translates to approximately up to 12,377 additional deaths. Which age groups will be affected All ages are likely to be affected but those with certain underlying medical conditions, children and otherwise fit younger adults could be at relatively greater risk as older people may have some residual immunity from previous exposure to a similar virus. How many staff will be absent from work Absence should follow the pandemic profile. Up to 50% of staff may require time off at some stage. In a widespread and severe pandemic, some with caring responsibilities will need additional time off; 15-20% of staff may be absent on any given day. Small units or teams may suffer higher staff absences: 30-35% absent on any given day. How long staff might be absent from work if sick Most people will return to normal activity within 7 to 10 days 11.0 Pandemic Influenza: Risk Assessment 11.1 Introduction Risk assessment is a systematic process for gathering, assessing and documenting information in order to assign a level of risk and is used to form the basis for taking action to manage and reduce the negative consequences of these risks. Locally, (NDHT) has used the outcomes of influenza pandemic risk assessments at a national, regional and local level to inform its planning and response arrangements which are set out in Parts 3, 4 & 5 of this plan National Risk Assessment (UK) The National Risk Register (NRR) of Civil Emergencies provides a government assessment of the likelihood and potential impact of a range of different civil emergency risks (including naturally and accidentally occurring hazards and malicious threats) that may directly affect the UK over the next 5 years. The 2015 edition of the National Risk Register of Civil Emergencies rates pandemic influenza as the most significant civil emergency risk to the UK. Page 18

20 Part 2: Influenza Pandemic & Strategic Management 11.3 Regional Risk Assessment The Devon, Cornwall & Isles of Scilly (DCIoS) Local Resilience Forum (LRF) is required under the Civil Contingencies Act 2004 to assess local risks and present this information within a Community Risk Register which is published online for the information of residents, visitors and businesses. The Community Risk Register (CRR) is a strategic level document and sets out to assess the risks within a local resilience area so that the LRF can prepare, validate and exercise contingency plans. Similarly to the National Risk Register, the local Community Risk Register rates pandemic influenza as very high Local Risk Assessment (NDHT) The Trust has in place its own local risk assessment for Influenza Pandemic which is owned and managed by the Trust s Emergency Preparedness, Resilience and Response (EPRR) Board. The EPRR Board are responsible for regularly reviewing the risk of influenza pandemic and ensuring any updates or changes are reported back to the Senior Governance Manager (Risks and Incidents). A copy of the Trust s risk assessment for Influenza Pandemic can be found under Appendix B The Likely Impacts for the Trust of an Influenza Pandemic The following impacts are likely to be felt by the Trust: A significant increase of demand for the Trust s services (surge), o o o o o An increase in the number of worried well presenting to minor injury units, walk in centres and the Trust s main emergency department An increase in the number of patients requiring admission to the Trust s acute hospital to manage symptoms which cannot be managed independently through self-care in a home environment; An increase in demand for the Trust s intensive care services. During a moderate or severe pandemic, demand may outstrip supply; An increased number of deaths may put a strain on the Trust s mortuary capacity; An increase number of people requiring support by community nursing, complex care and health and social care teams because people who would normally be cared for in hospital may need to be cared for at home or in the community; informal carers may become ill and /or may need to take on a higher level of caring responsibility, so will need to be supported; Page 19

21 Part 2: Influenza Pandemic & Strategic Management the demographic profile of those employed within the sector means that a higher than average proportion of the workforce has personal caring responsibilities (and schools may be closed for longer than usual), and they support people who cannot manage their daily tasks without help and/or whose safety, wellbeing and independence, without intervention, would be at risk. Staff absenteeism due to illness, worry of becoming unwell, needing to care for family or dependents will result in a significantly reduced workforce; Potential interruption to the supply chain; 13.0 International Approach to Influenza Pandemic 13.1 International Coordination The World Health Organization (WHO) is responsible for providing leadership on global health matters, shaping the health research agenda, setting norms and standards, articulating evidence-based policy options, providing technical support to Member States and monitoring and assessing health trends. WHO promotes health as a shared responsibility, involving equitable access to essential care and collective defence against transnational threats. As the directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations (UN) system, WHO has a mandate for global pandemic influenza risk management, which is reflected at all levels of the Organization Global Pandemic Phases The pandemic influenza phases reflect WHO s risk assessment of the global situation regarding each influenza virus with pandemic potential that is infecting humans. These assessments are made initially when such viruses are identified and are updated based on evolving virological, epidemiological and clinical data. The phases provide a high-level, global view of the evolving picture. The global phases interpandemic, alert, pandemic and transition describe the spread of the new influenza subtype, taking account of the disease it causes, around the world. As pandemic viruses emerge, countries and regions face different risks at different times. The risk-based approach to pandemic influenza phases is represented in Figure 1 below as a continuum, which also shows the phases in the context of preparedness, response and recovery, as part of an all-hazards approach to emergency risk management. Page 20

22 Part 2: Influenza Pandemic & Strategic Management Figure 1: The Continuum of Pandemic Phases Interpandemic phase: This is the period between influenza pandemics. Alert phase: This is the phase when influenza caused by a new subtype has been identified in humans. Increased vigilance and careful risk assessment, at local, national and global levels, are characteristic of this phase. If the risk assessments indicate that the new virus is not developing into a pandemic strain, a de-escalation of activities towards those in the interpandemic phase may occur. Pandemic phase: This is the period of global spread of human influenza caused by a new subtype. Movement between the interpandemic, alert and pandemic phases may occur quickly or gradually as indicated by the global risk assessment, principally based on virological, epidemiological and clinical data. Transition phase: As the assessed global risk reduces, de-escalation of global actions may occur, and reduction in response activities or movement towards recovery actions by countries may be appropriate, according to their own risk assessments National Approach to Pandemic Influenza The UK government collaborates actively with international partners on prevention, detection and research to limit the internal spread of a pandemic as far as possible and has in place an established approach for managing influenza pandemic Changes to the previous approach Whilst the overall approach is not substantially different from the 2007 National Framework, there are a number of key changes, reflecting the lessons learned following the H1N1 (2009) influenza pandemic and the recommendations of the independent review and other reports. Chief among these are the need to: Develop better plans for the initial response to a new influenza pandemic, when the focus should be on rapid and accurate assessment of the nature of the influenza virus and its effects, both clinically and in relation to wider public health implications. Page 21

23 Part 2: Influenza Pandemic & Strategic Management Put in place plans to ensure a response that is proportionate to meet the differing demands of pandemic influenza viruses of milder and more severe impact, rather than just focusing on the worst case planning assumptions. Take greater account of age-specific and other differences in the rate and pattern of spread of the disease across the UK and internationally Further explore statistical population-based surveillance, such as serology, to measure the severity of a pandemic in its early stages. Take better account of the learning from behavioural scientists about how people are likely to think, feel and behave during an influenza pandemic. Develop better plans for managing the end of an influenza pandemic the recovery phase and preparation for subsequent seasonal influenza outbreaks. This strategy has been developed jointly across the four UK Governments, with professional, NHS, social care and public health organisations, and based on advice from clinical, scientific and other experts. As a result of their experience in the H1N1 (2009) influenza pandemic, many organisations and individuals gained extensive experience of the challenges that can be posed by a pandemic and this has been reflected throughout this document UK Influenza Pandemic Preparedness Strategy 2011 The UK Influenza Pandemic Preparedness Strategy 2011 builds upon lessons identified during the 2009 pandemic and 2010/11 winter season. This section summarises key aspects of the 2011 strategy and includes references to a range of activities that will be undertaken by various health partners, including Public Health England (PHE), NHS England, providers of NHS funded care and other health and multi-agency partners. The strategy recognises that the World Health Organization pandemic alert phases were not ideally suited as a response framework within individual countries. In 2009, the UK was well into its first wave of infection by the time WHO declared the official start of the pandemic. The use of WHO phases as a trigger for the different stages of local response, as detailed in the 2007 National Framework, proved to be challenging and were ultimately confusing for the public as did the categorisation of UK Alert Levels which were not used. The 2011 UK Strategy recognises that a more flexible approach is required for pandemic preparedness and response. In June 2013, WHO revised its own pandemic preparedness arrangements and published interim guidance on pandemic influenza risk management that is also more flexible than previous guidance and reflects a continuum of influenza activity. The overall objectives of the UK s approach to preparing for an influenza pandemic are to: minimise the potential health impact of a future influenza pandemic minimise the potential impact of a pandemic on society and the economy instil and maintain trust and confidence Page 22

24 Part 2: Influenza Pandemic & Strategic Management Towards this, the strategy identifies a series of stages, referred to as DATER Detection, Assessment, Treatment, Escalation; and Recovery. The stages are not numbered as they are non-linear and may not follow in strict order; it is also possible to move back and forth or jump stages. It should also be recognised that there may not be clear delineation between stages, particularly when considering regional variation and comparisons. The strategy further elaborates on the proportionate aspect of the response by describing the nature and scale of illness in low, moderate and high impact scenarios, and further attributes potential healthcare and wider societal actions as well as key public messages (see Appendix C) Command and Control Arrangements Details of the command and control arrangements during an outbreak of influenza pandemic are set out below in Table 3: Table 3: Command & Control Arrangements Escalation Level Lead Trigger Mechanism WHO have declared a pandemic Alert Phase ; or Detection and Assessment* Phases PHE Public Health England has identified a novel influenza virus, with pandemic potential, circulating in the UK; or An influenza-related Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) is declared by the WHO. Declaration of WHO phase 4 pandemic LHRP teleconference LRF teleconference (Operation Link) Treatment Phase NHS England Containment no longer possible and sustained community transmission in DCIOS or Escalation no longer required and return to treatment phase LHRP teleconference LRF teleconference (Operation Link) Page 23

25 Part 2: Influenza Pandemic & Strategic Management Escalation Level Lead Trigger Mechanism Escalation Phase NHS England Continued escalation of demand causing acute pressures on all health services. LHRP teleconference or meeting (if appropriate) LRF SCG teleconference Recovery Phase NHS England Recovery planning and coordination is initiated during the initial Treatment phase Formal handover will occur when activity has returned to pre-pandemic levels. LHRP teleconference LRF & local authority RCG teleconference * Public Health England have a policy and protocol for identifying and collecting data on the first few hundred (FF100) confirmed cases. PHE will lead on all activity relating to the FF100 protocol collecting clinical, epidemiological and virological information from confirmed cases and their close contacts. Page 24

26 Part 3: Before the Pandemic PART THREE: BEFORE THE PANDEMIC (INTRA-PANDEMIC STAGE) Page 25

27 Part 3: Before the Pandemic 16.0 Introduction In the absence of effective planning, the effects of a pandemic could possibly lead to social and economic disruption, threats to the continuity of essential services, lower productivity, distribution difficulties and shortages of supplies and human resources. It is therefore essential that all organizations, and especially the NHS, plan for how it will respond to the potential challenges and disruptions that a pandemic may cause. This section sets out what the Trust will do between pandemics, during the intrapandemic phase, to ensure it is best placed to respond to any future outbreak of influenza pandemic Planning Principles Planning and preparedness for the next influenza pandemic is beset by the uncertainty of when a pandemic may occur, the unpredictability of the severity of a future pandemic, where it will emerge and the speed with which it will spread, both globally and within the UK. Given this level of uncertainty, three key principles should underpin all pandemic preparedness and response activity: Precautionary: the response to any new virus should take into account the risk that it could be severe in nature; Proportionality: the response to a pandemic should be no more and no less than that necessary in relation to the known risks Flexibility: there should be a consistent, UK-wide approach to the response to a new pandemic but with local flexibility and agility in the timing of transition from one phase of response to another to take account of local patterns of spread of infection and the different healthcare systems in the four countries 18.0 Influenza Pandemic Group In Preparedness The Influenza Pandemic Group (IPG) is a working group of the Trust s Emergency Preparedness, Resilience and Response (EPRR) Board and is responsible for managing the Trust s preparedness for, response to and recovery from any outbreak of influenza pandemic. The IPG is chaired jointly by the Trust s Accountable Emergency Officer (AEO), the Director of Operations, and the Director of Nursing. The Chair is responsible for determining whether the IPG is acting in a state of preparedness, response, or recovery each of which carry their own set of distinct responsibilities. Determining the state of the Group should be undertaken dynamically and in line with that which is set out below in Table 4. Between pandemics and during the earliest detection stage of an outbreak, the IPG will be in a state of preparedness, during which it will meet no less frequently than on a quarterly basis. Page 26

28 Part 3: Before the Pandemic Table 4: Determining the State of the Influenza Pandemic Group DATER Stage Intra-Pandemic Detection Assessment Treatment Escalation Recovery Influenza Pandemic Group In Preparedness In Response In Recovery Whilst in preparedness, the IPG is responsible for developing an Influenza Preparedness Work Programme, focusing on specific work streams, including, but not limited to: Risk Assessment Influenza Pandemic Planning Business Continuity Workforce Planning Infection Prevention & Control Communications Reporting Training Testing & exercising A copy of the Influenza Pandemic Group s Work Programme for the period September 2015 March 2017 can be found within the Group s Terms of Reference Business Continuity Planning An outbreak of influenza pandemic will likely trigger significant disruption for all staff and departments across the Trust. As such, it is essential that the Trust has in place robust business continuity plans to ensure the Trust can continue to deliver its critical and essential services and this will be delivered through the implementation of the Trust s Business Continuity Policy and Trust-wide Business Continuity Plan which sets out how all departments will be expected to develop individual, locally owned, service-level business continuity plans. To help and support Heads of Department develop their service-level business continuity plans, they should use the Trust s Business Continuity Toolkit which will enable them to: Understand their critical and essential processes (Business Impact Analysis) so that they know what they must prioritise in the event of an outbreak of influenza pandemic or other business disruption; Examine the likely impact an outbreak of influenza pandemic on their department or service (Risk Assessment); Page 27

29 Part 3: Before the Pandemic Develop robust plans which they can follow in the event of an outbreak of influenza pandemic (Departmental Business Continuity Plan) Workforce Planning & Development It is essential that the Trust has in place robust arrangements to best maintain the capability of the workforce so it can continue to deliver the critical and essential processes identified within service-level business continuity plans. This should include staff planning, training, health protection and welfare for staff and volunteers (PPE/Vaccination), all of which should account for the specific needs of those who are pregnant or who may be in at risk groups. Flexible planning to make best combined use of staff skills and competencies may enable better quality of services to be maintained, even if high sickness absence levels occur during moderate or severe pandemics. To support the Trust in managing its workforce during an influenza pandemic, it should: Collate workforce information to assist the redeployment of staff during an influenza pandemic or other period of significant business disruption; Collate emergency contact information for all staff; Develop a framework and an operational plan for managing the redeployment of staff in the event of an influenza pandemic or other period of significant business disruption; Develop an operation plan for redeploying staff during an influenza pandemic or other period of significant business disruption; Liaise with local voluntary organisations to identify human and training resources that may be available from them, and vice-versa; Identify those retired professionals who would be willing to work if necessary, and preparing refresher training for them as required; Develop a strategy for managing the distribution and uptake of an influenza vaccine programme for staff; Identify what support will be offered for individual staff and professional groups to address ethical dilemmas that may arise out of their personal and work life during an outbreak of influenza pandemic Infection Prevention & Control Good infection prevention and control procedures will be essential to the successful management of a future outbreak of influenza and as such, the Director of Infection Prevention and Control should ensure: Policies are in place to: Page 28

30 Part 3: Before the Pandemic o o o identify how cases of influenza pandemic will be identified during different stages of a pandemic; identify how the Trust will seek to contain and isolate / cohort patients; identify what personal protective equipment staff will be required to use; Identify which staff require training on influenza pandemic PPE; Develop and roll out a training programme for staff requiring training on influenza pandemic PPE; 22.0 Communications Strong internal and external communications will be essential to the successful management of a future outbreak of influenza and as such, the Head of Communications should: Setup a central address for influenza pandemic (pandemic.ndht@nhs.net) and put in place robust governance arrangements for both security and access Setup dedicated influenza pandemic page setup on BOB Incorporate the requirements of the UK Pandemic Influenza Communications Strategy 2012 in to departmental plans Review the Cabinet Office s Mindspace Influencing behaviour through public policy to enhance the effectiveness of local communication strategies 23.0 Reporting As was experienced during the last outbreak of influenza, (H1N1 Swine Flu), NHS Trusts were routinely expected to submit various SITREPs to the commissioning and coordinating organisations. During the intra-pandemic phase, the Trust should work towards developing an efficient reporting system by identifying the most likely key performance indicators which the Trust may be required to submit during the different stages of an influenza outbreak and ensuring robust systems are put in place to support the collation of these data Developing and Reviewing Plans The Influenza Pandemic Group is response for ensuring the Trust has in place adequate plans to support: The initial response (detection and assessment stages) of an outbreak of influenza The treatment (treatment and escalation stages) of an outbreak of influenza Page 29

31 Part 3: Before the Pandemic The recovery (recovery stage) of an outbreak of influenza This plan should then be reviewed: After any outbreak of an influenza pandemic; Following the release of any new/revised guidance for influenza pandemic; Following any test or exercise of this plan; or If none of these apply, annually Testing & Exercising Plans To validate the Trust s plans and ensure they are fit for purpose, the Trust should test and exercise its plans for influenza pandemic on at least a bi-annual basis through holding a tabletop exercise. In addition, the Trust should make arrangements to attend any multi-agency exercises held by partner organisations. Page 30

32 Part 4: The Initial Response PART FOUR: THE INITIAL RESPONSE (DETECTION & ASSESSMENT STAGES) Page 31

33 Part 4: The Initial Response 26.0 The Detection Stage The Detection Stage would commence on either the declaration of the current WHO phase 4 or earlier on the basis of reliable intelligence or if an influenza-related Public Health Emergency of International Concern (or PHEIC) is declared by the WHO. The focus for this stage lies mainly with the Department of Health, health protection teams and Public Health England who are responsible for: intelligence gathering from countries already affected; undertaking enhanced surveillance within the UK; developing diagnostic tests specific to the new virus; and disseminating information and communications to the public and professionals; The role of the Trust will be minimal at this stage and as such the IPG will remain in a state of preparedness, not response. The indicator for moving to the next stage would be the identification of the novel influenza virus in patients in the UK The Assessment Stage The Assessment Stage would commence when the influenza virus had been identified in patients in the UK. The focus in this stage would be: the collection and analysis of detailed clinical and epidemiological information on early cases, on which to base early estimates of impact and severity in the UK; reducing the risk of transmission and infection with the virus within the local community by: o o o o actively finding cases; encourage self-isolation of confirmed and suspected cases; treatment of cases / suspected cases; and use of antiviral prophylaxis for close / vulnerable contacts, based on a risk assessment of the possible impact of the disease. The indicator for moving from this stage would be evidence of sustained community transmission of the virus, i.e. cases not linked to any known or previously identified cases. Together, the detection and assessment stages are known as the initial response. This may be relatively short and the phases may be combined depending on the speed with which the virus spreads, or the severity with which individuals and communities are affected. It will not be possible to halt the spread of a new pandemic influenza virus, and it would be a waste of public health resources and capacity to attempt to do so. Page 32

34 Part 4: The Initial Response 28.0 Influenza Pandemic Group In Response Upon reaching the Assessment Stage, the IPG will move from a state of preparedness to response. In response, the IPG is responsible for coordinating the Trust s response to an outbreak of influenza, in line with the details set out in this plan. In addition, the IPG should ensure that the response of the Trust is in line with the NHS s strategic response objectives, as set out below in Section In response, the IPG will meet on a much more regular basis than when in preparedness and this frequency will be determined by the co-chairs. Depending on the scale and impacts of the pandemic, the IPG may meet anywhere from a daily to monthly basis NHS Strategic Response Objectives The strategic objectives for the NHS in a pandemic response are to: provide the public with information contain the emergency, limiting its escalation or spread maintain critical and normal services at an appropriate level in response to pressures during the pandemic protect the health and safety of personnel promote self-help and recovery maintain timely and appropriate reporting of the situation to inform decisions restore normality as soon as possible evaluate the response and identifying lessons to be learned 30.0 Identifying Cases of Influenza Influenza cannot be distinguished on clinical grounds from many other respiratory viral infections, however, the probability of true influenza infection increases sharply when flu is actually circulating. Early in the Assessment Stage, the Trust can expect to receive clinical information and algorithms which can be used to help determine whether or not a patient might have become infected with the new influenza virus. As was experienced with H1N1 (Swine Flu) in 2009, the Trust can expect to receive many updates on this information as the epidemiological data becomes more available and better understood. It is vital that clinical staff have access to the latest clinical information and algorithms and the IPG will ensure that this information is made available on a dedicated page on the Trust s Intranet, BOB. Page 33