Antigenicity of Influenza Vaccine from Bovine Cell Cultures
|
|
- Erick McDonald
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Oct. 1969, p Copyright 1969 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 18, No. 4 Printed in U.S.A. Antigenicity of Influenza Vaccine from Bovine Cell Cultures EDUARDO LEIDERMAN1 AND WILLIAM J. MOGABGAB Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana Received for publication 26 June 1969 An experimental vaccine prepared from influenza virus strains propagated in bovine kidney cell cultures, purified by zonal centrifugation, and further treated with ether was studied in man for the incidence of clinical reactions and hemagglutination-inhibition antibody levels induced. The results were equivalent to those obtained in a simultaneous study made with a commercially licensed influenza vaccine derived from viruses propagated in the embryonated egg and also purified by zonal centrifugation, but not treated with ether. Comparison of the macromethod and the micromethod for determination of hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers revealed that lower initial titers and lesser increments in antibody levels following vaccination were obtained by the microtechnique. Influenza vaccines have been conventionally prepared with viruses propagated in embryonated chicken eggs. Although the allantoic sac has provided a suitable medium for growth of all influenza A and B viruses in quantities sufficient for vaccine production, there are certain residual problems that suggest the desirability of additional or substitute methods. Allergy to chickens or their eggs, though uncommon, precludes the use of all presently available vaccines. Some of these egg-allergic persons need annual vaccination because they are among the "high risk group," and all allergic individuals eventually will be in this vulnerable state as they become older (6). Furthermore, there are still technical difficulties present in harvesting allantoic fluids and maintaining sterility. Safety of embryonated chicken egg vaccines is generally accepted, but there are questions regarding the potential of contaminating avian leukosis virus even in inactivated vaccines. Production of purified vaccines has reduced the intensity of local and systemic reactions markedly and provided more uniform concentrations of antigen (1, 8). Described in this report are the local and systemic reactions and antibody responses to two purified influenza vaccines, one derived from bovine kidney cell culture-propagated viruses and the other from the chorioallantoic fluids of the chicken embryo. It will be shown that vaccines derived from viruses propagated in bovine kidney cell cultures is equivalent to vaccine prepared from chicken embryos. I W. K. Kellogg Foundation Fellow. 596 MATERIALS AND METHODS Vaccines. Bovine kidney cell culture vaccine was provided by the Infectious Disease Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Ill. Viruses for this vaccine were propagated in primary kidney cell cultures from newborn calves. Culture fluids were concentrated and purified by density gradient centrifugation in sucrose, by use of zonal centrifuge equipment. The purified concentrates were subjected to ether treatment and inactivated with formaldehyde (J. L. Gerin et al., Fed. Proc., p. 365, 1968). The vaccine contained: influenza A2/Japan 170/62, 150 chicken cell agglutinating (CCA) units; influenza A2/Taiwan 1/64, 150 CCA units; and influenza B/ Massachusetts 3/66, 300 CCA units, in 0.5 ml of aqueous suspension (4). The vaccine had been safety tested by following the requirements of the Division of Biologics Standards, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. Chicken embryo vaccine (Zonomune, Eli Lilly and Co.) was a licensed, commercially obtained lot that had been prepared with chicken embryo-propagated viruses and purified by zonal centrifugation (8). It contained the same concentrations and types of viruses as noted for the bovine kidney cell vaccine described above. Vaccinations, observations for reactions, and bleeding plan. A total of 257 volunteers, comprising Tulane University students and staff, aged 20 to 73 years with a median age of 27 years, were given alternately 0.5 ml each of either bovine cell or chicken embryo vaccine. Injection was subcutaneous in the deltoid area. Prior to administering vaccine, oral temperatures were recorded and subjects were questioned concerning allergy to chicken eggs, beef, or any biological products. All individuals were examined and questioned at 24 and 48 hr after vaccination for evidence of local or systemic reactions, and oral temperatures were again
2 VOL. 18, 1969 ANTIGENICITY OF INFLUENZA VACCINE recorded. Blood specimens were obtained immediately prior to vaccination and 3 weeks later. These procedures were completed during the fall of 1968, prior to the appearance of influenza-like illnesses in this population or the detection of influenza A2 (Hong Kong) in the community. Antibody determinations. All sera were treated with an equal volume of receptor-destroying enzyme (RDE) that had been prepared as a broth culture filtrate of Vibrio cholerae. These sera were then incubated at 37 C overnight and heated at 56 C for 30 min. Viruses propagated in the chicken embryo included those contained in the vaccines and the influenza A2/Aichi 2/68 (Hong Kong) strain (6). For hemagglutinationinhibition antibody determinations, four hemagglutinating units of virus were added to twofold dilutions of sera, and the mixture was incubated at room temperature for 30 min. Inhibition titers were determined at 4 C with human type 0 erythrocytes at a final concentration of 0.25%. The final total volume was 1 ml in tubes with hemispherical bottoms with an internal diameter of 10 mm (macrotechnique). Titers were recorded as the greatest initial dilution of antiserum that inhibited hemagglutination. Microserology. Hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers were also determined by a microtechnique (10). Takatsy "tulip type" loops (0.025 ml; Cooke Engineering Co., Alexandria, Va.) and disposable plastic trays, with 96 V-shaped wells of 0.3 ml capacity each (No. IS-MVC-96, Linbro Chemical Co., New Haven, Conn.), were used. Diluent was distributed in the trays with ml calibrated dropper pipettes (Cooke Engineering Co.), and sera were added and manually diluted with the loops in groups of eight. RESULTS Incidence of local and systemic reactions. Comparison of reactions to bovine cell and chicken embryo vaccines is shown in Table 1. Systemic manifestations were few and mild after either vaccine. Only three persons in each group had a temperature elevation. Other symptoms, such as headache, malaise, and chills, were minimal and infrequent and had usually disappeared by 48 hr. Pain at the site of injection was absent or mild in most subjects. Some degree of erythema was observed in about half of all subjects. Edema and induration in the inoculation area was found in 20% of the individuals. Antigenicity of bovine kidney cell vaccine. The distributions of hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers to the viruses contained in the bovine cell vaccine are shown in Table 2. Relatively high prevaccination antibody titers were detected by all three antigens, and increases in titer were not of great magnitude. However, final mean antibody titers were high. Lower levels of antibody were observed with influenza A2/Aichi 2/68, and some response occurred even though this virus was not included in the vaccine. The data were analyzed to determine the rela- 597 TABLE 1. Incidence of reactions to bovine cell and chicken embryo influenza vaccines Per cent with reaction after vaccination with a Reaction Degree of Bovine cell Chicken emvaccine bryo vaccine 24 hr 48 hr 24 hr 48 hr Systemic Tempera- > ture ele F vation Headache Malaise Chills Local Pain Severe Mild Calor Erythema 1-5 cm 40.6 ' Swelling 1-5 cm Induration 1-5 cm a The number of subjects observed following bovine cell vaccine was 133 at 24 hr and 129 at 48 hr; the number observed following chicken embryo vaccine was 124 at 24 hr and 122 at 48 hr. tionship of the antibody levels before vaccination to those after vaccination (Table 3). Antibody titers against all four antigens were increased to a greater degree in those with lower preimmunization levels. Antigenicity of chicken embryo vaccine. Results similar to those described in the preceding section were obtained with chicken embryo vaccine (Table 4). Again, relatively high levels of antibody were present prior to vaccination, but mean antibody titers were several-fold greater afterwards. These data were also analyzed according to the antibody levels observed before vaccination (Table 5). Increments in mean antibody titers were greater in those persons with lower levels of prevaccination antibody. Thus, it appears that some of the individuals who received either chicken embryo or bovine cell vaccine did not have much response because they already had relatively high antibody levels. Antibody titers determined by microtechnique. Hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers were determined by a microprocedure with sera obtained before and after administration of chicken embryo vaccine (Table 6). Prevaccination and postvaccination antibody levels were lower than those obtained by the macrotechnique described
3 t ~~~~~~~~~~ LEIDERMAN AND MOGABGAB APPL. MICROBIOL. TABLE 2. Distribution of hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers before and after bovine cell influenza vaccine; macrotechnique Antigen Seruma 8 Total Median Meanb bmean- fold.dq Go ~~~~~~increase V so e4;s00sus 0 00%OeO V0000 4s oc A A2/Japan Pre , /62 Post ,096 2, A2/Taiwan Pre /64 Post ,096 2, A2/Aichi Pre /68 Post B/Mass Pre /66 Post , a Pre=before vaccination; Post=3 weeks after vaccination. b Geometric means with titers of less than 1-4 were calculated as 0. TABLE 3. Influence of initial hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titer on response to bovine cell influenza vaccine; macrotechnique Geometric reciprocal Prevaccne, recprocalmean titersa8emti Antigen No. of sera Prevaccre reciprocale mean-fold A2/Japan 170/ , ,048->8,192 3, , A2/Taiwan 1/ , ,024->8,192 1, , A2/Aichi 2/68 46 < , B/Ma ss 3/ >8, , apre = before vaccination; Post = after vaccination. TABLE 4. Distribution of hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers before and after chicken embryo influenza vaccine; macrotechnique Antigen Serum! Total Median Mean afold 0 4 O o > ^It i8 - increase _5'le4100 '01+1- N u1 4 AI I A2/Japan Pre /62 Post ,024 1, A2/Taiwan Pre ,024 1, /64 Post ,096 3, A2/Aichi2/68 Pre Post B/Mass 3/66 Pre Post a See footnote a, Table 2. Pre Post in the previous section. Mean-fold increases in titer were also smaller. Analysis of the results (Table 7) showed similarities to those found with the macroprocedure in that increments in mean antibody titers were greater in the group that showed lower initial levels of antibody. However, the increments were not as large as were those obtained by the macrotechnique.
4 VOL. 18, 1969 ANTIGENICITY OF INFLUENZA VACCINE 599 TABLE 5. Influence of initial hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titer on response to chicken embryo influenza vaccine; macrotechnique Geometric reciprocal Antigen Antigen N. No. of sera Prevaccine reciprocal mean titersa Geometric titer mean-fold range -increase Pre Post A2/Japan 170/ , ,024->8,192 1, , A2/Taiwan 1/ , ,024->8,192 2, , A2/Aichi 2/68 48 < , B/Mass 3/66 37 < >8, , a See footnote a, Table 3. TABLE 6. Distribution of hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers before and after chicken embryo influenza vaccine; microtechnique Antigen Serum-a Total Median Mean increase A2/Japan 170/62 Pre Post A2/Taiwan 1/64 Pre Post A2/Aichi 2/68 Pre Post B/Mass 3/66 Pre Post a See footnote a, Table 2. TABLE 7. Influence of initial hemagglutinationinhibition antibody titer on response to chicken embryo influenza vaccine; microtechnique Geometric No. Prevaccine reciprocal Geometric Antigen of reciprocal mean titersa mean-fold sera titer range increase Pre Post A2/Japan / A2/Taiwan / A2/Aichi / B/Mass / a See footnote a, Table 3. In an effort to determine the reason for these differences, simultaneous macro- and microtitrations were done with sera from a single subject immunized with influenza A2/Aichi 2/68 monovalent vaccine. Hemagglutination-inhibi- z CD z t-z I ,, v MACRO -I * o MCRO * L MICRO (cilution with bopu) LOG SERUM DILUTION FIG. 1. Linear relationship between the quantity of virus and the concentration ofprevaccination and postvaccination sera as determined by macro- and microtechniques of hemagglutination-inhibition.
5 600 LEIDERMAN AND MOGABGAB APPL. MICROBIOL. tion antibody titers were determined separately to 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, and 0.5 hemagglutinating units of virus. Sera and virus were diluted with pipettes in tubes, and samples were distributed in tubes (macro) and plastic trays (micro). For the latter, ml amounts were dispersed with calibrated disposable pipettes. The same determinations were also made by the usual microtechnique, diluting the sera with Takatsy loops. The procedures were repeated five times and mean titers were calculated and plotted (Fig. 1). The slopes determined by these results show that, whereas dilution with pipettes produced very similar and parallel results in tubes and trays, dilution with Takatsy loops yielded lower and unpredictable values. DISCUSSION The minimal nature of the local and systemic reactions to the bovine cell and chicken embryo vaccines described herein demonstrates the desirability of refined influenza vaccines (1, 8; J. L. Gerin et al., Fed. Proc., p. 365, 1968). Whether purification and ether treatment reduced potential toxic effects of calf kidney cell-propagated virus vaccine is not known. However, procedures of this type reduce the amount of extraneous substances and certainly provide a preferable product for injection into man. It was of interest that the chicken embryo vaccine prepared with influenza viruses purified by zonal centrifugation, but not ether-treated, caused no more reactions than did the bovine cell vaccine that had been purified by zonal centrifugation and ether-treated as well. However, the two vaccines were derived from viruses propagated in different host systems, and comparisons of the procedures utilized for purification may not be justified. Comparable antibody responses were expected from the bovine cell and chicken embryo vaccines on the basis of their hemagglutinin contents. Whether the host cell used for propagation of the virus altered antigenicity sufficiently to affect protection induced by the vaccine has not been determined (5). Nevertheless, it is likely that both of these vaccines would have provided protection from natural infection by virus strains related to those included in the vaccines (2, 9). The introduction of a new host system for vaccine production raises questions as to the presence of undesirable substances, allergens, or contaminating viruses. However, many types of biologicals, including smallpox vaccine, have been derived from bovine sources without obvious untoward effects in man. Although chicken egg-sensitive individuals are not numerous, the "high risk" persons of this type need an influenza vaccine prepared in cells other than those of the chicken embryo. To establish efficacy of an influenza vaccine, large-scale field studies are required to determine protective effects. Whether many thousands of individuals should be given bovine kidney cell influenza vaccine until this can be determined, or whether the vaccine should be made available on a limited basis for these special persons, is uncertain. Degree of protection is predictable on the basis of antigenicity studies in man and animals. The lower hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers and, particularly, the smaller increments in titer obtained by the microtechnique present significant problems that must be considered in evaluating influenza vaccines by this procedure. These results most probably were caused by the diluting method. Variations in volume due to presence of microbubbles in the loops, contact of loops with the well walls, and other factors such as those described by Hirata et al. (3) might have been responsible. Thus, the savings gained from the microtechnique do not justify its use instead of the standardized and wellknown macroprocedure for measurement of hemagglutination-inhibition antibody levels, especially for evaluation of influenza vaccine. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This investigation was supported by a grant from Abbott Laboratories, Scientific Divisions, North Chicago, Ill. The contributions of John 0. McLain are acknowledged. LITERATURE CITED 1. Davenport, F. M., A. V. Hennessy, F. M. Brandon, R. G. Webster, C. D. Barrett, and G. 0. Lease Comparisons of serologic and febrile responses in humans to vaccination with influenza A viruses or their hemagglutinins. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 63: Francis, T., and H. F. Maasab Influenza viruses, p In F. L. Horsfall and I. Tamm (ed.), Viral and rickettsial infections in man, 4th ed. J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia. 3. Hirata, A. A., D. S. Grant, and L. R. Draper Factors affecting the passive hemagglutination titration: dilution loops, titration trays, vibration, diluents. Appl. Microbiol 17: Miller, G. L., and W. M. Stanley Quantitative aspects of the red blood cell agglutination test for influenza virus. J. Exp. Med. 79: Mogabgab, W. J Influenza A and B viruses in monkey kidney cultures. II. Immunogenicity and characteristics of the neutralization reaction as compared to those of chick embryo-propagated viruses. J. Infec. Dis. 109: National Communicable Disease Center Influenza surveillance report no. 72, 31 May National Cornmunicable Disease Center, Public Health Service, Atlanta, Ga. 7. National Communicable Disease Center Morbidity and mortality, vol. 17, no National Communicable Disease Center, Public Health Service, Atlanta, Ga. 8. Peck, F. B Purified influenza virus vaccine. A study of viral reactivity and antigenicity. J. Amer. Med. Ass., 206: Salk, J. E., W. J. Menke, and T. Francis A clinical, epidemiological and immunological evaluation of vaccination against epidemic influenza. Amer. J. Hyg. 42: Sever, J. L Application of a microtechnique to vira serological investigations. J. Immunol. 88:
Tween-Ether-Treated Influenza Vaccine
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, OCt. 97, p. 544-55 Vol., No. 4 Copyright 97 American Society for Microbiology Printed in U.S.A. Enhanced Immunogenicity in Mice of a Purified, Tween-Ether-Treated Influenza Vaccine
More informationHAROLD S. M.S. Georgia the administration of large doses of the appropriate. IN a previous study (Kaye, Dowdle & McQueen,
Postgraduate Medical Journal (March 1973) 49, 152-158. Inactivated vaccines. 1. Volunteer studies with very high doses of influenza vaccine purified by zonal ultracentrifugation STEVEN R. STEPHEN C. M.D.
More informationInduction of an Inhibitor of Influenza Virus Hemagglutination
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Apr. 1968, p. 563-568 Copyright @ 1968 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 16, No. 4 Printed in U.S.A. Induction of an Inhibitor of Influenza Virus Hemagglutination by Treatment
More informationUltraviolet Light Upon Influenza Virus Infectivity,
APPuED MICROBIOLOGY, Feb. 197, p. 29-294 Copyright @ 197 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 19, No. 2 Printed in U.S.A. Effect of Formalin, 3-Propiolactone, Merthiolate, and Ultraviolet Light Upon
More informationhowever, and the present communication is concerned with some of
THE AGGLUTINATION OF HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES MODIFIED BY TREATMENT WITH NEWCASTLE DISEASE AND INFLUENZA VIRUS' ALFRED L. FLORMAN' Pediatric Service and Division of Bacteriology, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New
More informationApplication of the Single Radial Diffusion Test for Assay of
JOURNAL OF CUNICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Dec. 1975, p. 531-540 Copyright 1975 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 2. No. 6 Printed in U.S.A. Application of the Single Radial Diffusion Test for Assay of Antibody
More information(From the Department of Epidemiology and Virus Laboratory, School of Pubbic Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor) Methods
Published Online: 1 November, 1948 Supp Info: http://doi.org/1.184/jem.88.5.515 Downloaded from jem.rupress.org on May 3, 218 THE RELATION OF INFECTIOUS AND HEMAGGLUTINATION TITERS TO THE ADAPTATION OF
More informationYellow Fever Vaccine: Direct Challenge of Monkeys Given Graded Doses of 17D
AppuzD MmcoaioLOGy, Apr. 1973, p. 539-544. Copyright i 1973 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 25, No. 4 Printed in U.SA. Yellow Fever Vaccine: Direct Challenge of Monkeys Given Graded Doses of 17D
More informationEffect of Complement and Viral Filtration on the
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, JUlY 1968, p. 1076-1080 Copyright @ 1968 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 16, No. 7 Printed in U.S.A. Effect of Complement and Viral Filtration on the Neutralization of Respiratory
More informationNOTES CONTAMINATION OF CYNOMOLGUS MONKEY KIDNEY CELL CULTURES BY HEMAGGLUTINATING SIMIAN VIRUS (SV 5)
Japan. J. Med. Sci. Biol., 18, 151-156, 1965 NOTES CONTAMINATION OF CYNOMOLGUS MONKEY KIDNEY CELL CULTURES BY HEMAGGLUTINATING SIMIAN VIRUS (SV 5) Since the extensive use of cynomolgus monkey kidney cell
More informationFACTORS INFLUENCING VARIOLA VIRUS GROWTH ON THE CHORIOALLANTOIC MEMBRANE OF EMBRYONATED EGGS
FACTORS INFLUENCING VARIOLA VIRUS GROWTH ON THE CHORIOALLANTOIC MEMBRANE OF EMBRYONATED EGGS NICHOLAS HAHON, MILTON RATNER, AND EDMUND KOZIKOWSKI U. S. Army Chemical Corps, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
More information(From the Department of Animal and Plant Pathology of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, New Jersey)
THE YIELD OF RABIES VIRUS IN THE CHICK EMBRYO BY BJORN SIGURDSSON, M.D.* (From the Department of Animal and Plant Pathology of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, New Jersey) (Received
More informationG. W. WOOD J. C. MUSKETT and D. H. THORNTON MAFF, Central Veterinary Laboratory, New Haw, Weybridge, Surrey, U.K.
J. Comp. Path. 1986 vol. 96 OBSERVATIONS ON THE ABILITY OF AVIAN REOVIRUS VACCINMATION OF HENS TO PROTECT THEIR PROGENY AGAINST THE EFFECTS OF CHALLENGE WITH HOMOLOGOUS AND HETEROLOGOUS STRAINS By G. W.
More informationIntroduction.-Cytopathogenic viruses may lose their cell-destroying capacity
AN INHIBITOR OF VIRAL ACTIVITY APPEARING IN INFECTED CELL CULTURES* BY MONTO Hot AND JOHN F. ENDERS RESEARCH DIVISION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES, THE CHILDREN'S MEDICAL CENTER, AND THE DEPARTMENT OF BACTERIOLOGY
More informationDetection of neuraminidase-inhibiting antibodies for measurement of Influenza vaccine immunogenicity
Borgis New Med 2015; 19(4): 147-155 DOI: 10.5604/14270994.1191796 Detection of neuraminidase-inhibiting antibodies for measurement of Influenza vaccine immunogenicity *Mónika Rózsa 1, István Jankovics
More informationChikungunya Virus Vaccine Prepared by
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Feb. 1970, p. 321-325 Copyright co 1970 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 19, No. 2 Printed in U.S.A. Chikungunya Virus Vaccine Prepared by Tween-Ether Extraction KENNETH H.
More informationAvian Infectious Bronchitis Vaccine, Inactivated
Avian Infectious Bronchitis Vaccine, Inactivated Avian Infectious Bronchitis Vaccine, Inactivated consists of an emulsion or a suspension of one or more serotypes of avian infectious bronchitis virus which
More informationTyphoid Fever II. Received for publication 6 May % saline was administered to human volunteers
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Dec. 1975, p. 1290-1294 Copyright( 1975 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 12,, No. 6 Printed in U.S.A. Vi Antigen From Salmonella typhosa And Immunity Against Typhoid Fever
More informationRole of Interferon in the Propagation of MM Virus in L Cells
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Oct. 1969, p. 584-588 Copyright ( 1969 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 18, No. 4 Printed in U S A. Role of Interferon in the Propagation of MM Virus in L Cells DAVID J. GIRON
More informationConcentration and Purification of Influenza Virus on Insoluble Polyelectrolytes
APPEuw MicRoBIoLoGY, Apr. 1972, p. 740-744 Copyright 0 1972 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 23, No. 4 Printed in U.S.A. Concentration and Purification of Influenza Virus on Insoluble Polyelectrolytes
More informationNovartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l
28 OCT 15 Page 1 of 11 Sponsor: Investigational Product: Indication: Protocol Number: Protocol Title: Phase of Development: and Diagnostics S.r.l ativ (Adjuvanted trivalent influenza virus vaccine (surface
More informationImmobilized Virions, and Mixed Hemadsorption
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 1977, p. 346-352 Copyright 1977 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 5, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. New Tests for Characterization of Mumps Virus Antibodies: Hemolysis
More information(;[rowth Charaeteristies of Influenza Virus Type C in Avian Hosts
Archives of Virology 58, 349--353 (1978) Archives of Virology by Springer-Verlag 1978 (;[rowth Charaeteristies of Influena Virus Type C in Avian Hosts Brief Report By M ~R A~N D. AUSTIn, A. S. MONTO, and
More informationINTRABULBAR INOCULATION OF JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS TO MICE
THE KURUME MEDICAL JOURNAL Vol. 15, No. 1, 1968 INTRABULBAR INOCULATION OF JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS TO MICE TOSHINORI TSUCHIYA Department of Microbiology, and Department of Ophthalmology, Kurume University
More informationC for 2 hr at 22,620 X G. The supernatant fluid. was discarded and the sediment resuspended to
SAFETY TEST FOR Q FEVER VACCINE SANFORD BERMAN, GERALD LE, JOSEPH P. LOWENTHAL, AND RAYMOND B. GOCHENOUR Department of Biologics Research, Division of Immunology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research,
More informationPrimary Isolation and Cultivation of Viruses
Primary Isolation and Cultivation of Viruses Practical Medical Virology 450 MBIO 2017-18 01/10/2017 Amal Alghamdi Reham Alahmadi Dalia Alsrar 1 Diagnostic Virology Virus Isolation and Cultivation Viral
More informationA/California/7/2009 (H1N1) (NYMC X-179A) (A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)v-like) 15 µg haemagglutinin (HA) per dose
NAME OF THE MEDICINE Panvax H1N1 Vaccine H1N1 Pandemic influenza vaccine (split virion, inactivated). DESCRIPTION Panvax H1N1 Vaccine is a purified, inactivated, monovalent, split virion (split virus)
More informationInactivated Influenza Vaccine Efficacy: Diminished Antigenicity of Split-Product Vaccines in Mice
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Dec. 1974, p. 1329-1336 Copyright 1974 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 10, No. 6 Printed in U.S.A. Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Efficacy: Diminished Antigenicity of Split-Product
More informationRG12T. For In Vitro Diagnostic Use. Passive Particle-Agglutination Test for Detection of Antibodies to HTLV-
RG12T Read this insert carefully before performing the assay and keep for future reference. The reliability of assay procedures other than those described in this package insert cannot be guaranteed. For
More informationRecommended laboratory tests to identify influenza A/H5 virus in specimens from patients with an influenza-like illness
World Health Organization Recommended laboratory tests to identify influenza A/H5 virus in specimens from patients with an influenza-like illness General information Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)
More informationCross-Reactivity to Field Isolates of Canine Influenza Virus by a Killed Canine Influenza Virus (H3N8, Iowa05) Vaccine
Cross-Reactivity to Field Isolates of Canine Influenza Virus by a Killed Canine Influenza Virus (H3N8, Iowa05) Vaccine Nancee Oien, B.S., M.S. a Sally Mattern, B.S a Jaime Brozowski, B.S., M.S. b Janet
More informationEFFICACY OF AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUS LOCALLY MANUFACTURED AND IMPORTED VACCINES ABSTRACT
Shaukat et al., The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 26(3): 2016, Page: J. 653-657 Anim. Plant Sci. 26(3):2016 ISSN: 1018-7081 EFFICACY OF AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUS LOCALLY MANUFACTURED AND IMPORTED VACCINES
More informationHARMONISATION OF REQUIREMENTS FOR INFLUENZA VACCINES
3AB14a HARMONISATION OF REQUIREMENTS FOR INFLUENZA VACCINES Guideline Title Harmonisation of Requirements for Influenza Vaccines Legislative basis Directive 75/318/EEC as amended Date of first adoption
More information[333] STUDIES IN NEWCASTLE DISEASE IV. RAPID METHODS OF DIAGNOSIS. purposes. in the field. In both instances the methods described have proven
STUDIES IN NEWCASTLE DISEASE IV. RAPID METHODS OF DIAGNOSIS By R. V. L. WALKER* T1he diagnosis of Newcastle disease is of great importance in the handling of outbreaks in flocks throughout Canada. Laboratory
More informationhemagglutinin and the neuraminidase genes (RNA/recombinant viruses/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis/genetics)
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 73, No. 6, pp. 242-246, June 976 Microbiology Mapping of the influenza virus genome: Identification of the hemagglutinin and the neuraminidase genes (RNA/recombinant viruses/polyacrylamide
More informationPlaque Assay of Sendai Virus in Monolayers of a Clonal Line
JOURNAL OF CUNICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Feb. 1976. p. 91-95 Copyright 1976 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 3, No. 2 Printed in U.SA. Plaque Assay of Sendai Virus in Monolayers of a Clonal Line of Porcine
More information(From the Hospital of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research)
NEUTRALIZATION OF VIRUSES BY HOMOLOGOUS IMMUNE SERUM II. THEORETICAL STUDY OP THE EQUILIBRIUM STATE BY DAVID A. J. TYP.RELL, M.R.C.P. (From the Hospital of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research)
More informationInhibition of Virus Release by Antibodies to Surface Antigens of
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Feb. 1974, P. 269-275 Copyright 0 1974 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 13, No. 2 Printed in U.S.A. Inhibition of Virus Release by Antibodies to Surface Antigens of Influenza
More informationRubella Latex Agglutination Test
Rubella Latex Agglutination Test Cat. No.:DLAT1088 Pkg.Size:30T Intended use The Rubella Latex Agglutination Test is a rapid latex particle agglutination test for the qualitative and semi-quantitative
More informationPathogenesis of Simian Foamy Virus Infection in Natural and Experimental Hosts
INCTION AD ImmuNrry, Sept. 1975, p. 470-474 Copyright 0 1975 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 12, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. Pathogenesis of Simian Foamy Virus Infection in Natural and Experimental
More informationIMMUNOGENICITY OF FORMALDYDE INACTIVATED NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS FIELD ISOLATE IN MATERNAL ANTIBODY FREE CHICKENS
IMMUNOGENICITY OF FORMALDYDE INACTIVATED NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS FIELD ISOLATE IN MATERNAL ANTIBODY FREE CHICKENS Anak Agung Ayu Mirah Adi 1 *, IGusti Agung Arta Putra 2, Nyoman Mantik Astawa 3, I Made
More informationHAI and NAI as Correlates of Protection After Influenza Vaccination
HAI and NAI as Correlates of Protection After Influenza Vaccination Arnold S. Monto Thomas Francis Jr. Professor University of Michigan School of Public Health Ann Arbor, Michigan Having Correlates is
More informationTo detect antibodies to Avian Influenza (AI) using the haemagglutination inhibition test in avian serum specimens 2.
SADC Harmonized SOP for Avian Influenza HA and HI Serological Tests Prepared by: Dr. P.V. Makaya, Dr. Joule Kangumba and Ms Delille Wessels Reviewed by Dr. P.V. Makaya 1. Purpose and scope To detect antibodies
More informationSTUDIES OF THE HEMAGGLUTININ OF HAEMOPHILUS PERTUSSIS HIDEO FUKUMI, HISASHI SHIMAZAKI, SADAO KOBAYASHI AND TATSUJI UCHIDA
STUDIES OF THE HEMAGGLUTININ OF HAEMOPHILUS PERTUSSIS HIDEO FUKUMI, HISASHI SHIMAZAKI, SADAO KOBAYASHI AND TATSUJI UCHIDA The National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan (Received: August 3rd, 1953) INTRODUCTION
More informationFluvax vaccine 2010 (TT ) 0.5 ml and 10 x 0.5 ml film-wrapped presentations November 2009
Fluvax INACTIVATED INFLUENZA VACCINE (SPLIT VIRION) For the prevention of influenza caused by Influenza Virus, Types A and B Season 2010 NAME OF THE MEDICINE Fluvax vaccine Inactivated influenza vaccine
More informationWHO PACKAGE INSERT. GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals FluLaval. Dossier First - Chapter 1 to 10 for WHO
77 WHO PACKAGE INSERT 11 Chapter 4_Annex 4.4-1_ WHO leaflet_en - Page 1 78 1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT, suspension for injection Influenza vaccine (split virion, inactivated) 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE
More informationReagents for the Typing of Human Influenza Isolates 2011
Reagents for the Typing of Human Influenza Isolates 2011 This product was developed by the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL) in its capacity as a WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference
More informationTHE CYTOPATHOGENIC ACTION OF BLUETONGUE VIRUS ON TISSUE CULTURES AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES IN THE SERUM OF SHEEP.
Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, Volume 27, Number 2, October, 1956. The Government Printer. THE CYTOPATHOGENIC ACTION OF BLUETONGUE VIRUS ON TISSUE CULTURES AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE DETECTION
More informationResponse of Volunteers to Inoculation with Hemagglutininpositive and Hemaggiutinin-negative Variants of Coxsackie A21 Virus *
Journal of Clinical Investigation Vol. 44, No. 7, 1965 Response of Volunteers to Inoculation with Hemagglutininpositive and Hemaggiutinin-negative Variants of Coxsackie A21 Virus * DAvm J. LANG, THOMAS
More informationAmantadine in Tissue Culture'
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, Sept., 1965 Copyright 1965 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 90, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. Mode of Action of the Antiviral Activity of Amantadine in Tissue Culture' C. E. HOFFMANN,
More informationMicro haemagglutination test in a V-bottom microwell plate
Micro haemagglutination test in a V-bottom microwell plate This method is convenient when testing allantoic fluid from a large number of embryonated eggs for the presence or absence of haemagglutinin.
More informationULOMA VENERUM GROUP AND HERPES SIMPLEX UNDER GIRARDI,1. Horsfall (1940) has shown that at -70 C most viruses retain their infectivity
PRESERVATION OF VIRUSES OF THE PSITTACOSIS-LYMPHOGRAN- ULOMA VENERUM GROUP AND HERPES SIMPLEX UNDER VARIOUS CONDITIONS OF STORAGE GIRARDI,1 EMMA G. ALLEN, BEN KANEDA, ANTHONY J. T. F. McNAIR SCOTT, AND
More informationRespiratory Syncytial Virus: Implications for Parenteral
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, July 1982, p. 160-165 0019-9567/82/070160-06$02.00/0 Vol. 37, No. 1 Comparison of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Neutralization Techniques for Measurement of Antibody to
More informationIdentification of Microbes Lecture: 12
Diagnostic Microbiology Identification of Microbes Lecture: 12 Electron Microscopy 106 virus particles per ml required for visualization, 50,000-60,000 magnification normally used. Viruses may be detected
More informationASEAN STANDARDS FOR ANIMAL VACCINES
Adopted at the 40 th AMAF 11 October 2018 Ha Noi, Viet Nam ASEAN Cooperation in Food, Agriculture and Forestry ASEAN STANDARDS FOR ANIMAL VACCINES Third Edition Li v e s t o c k Publication Series No.2A
More informationVaccine. Design and Manufacturing. Liting Bi. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vaccine
Vaccine Design and Manufacturing Liting Bi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vaccine 1 Outline Vaccine Intro. 4 Vaccine Types 2 Manufacturing Methods 2 Tests & Applications Take-home messages 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_me5ef0ne4
More informationSUSCEPTIBILITY OF SUCKLING MICE TO VARIOLA VIRUS
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SUCKLING MICE TO VARIOLA VIRUS RONALD G. MARSHALL AND PETER J. GERONE U. S. Army Chemical Corps, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland Received for publication December, 6 ABSTRACT MARSHALL,
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR PROPRIETARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS (CPMP) NOTE FOR GUIDANCE ON HARMONISATION OF REQUIREMENTS FOR INFLUENZA VACCINES
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Human Medicines Evaluation Unit 12 March 1997 CPMP/BWP/214/96 COMMITTEE FOR PROPRIETARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS (CPMP) NOTE FOR GUIDANCE ON HARMONISATION
More informationThis product was developed by the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL) in its capacity as a WHO Collaborating Centre for
This product was developed by the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL) in its capacity as a WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, with material provided
More informationSTUDIES ON INFLUENZA IN THE PANDEMIC OF III. ISOLATION OF
STUDIES ON INFLUENZA IN THE PANDEMIC OF 1957-1958. III. ISOLATION OF INFLUENZA A (ASIAN STRAIN) VIRUSES FROM INFLUENZA PATIENTS WITH PULMONARY COMPLICATIONS. DETAILS OF VIRUS ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
More informationStandardized Viral Hemagglutination and
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Nov. 1969, p. 8-833 Vol. 18, No. 5 Copyright 1969 American Society for Microbiology Printed in U.S.A. Standardized Viral Hemagglutination and Hemagglutination-Inhibition Tests II.
More informationSTUDIES UPON THE POSSIBILITIES OF AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUSES CULTIVATION IN CHICK EMBRYOS AT DIFFERENT AGE
Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine (2006), 9, No 1, 4349 STUDIES UPON THE POSSIBILITIES OF AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUSES CULTIVATION IN CHICK EMBRYOS AT DIFFERENT AGE I. S. ZARKOV Faculty of Veterinary
More informationIsolation and Characterization of Defective. Disease Virus
Microbiol. Immunol. Vol. 22 (12), 775-784, 1978 Isolation and Characterization of Defective Interfering Particle of Newcastle Disease Virus Akitoshi MAEDA,1 Yasuo SUZUKI, and Makoto MATSUMOTO Department
More informationInfluenza or flu is a
Clinical and Research Area Infectious Diseases Influenza Virus Types A and B Influenza or flu is a respiratory illness that is caused by influenza viruses. Influenza viruses type A and type B cause seasonal
More informationINFLUENZA EVOLUTION: Challenges for diagnosis
INFLUENZA EVOLUTION: Challenges for diagnosis Jairo A. Méndez-Rico Influenza Team PAHO/WHO, Washington, DC Overview Every year, influenza infects up to one in five people around the world, and causes up
More informationUse of Trypsin-Modified Human Erythrocytes
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Sept. 1972, p. 353-357 Copyright i 1972 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 24, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. Use of Trypsin-Modified Human Erythrocytes in Rubella Hemagglutination-Inhibition
More informationsanofi pasteur Influenza Virus Vaccine, H5N1
HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION These highlights do not include all the information needed to use, safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for. Suspension for Intramuscular Injection
More informationTHE USE OF YELLOW FEVER VIRUS MODIFIED BY IN VITRO CULTIVATION FOR HUMAN IMMUNIZATION
THE USE OF YELLOW FEVER VIRUS MODIFIED BY IN VITRO CULTIVATION FOR HUMAN IMMUNIZATION BY MAX THEILER, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., ANn HUGH H. SMITH, M.D. (From the Laboratories of the International Health Division,
More informationImmunity to Influenza in Ferrets
INFECTION ANI) IMMUNITY. June 1974. 1). 985-99) Copyright ( 1974 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 9. No. 6 Printed in U.S.A. Immunity to Influenza in Ferrets X. Intranasal Immunization of Ferrets
More informationSTUDIES ON HOST-VIRUS INTERACTIONS IN THE CHICK.: EMBRYO-INFLUENZA VIRUS SYSTEM*
STUDIES ON HOST-VIRUS INTERACTIONS IN THE CHICK.: EMBRYO-INFLUENZA VIRUS SYSTEM* IlL DEVELOPMENT OF INFECTIVITY, HEMAGGLUTINATION, AND COMPLEMENT FIXATION ACTIVITIES DURING THE FIRST INFECTIOUS CYCLE Bx
More informationNEUTRALIZATION OF VISNA VIRUS BY HUMAN SERA
THE ENTEROVIRUS DEPARTMENT, STATENS SERUMINSTITUT, COPENHAGEN, DENMARK NEUTRALIZATION OF VISNA VIRUS BY HUMAN SERA By HALLD~R THORMAR~ and HERDIS VON MACNUS Received 28.ix.62 In a previous paper (12) the
More informationReport on the Deliberation Results
Report on the Deliberation Results September 18, 2007 Evaluation and Licensing Division, Pharmaceutical and Food Safety Bureau Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare [Brand name] Adsorbed Influenza Vaccine
More informationBlocking Interhost Transmission of Influenza Virus by Vaccination in the Guinea Pig Model
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Apr. 2009, p. 2803 2818 Vol. 83, No. 7 0022-538X/09/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/jvi.02424-08 Copyright 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Blocking Interhost Transmission
More informationTesting Protocol Page 2 of 17 Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Materials 2.1 Equipment/instrumentation 2.2 Reagents/supplies 3. Preparation for th
Page 1 of 17 United States Department of Agriculture National Veterinary Services Laboratories Testing Protocol Hemagglutination-Inhibition Test for Subtype Identification of Date: June 1, 2005 Number:
More informationIsolation of Influenza C Virus from Pigs and Experimental Infection of Pigs with Influenza C Virus
J. gen. Virol. (1983), 64, 177-182. Printed in Great Britain 177 Key words: influenza C virus/antibodies/pigs Isolation of Influenza C Virus from Pigs and Experimental Infection of Pigs with Influenza
More informationVACCINES FOR VETERINARY USE Vaccina ad usum veterinarium
EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Vaccines for veterinary use out,theexpirydateforthefinallotiscalculatedfromthe date of an approved stability-indicating test or failing this fromthedateoffreeze-dryingorthedateoffillingintothe
More informationBy NATHALIE J. SCHMIDT, E. H. LENNETTE AND R. L. MAGOFFIN
J. gen. ViroL 0969), 4, 321-328 Printed in Great Britain 32I Immunological Relationship between Herpes Simplex and Varicella-zoster Viruses Demonstrated by Complement-fixation, Neutralization and Fluorescent
More informationHost Defense Mechanisms Against Influenza Virus: Interaction of Influenza Virus with Murine Macrophages In Vitro
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Dec. 1978, p. 758-762 0019-9567/78/0022-0758$02.00/0 Copyright 1978 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 22, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. Host Defense Mechanisms Against Influenza
More informationCytomegalovirus Based upon Enhanced Uptake of Neutral
JOURNAL OF CUNICAL MICROBIOLOGY, JUlY 1976, p. 61-66 Copyright 1976 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 4, No. 1 Printed in U.S.A. Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test for Human Cytomegalovirus Based
More informationSeroepidemiological Evidence of Avian Influenza A Virus Transmission to Pigs in Southern China
JCM Accepts, published online ahead of print on 21 November 2012 J. Clin. Microbiol. doi:10.1128/jcm.02625-12 Copyright 2012, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. 1 2 Seroepidemiological
More informationVaccination. Michigan women and 11 men, ages 26 to 54 years (mean, 39 years), participated with informed consent.
INFECTION AND IMMUNrrT, May 1981, p. 53-57 19-9567/81/553-5$2./ Vol. 32, No. 2 Influence of Prior Cellular Immunity on the In Vitro Lymphocyte Response to Virus Antigens After Influenza WILLIAM A. BRIGGS
More informationAnnex 3 Recommendations for the production and control of influenza vaccine (inactivated)
World Health Organization WHO Technical Report Series, No. 927, 2005 Annex 3 Recommendations for the production and control of influenza vaccine (inactivated) Recommendations published by WHO are intended
More informationReduced Antibody Responses to the Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Vaccine after Recent Seasonal Influenza Vaccination
CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY, Sept. 2011, p. 1519 1523 Vol. 18, No. 9 1556-6811/11/$12.00 doi:10.1128/cvi.05053-11 Copyright 2011, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Reduced Antibody
More informationCULTIVATION OF VACCINE VIRUS
Published Online: 1 October, 1930 Supp Info: http://doi.org/10.1084/jem.52.4.465 Downloaded from jem.rupress.org on December 27, 2018 CULTIVATION OF VACCINE VIRUS BY C. P. LI, M.D., Am) T. M. RIVERS, M.D.
More informationStudies on Japanese B Encephalitis Virus Vaccines from Tissue Culture
APPLI1F MICROBIoLoGY, Apr. 1971, p. 743-748 Copyright 1971 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 21, No. 4 Printed in U.S.A. Studies on Japanese B Encephalitis Virus Vaccines from Tissue Culture XI. Immune
More informationREAGENTS FOR THE TYPING OF HUMAN INFLUENZA ISOLATES 2017
REAGENTS FOR THE TYPING OF HUMAN INFLUENZA ISOLATES 2017 This product was developed by the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL) in its capacity as a WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference
More informationCorrelates of Protection for Flu vaccines and Assays Overview. by Simona Piccirella, PhD Chief Executive Officer
Correlates of Protection for Flu vaccines and Assays Overview by Simona Piccirella, PhD Chief Executive Officer Company Overview: VisMederi is an Italian private small enterprise established in 2009 and
More informationEffects of Tween 80 and Freon 113 on Measles Virus
Appiua MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 1969, p. 379-383 Copyright 1969 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 17, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. Effects of Tween 80 and Freon 113 on Measles Virus WOLF PARISIUS AND HILDA G.
More informationClinical Reactivity and Immunogenicity of Hemagglutinin Influenza Vaccine
Archiv fiir die gesamte Virusforschung 36, 43--52 (1972) 9 by Springer-Verlag 1972 Clinical Reactivity and Immunogenicity of Hemagglutinin Influenza Vaccine I. Clinical Reactions, Hemagghtination-Inhibiting
More informationPandemic Preparedness Team Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch Influenza Division Centers for Disease Control and Prevention USA VERSION 1
MODIFIED HEMAGGLUTINATION INHIBITION (HI) ASSAY USING HORSE RBCS FOR SEROLOGIC DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES TO H7 SUBTYPE AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUS IN HUMAN SERA Pandemic Preparedness Team Immunology and Pathogenesis
More information(From the Laboratories of the International Health Division of The Rockefeller Foundation, New York)
Published Online: 1 August, 1939 Supp Info: http://doi.org/10.1084/jem.70.2.209 Downloaded from jem.rupress.org on August 26, 2018 NEUTRALIZATION OF EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA VIRUS THE LINEAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
More informationTHE ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF GUINEA PIGS TO EPIDEMIC TYPHUS
THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF GUINEA PIGS TO EPIDEMIC TYPHUS VACCINES OF VARIOUS ANTIGENICITIES RICHARD DONOVICK, MARY FARRELL, AND FLORENCE SMITH Reichel Laboratories, Inc., Kimberton, Pennsylvania Received
More informationM.D. Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Abraham Lincoln School of Medicine University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
Postgraduate Medical Journal (March 1973) 49, 185-192. A new subunit influenza vaccine: acceptability compared with standard vaccines and antigenicity in increasing dosage* FREDERICK L. M.D. RUEN GEORGE
More informationBrief Definitive Report
Brief Definitive Report HEMAGGLUTININ-SPECIFIC CYTOTOXIC T-CELL RESPONSE DURING INFLUENZA INFECTION BY FRANCIS A. ENNIS, W. JOHN MARTIN, ANY MARTHA W. VERBONITZ (From the Department of Health, Education
More informationEffect of Vaccine, Route, and Schedule on Antibody
APPUED MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 1969, p. 355-359 Copyright 1969 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 17, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. Effect of Vaccine, Route, and Schedule on Antibody Response of Rabbits to Pasteurella
More informationIVD information *Droppers for the sensitized and control cells. Not for use other than dispensing the sensitized and control cells.
In Vitro Diagnostic Reagent Instruction Manual of Diagnostic Reagent for Determination of anti-hbs Thoroughly read this instruction manual before use of this kit Background of the development and features
More informationVaccinology 101 for Fellows
Vaccinology 101 for Fellows Meg Fisher, MD Medical Director, The Children s Hospital Monmouth Medical Center An affiliate of the Saint Barnabas Health Care System Long Branch, NJ Disclosures I have no
More informationA PRELIMINARY ANTIGENIC CLASSIFICATION OF STRAINS OF BLUETONGUE VIRUS
Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, Volume 8, Number, September, 196. The Government Printer ~ Pretoria. A PRELIMINARY ANTIGENIC CLASSIFICATION OF STRAINS OF BLUETONGUE VIRUS P. G. HOWELL, Onderstepoort
More informationHigh Doses of Purified Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Significantly Augment Serum and Nasal Secretion Antibody Responses in Healthy Young Adults
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Oct. 1994, p. 2468-2473 0095-1137/94/$04.00+0 Copyright 1994, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 32, No. 10 High Doses of Purified Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin
More informationClinical Trials of Pandemic Vaccines: Key Issues. John Treanor University of Rochester Rochester, NY
Clinical Trials of Pandemic Vaccines: Key Issues John Treanor University of Rochester Rochester, NY Inactivated vaccine approach Proven technology Used successfully in 1957 and 1968 Abundant efficacy data
More information