bacteria review 1. Which of the following structures is not found in bacteria?

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1 Name: Date: 1. Which of the following structures is not found in bacteria? 5. How do human diseases caused by bacteria and diseases caused by viruses react to antibiotics? A. ribosome B. cytoplasm C. cell membrane D. nuclear membrane A. Neither responds to antibiotics. B. Both respond to antibiotics. C. Viral diseases respond to antibiotics; bacterial diseases do not. 2. The purpose for giving a person a vaccine is to D. Bacterial diseases respond to antibiotics; viral diseases do not. A. introduce chemicals that destroy viruses. B. stimulate an immune response. C. prevent inflammation. D. cure a disease. 6. A patient suffering from a sore throat goes to a doctor in a hospital to get a check-up. During the exam the doctor collects the following information: 3. The Sabin vaccine is a liquid containing weakened polio viruses. Vaccinated individuals become protected against polio because the weakened viruses A. prevent further viral invasion. B. induce an inflammatory response. C. promote production of antibodies. D. are too weak to cause illness. The patient needed a vaccination. prevent disease by. Vaccinations A. preventing viral DNA from entering the body B. destroying toxins produced by bacteria 4. Which of the following require a host cell because they are not able to make proteins on their own? C. stimulating the production of antibodies D. increasing red blood cell production A. blue-green algae B. bacteria C. protozoans D. viruses page 1

2 7. The common cold is caused by a virus that enters the human body and causes mild, flu-like symptoms. Some people believe that the common cold can be treated by digesting the herb Echinacea. The following table shows results from a study conducted to explore the effects of Echinacea on children with colds. 9. What are two structures that plant cells have and animal cells do not? A. cell wall, chloroplast B. cell membrane, mitochondria C. nuclei, ribosomes D. chloroplast, cell membrane It is very difficult to develop a vaccine against the common cold. The reason for this is that the common cold virus. A. hides in the digestive system B. changes rapidly due to high mutation rates. C. includes RNA as its genetic materials 10. Which of these best defines communicable diseases? A. They can be cured. B. They are caused by bacteria. C. They are spread to others. D. They can spread only in winter. D. is too small for the immune system to detect 11. A scientist thinks he has discovered a drug that interferes with the functioning of a virus in the human body. To effectively block infection, the drug can A. weaken viral respiration. 8. What is accomplished by treating a person who has a bacterial infection with antibiotics? A. immunity to future infections B. destroy viral mitochondria. C. reduce the ability of the virus to absorb cells. D. prevent the virus from entering cells. B. weakening of the person s immune system C. reduction in the duration and intensity of the infection D. modification of bacterial DNA to make the bacteria harmless 12. Which of the following is an example of an antigen that might be recognized by the immune system of an individual? A. a viral protein B. a fat molecule C. saline solution D. oxygen molecule page 2

3 13. Injecting a person with a killed-bacteria vaccine can protect that individual from a disease because the proteins of the killed bacteria A. remain in the body, and live bacteria later prey on them instead of live tissues. B. bind with receptors in the body, so that live bacteria cannot bind with them later. C. stimulate the production of antibodies which can be manufactured later in response to infection. D. give the person a mild form of the disease, which conditions the body not to respond to later infection. 15. Typhoid Mary Mary Mallon was the first known healthy carrier of typhoid fever in the early 1900s. Health officials in New York investigated the households in which she worked as a maid and determined that she had transmitted the disease to dozens of people. Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi. It is generally transmitted by eating food and drinking water that has come into contact with contaminated fecal matter. Symptoms of typhoid fever include headache, fever, diarrhea, and loss of appetite. In 1910, Mary Mallon was banned from ever working in kitchens again. Five years later, health officials suspected that Mary had violated the ban. What most likely alerted health officials to the fact that Mary might be working in kitchens again? A. a new typhoid outbreak in New York B. the fact that she changed her name to Mary Brown C. identification of other healthy carriers in New York D. discovery of the typhoid bacterium on local vegetables 14. Which of these describes the action of antibiotics? A. Antibiotics replace the immune system. B. Antibiotics lower body temperature. C. Antibiotics destroy viruses. D. Antibiotics slow bacterial growth. 16. Which statement about plant and animal cells is true? A. Plant cells have a nucleus and a cell wall; animal cells do not have either of these structures. B. Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts; animal cells do not have either of these structures. C. Plant cells have a cell wall and a cell membrane; animal cells have a cell wall but not a cell membrane. D. Plant cells have chloroplasts and mitochondria; animal cells have chloroplasts but do not have mitochondria. page 3

4 17. Some antibiotics destroy disease-causing bacteria by entering the bacterial cells and interfering with the critical life processes that keep them alive. However, antibiotics are not able to destroy viral infections because A. the wall surrounding a virus cannot be penetrated by antibiotic chemicals. B. viruses are not cells, so they do not perform the processes that antibiotics normally disrupt. C. viruses are constantly moving, so antibiotics cannot reach them. D. antibiotics are destroyed by the protein coating that surrounds the viral DNA. 19. A tomato plant in a greenhouse was found to be infected with tobacco mosaic virus. A few weeks later, nearby plants were also found to be infected with the virus. Which of the following best describes how the virus reproduced? A. The virus made its own spores. B. The virus produced seeds in the tomatoes. C. The virus used the host plant s resources and machinery to reproduce. D. The virus immediately killed the host plant and was free to reproduce. 18. How does a virus cause a person to develop a common cold? A. invades the host cell to reproduce B. removes energy from the host cell C. produces toxins in the host cell D. protects the host cell from bacteria 20. Which of the following statements explains why viruses are able to reproduce only inside host cells instead of being able to reproduce on their own? A. Viruses cannot function at temperatures other than 98.6 F. B. Viruses lack spindle fibers that correctly align chromosomes for division. C. Viruses are too small to effectively make copies of themselves on their own. D. Viruses lack the cellular machinery needed to make copies of their genetic material. page 4

5 The following section focuses on bacterial resistance to several antibiotics. One of the most important developments in modern medicine was the discovery of antibiotics. Antibiotics are used to treat infections caused by bacteria. However, strains of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics are emerging. The rate of increase in infections caused by these antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria is a concern for human health. The bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of the respiratory disease pneumonia. The graph below shows trends in bacterial resistance to different antibiotics in pneumonia cases from 1986 to Trends in Bacterial Resistance Key Types of Antibiotics Erythromycin Tetracycline Penicillin Trimethoprim/ Sulfamethoxazole page 5

6 21. Antibiotics are helpful in treating an infection when the number of bacteria becomes too large for the body s immune system to fight on its own. What process enables the bacteria to multiply inside the body? A. binary fission B. fertilization C. meiosis D. nitrogen fixation 23. Typhoid Mary Mary Mallon was the first known healthy carrier of typhoid fever in the early 1900s. Health officials in New York investigated the households in which she worked as a maid and determined that she had transmitted the disease to dozens of people. Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi. It is generally transmitted by eating food and drinking water that has come into contact with contaminated fecal matter. Symptoms of typhoid fever include headache, fever, diarrhea, and loss of appetite. Typhoid fever is best treated with. A. surgery B. vaccines C. antibiotics D. gene therapy 22. A process is illustrated in the diagram below. 24. Which of the following is one important difference between a virus and a bacterial cell? A. A virus is much larger in size than a bacterial cell. B. A virus always causes more severe disease than a bacterial cell. C. A virus can never reproduce on its own, but a bacterial cell can. Which process is illustrated in the diagram? D. A virus does not contain genetic material, but a bacterial cell does. A. bacterial conjugation B. facilitated diffusion C. gamete formation D. viral reproduction 25. Which of the following is incapable of reproducing outside a host cell? A. alga B. mold C. moss D. virus page 6

7 26. Hepatitis is a disease of the liver. Which of the following happens as a result of decreased liver function? A. Carbon dioxide builds up in the liver. B. Toxic compounds build up in the blood. C. The kidneys take over the functions of the liver. D. The stomach produces the enzymes needed for digestion. page 7