2.02 Infection Control Key Terms Name
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1 2.02 Infection Control Key Terms Name Date Key Terms Aerobic requires oxygen to live Definitions Anaerobic Antiseptic hand wash Alcohol-based hand rub Asepsis Endogenous Exogenous Hand hygiene Hand washing Infection Local infection Non-Pathogenic Nosocomial Infections Opportunistic infection Pathogenic Resistant Sterile Susceptible Systemic infection does not require oxygen to live washing hands with water and soap or other detergents containing an antiseptic agent rubbing hands with an alcohol-containing preparation free of pathogens originates from within the body originates outside the body performing hand washing, antiseptic hand wash, alcohol-based hand rub washing hands with plain soap and water invasion of the body by microorganisms only a specific portion of the body is infected normal, do not produce disease, beneficial hospital acquired infection Infections that occur when the body s defenses are weakened cause infection and disease remain firm against the action of another force, such as a bacteria against an antibiotic free of all organisms able to be affected; person likely to get sick affects the entire body 7242 Health Science II Summer 2011 Page 162
2 2.02 Types of Infection Name Date Directions: Record notes and class discussion about local versus systemic infections. Local versus Systemic Infections: Types of Infection Examples 7242 Health Science II Summer 2011 Page 163
3 2.02 Types of Infection Name KEY Date Directions: Record notes and class discussion about local versus systemic infections. Local versus Systemic Infections: Types of Infection Examples (answers will vary) Endogenous- (endo- inside; genous- type or kind) type or kind of infection that originates from within the body Exogenous- (exo- outside; genous- type or kind) type or kind of infection that originates outside the body Nosocomial infections- Hospital acquired infection Transmitted by the health care worker Opportunistic infections- Infections that occur when the body s defenses are weakened 7242 Health Science II Summer 2011 Page 164
4 2.02 Infection Control Research Topics Name Date Directions: Choose one of the following infectious disease topics. Research the topic to include: Disease name and/or causative agent Description of the disease Diagnosis (how the diagnosis made) How the disease is transmitted Relative frequency of the disease Disease course Possible complications Target audience Prepare a visual display using the HOSA event guidelines for Extemporaneous Health Poster. The teacher will use the HOSA competitive events guidelines for Extemporaneous Speaking to grade the presentation. Presentation Date: Infectious Disease Research Topics Arboviruses Botulism Candida Albicans Clostridium difficile Clostridium perfringens Cryptosporidium Enterococcus Escherichia coli Gram-Negative Infections Gram-Positive Infections Hemorrhagic Fever Hepatitis Human Papilloma Virus Mad Cow Disease MRSA Novovirus Plague Pneumonia Pseudomonas aeruginosa Rabies Recreational Water Illness SARS Smallpox Staphylococcus Streptococcus Tick-Borne Illnesses Tuberculosis 7242 Health Science II Summer 2011 Page 165
5 2.02 Classes of Microorganisms Name Date Directions: Record notes and class discussion about classes of microorganisms. Microorganisms Class Characteristics Examples 7242 Health Science II Summer 2011 Page 166
6 2.02 Classes of Microorganisms Name KEY Date Directions: Record notes and class discussion about classes of microorganisms. Non-pathogenic: do not produce disease Normal, beneficial Aerobic requires oxygen to live Microorganisms Pathogenic: cause infection and disease May be non-pathogenic in one body system, pathogenic in another (E. coli) Anaerobic does not require oxygen to live Gram-positive: Generally respond to treatment Gram-negative: Endotoxic Pyogenic Difficult to treat Class Characteristics Examples (answers will vary) Bacteria cocci round in shape bacilli rod shape spirilla spiral or corkscrew shape Protozoa one celled, animal-like organism contain a nucleus and other defined organelles Fungi Rickettsiae organisms that usually enjoy a symbiotic, but sometimes parasitic relationship with their host rod-shaped, parasitic bacteria transmitted to humans through bites Viruses Helminths small, infectious agent requires a host for survival produce immune response in humans treated with antiviral drugs parasitic worm-like organisms Excrete toxins making host susceptible to other diseases 7242 Health Science II Summer 2011 Page 167
7 2.02 Chain of Infection Activity Teacher Resource 1. The teacher will distribute the 2.02 Chain of Infection Activity, or six strips of paper as illustrated in the handout. 2. Instruct the students to listen and follow directions as information is given about the links in the chain of infection from the PowerPoint Presentation. 3. Elaborate on the information one link at the time, beginning with causative agent. 4. Lead the students to write keys point about causative agent on the appropriate strip of paper. 5. Students will form a loop with the first strip (causative agent) and staple it to form a circle. 6. Teacher provides information about the second link (reservoir), students write key points on the link labeled reservoir. 7. Students add the second link (reservoir), to the first link (causative agent), to begin forming a paper chain. 8. Repeat until all links are addressed. 9. Links should be addressed in this order: causative agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal on entry, and susceptible host. 10. After teacher has provided information about each link and students have completed the chain, ends linked together, review the total chain of infection. 11. Teacher will explain that to prevent the spread of infection, at least one link in the chain needs to be broken. 12. Instruct students to tear any one link in their paper chain of infection. All infection control strategies are directly related to breaking at least one link in the chain of infection. Annotation: Use the paper chain template or use paper of your choice for the links. Teacher may use a different color for each link. Color coded links will make it easier to draw the student s attention to a particular link Health Science II Summer 2011 Page 168
8 2.02 Chain of Infection Activity Name Date Directions: Cut out labeled strips. Make notes on the appropriate strip while viewing the PowerPoint presentation related to the chain of infection. Causative Agent Reservoir Portal of Exit Mode of Transmission Portal of Entry Susceptible Host 7242 Health Science II Summer 2011 Page 169
9 2.02 Hand Washing NAME 1. Removed jewelry 2. Turned faucet on with paper towel and adjusted temperature 3. Wet hands and wrists thoroughly with fingertips pointing down 4. Applied soap to get lather on hands 5. Rubbed all surfaces of hands together several times 6. Interlaced fingers on both hands and rubbed them back and forth 7. Cleaned nails with an orange/cuticle stick and/or hand brush 8. Rinsed hands with fingertips pointed downward 9. Dried hands thoroughly, from tips of fingers to wrist 10. Turned faucet off with dry paper towel 11. Discarded towel(s) in wastebasket without contaminating hands 12. Did not lean against sink or touch inside of sink Students must safely complete 90% of the steps to pass. Passing date Evaluator Comments: 7242 Health Science II Summer 2011 Page 170
10 2.02 GlitterBug Potion Activity Teacher Resource 1. Glitter Bug Potion can be purchased from Pocket Nurse. 2. Distribute GlitterBug Potion to all students. 3. Have students rub hands together to apply the GlitterBug Potion. The potion simulates transient bacteria. 4. Instruct students to observe their hands under the black light, paying particular attention to areas that are bright white from the pretend bacteria. 5. Have students wash their hands. 6. After hand washing is complete, have students observe their hands under the light, paying particular attention to areas that may still have a bright white appearance even after hand washing. 7. Students will compare what their hands looked like before and after hand washing. 8. Discuss reasons why total removal of the bright white potion might be difficult. Optional Activity 9. Demonstrate the use alcohol based hand-rub. 10. Have students demonstrate using alcohol based hand-rub as it has been demonstrated to them. As needed, coach students through the procedure of alcohol based hand-rub as they perform it Health Science II Summer 2011 Page 171
11 2.02 Three Levels of Aseptic Control Name Date Directions: Record notes and class discussion about the three levels of aseptic control. Asepsis Antisepsis Disinfection Sterilization 7242 Health Science II Summer 2011 Page 172
12 2.02 Three Levels of Aseptic Control KEY Name Date Directions: Record notes and class discussion about the three levels of aseptic control. Asepsis Absence of pathogens Antisepsis Disinfection Sterilization Stops the growth or spread of pathogens Destroys pathogens Destroys all microorganisms, pathogens and non-pathogens Not effective against spores and viruses Not always effective against spores and viruses Destroys spores, and viruses Used on skin Used on objects Used on objects Examples: Alcohol and Betadine Examples: Bleach solutions and other chemicals Examples: Autoclave (steam/gas) Some chemicals can sterilize Handwashing is the most effective technique 7242 Health Science II Summer 2011 Page 173
13 2.02 Standard Precautions Name Date Directions: Use notes and textbook answer the following questions regarding standard precautions. 1. Who developed SP? 2. When does SP apply? 3. What situations necessitate the need for SP? 4. What supplies are needed for SP? 5. Where should SP supplies be located before and after use? 6. What should be done to prevent needle sticks? 7. When should hands be washed? 8. When are gloves worn? 9. When should mask and eye protection be worn? 10. When should gowns be worn? 11. What is the proper way to handle patient care equipment? 12. What is the proper way to handle linen? 13. What resuscitation devices should be used? 14. Where the patient should be placed? 15. What are the results of failing to abide by SP? 16. What is my employers responsibility? 17. What is my responsibility in SP? 18. What must be removed before putting on gloves? 7242 Health Science II Summer 2011 Page 174
14 2.02 Standard Precautions Name KEY Date Directions: Use notes and textbook answer the following questions regarding standard precautions. 1. Who developed SP? CDC 2. When does SP apply? At all times to prevent contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials. 3. What situations necessitate the need for SP? Any situation where health care provider may contact: Blood or any fluid that may contain blood; Body fluids, secretions, or excretions mucus, sputum, saliva, vomit, semen, or vaginal secretions, mucous membranes, non-intact skin, or tissue/cell specimens. 4. What supplies are needed for SP? Gloves, gowns, and masks/eye protections 5. Where should SP supplies be located before and after use? Before use, SP supplies should be stored in a clean area. After use, care must be taken to avoid contamination of clean supplies. Items should be placed in a dirty area. 6. What should be done to prevent needle sticks? When possible, safe needles or needleless devices should be used. Disposable needles must never be bent or broken after use. Never re-cap needles. Place used needles in the sharps container. 7. When should hands be washed? Before and after contact with any patient; after contamination with any blood, body fluid, secretion, or excretion; and immediately before donning and immediately after removing gloves. 8. When are gloves worn? Whenever contact with blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, mucous membranes, tissue specimens, or non-intact skin is possible; when handling or cleaning contaminated surfaces or items; and when performing any invasive procedure. 9. When should mask and eye protection be worn? During procedures that may produce splashes or sprays of blood, body fluids, secretions, or excretions. 10. When should gowns be worn? During any procedures that are likely to cause splashing or spraying of blood, body fluids, secretions, or excretions that may contaminate clothing or uniform. 11. What is the proper way to handle patient care equipment? Patient care equipment should be left in the room and used only for this patient. If this is not possible, all equipment must be cleaned and disinfected before using on another patient. 12. What is the proper way to handle linen? Soiled linen should be placed in laundry bags to prevent contamination. Linen soiled with blood, body fluids, or excretions is placed in a special bag for contaminated linen and is usually soaked in a disinfectant prior to being laundered. 13. What resuscitation devices should be used? Mouthpieces should be used to avoid the need for mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. 14. Where the patient should be placed? The patient must be placed in a private room. 15. What are the results of failing to abide by SP? Chain of infection continues; failure to protect yourself, the patient, and other health care workers. 16. What is my employer s responsibility? The agency must have a policy stating actions that must be taken immediately when exposure to infectious materials or injury occurs, reporting any incident, documenting any exposure incident, recording the care given, noting follow-up to the exposure incident, and identifying ways to prevent similar incidents. 17. What is my responsibility in SP? To follow all rules and regulations; to report any exposure immediately to supervisor; to complete necessary incident report. 18. What must be removed before putting on gloves? Rings to avoid puncturing the gloves Health Science II Summer 2011 Page 175
15 2.02 Donning and Removing Name Personal Protective Equipment 1. Assembled equipment 2. Washed hands 3. Removed rings 4. Placed watch in a plastic bag or on a paper towel 5. Put on mask correctly 6. Rolled up uniform sleeves (If needed) 7. Put on gown correctly: a. Kept hands inside shoulder b. Worked arms into sleeves c. Adjusted neck with hands inside neck band d. Tied at neck first e. Tied at waist f. Handled only inside of gown 8. Put on gloves correctly Removal of Personal Protective Equipment 9. Untied waist ties of gown first 10. Removed gloves: a. Used gloved hand to grasp outside of opposite glove b. Pulled glove off inside out c. Placed hand under cuff to remove second glove d. Pulled glove off inside out e. Placed gloves in proper waist container 11. Washed hands thoroughly, operated faucet with towel 12. Removed mask, handling ties only, disposed of properly 13. Removed gown last: a. Untied neck ties b. Placed hand inside cuff and pulled sleeve over hand c. Placed covered hand on outside of gown, pulled gown sleeve over d. Eased out of gown gently e. Folded gown inside out and rolled it up f. Disposed of gown appropriately g. Touched only inside of gown 14. Washed hands thoroughly 15. Removed watch from towel or plastic bag without contamination 16. Opened door with towel, discarded towel in waste can 17. Washed hands immediately Students must safely complete 90% of the steps to pass. Passing date Evaluator Comments: 7242 Health Science II Summer 2011 Page 176
16 2.02 Infection Control Precautions Name Date Directions: Record notes and class discussion about infection control precautions. Standard Precautions Bloodborne Pathogen Standard Tuberculosis Standard Extended Infection Control Precautions 7242 Health Science II Summer 2011 Page 177
17 2.02 Infection Control Precautions Name KEY Date Directions: Record notes and class discussion about infection control precautions. Standard Precautions Used on All Patients Use of PPE when there is the risk of contact with any blood or body fluid, secretion, excretion, mucous membrane, non-intact skin, or tissue specimen. Bloodborne Pathogen Standard Prevention of injuries when using needles, scalpels, and other sharp instruments or devices; when handling sharp instruments after procedures; when cleaning used instruments; and when disposing of used needles. Never re-cap used needles Correct use of sharps containers Use resuscitation devices Tuberculosis Standard To reduce occupationally transmitted hepatitis B Extended Infection Control Precautions OSHA Standard to reduce occupationally transmitted/acquired TB Requires FIT tested and training in use of specific respiratory PPE Standard Precautions PLUS Airborne Precautions or Contact Precautions or Droplet Precautions PPD skin testing annually 7242 Health Science II Summer 2011 Page 178
18 2.02 Extended Infection Control Precautions Name Date Directions: Record notes and class discussion about extended infection control precautions. AIRBORNE PRECAUTIONS EXTENDED PRECAUTIONS = STANDARD PRECAUTIONS PLUS DROPLET PRECAUTIONS CONTACT PRECAUTIONS FACTS THAT ARE UNIQUE TO EACH TYPE OF PRECAUTION FACTS THAT ALL PRECAUTIONS HAVE IN COMMON: 7242 Health Science II Summer 2011 Page 179
19 2.02 Extended Infection Control Precautions Name KEY Date Directions: Record notes and class discussion about extended infection control precautions. AIRBORNE PRECAUTIONS EXTENDED PRECAUTIONS = STANDARD PRECAUTIONS PLUS DROPLET PRECAUTIONS CONTACT PRECAUTIONS FACTS THAT ARE UNIQUE TO EACH TYPE OF PRECAUTION Most infection occurs within three (3) feet of the patient. Patient s room door must be closed. Pathogens remain suspended in the air on dust particles. High Efficiency Particulate (HEPA) respirators required for health care workers. Health Care Workers (HCWs) must be fit tested for HEPA respirators Helps prevents the spread of: rubella (measles), varicella (chicken pox), tuberculosis, (TB) shingles (herpes zoster) Negative Pressure Room with frequent air exchanges required. Droplets are heavy and usually fall to the floor within the three feet range. Droplets come from coughing, sneezing, talking, or laughing. HCW must wear Mask / face shield if within 3 feet of patient. Helps prevent the spread of: Some bacterial and viral Influenza(s), meningitis(es) pneumonia, sinusitis, otitis media, diphtheria, pertussis, adenovirus, mumps Anything that comes in contact or indirect contact of the patient is contaminated. Needed for diseases that can be easily transmitted by direct or indirect contact. Diapered or incontinent patients with intestinal infections Wear gown if soiling is likely. Helps prevent the spread of gastrointestinal, respiratory, skin, or wound infections. Private room a must. FACTS THAT ALL PRECAUTIONS HAVE IN COMMON: Limit use of non-critical care equipment to a single patient / resident. Wash hands after care. Bag linen to prevent contamination of self, environment, or outside of bag. Discard infectious trash to prevent contamination of self, environment, or outside of bag by double bagging. Limit transport of patient / resident to essential purposes only. Patient / resident must wear mask appropriate for disease Health Science II Summer 2011 Page 180
20 2.02 Prototype Assessment Items Note: These items illustrate the types of items used in the item bank for this objective. All items have been written to match the cognitive process of the understand verb in the objective. Questions require students to interpret, summarize or explain infection control procedures. These exact questions will not be used on the secured test, but questions in similar formats will be used. These assessment items may be used as prototypes by teachers and students to generate similar items to comprise formative assessments for you classroom. This strategy is especially helpful during the field test year when classroom item banks are not available. Results of formative assessment should be used to diagnose levels of mastery, determine if re-teaching is needed, and guide further instruction. 1. A health care worker who fails to wash his hands after coming into contact with body fluids that may contain blood has failed to comply with guidelines called a. airborne precautions b. extended precautions c. standard precautions d. tuberculosis precautions Answer: C 2. The quality assurance committee is reviewing data on handwashing and hospital acquired infections. What is the type of condition they are concerned about? a. Direct contact b. Nosocomial c. Rickettsiae d. Vector-borne Answer: B 3. Mark always washes his hands before and after providing patient care. What part of the chain of infection dies he address? a. Mode of transmission b. Portal of entry c. Portal of exit d. Reservoir Answer: A 7242 Health Science II Summer 2011 Page 181
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