Chapter 29 The Senses

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1 Chapter 29 The Senses PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko

2 Introduction: Superhuman Senses Three senses found in some animals but not humans Echolocation locating objects by detecting echoes of emitted sound waves Electroreception ability to detect electrical fields Magnetoreception ability to detect magnetic fields Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

3 Introduction: Superhuman Senses Animal senses gather information that guides Predation Migration Other behaviors such as finding a mate Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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5

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7 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. SENSORY RECEPTION

8 29.1 Sensory inputs become sensations and perceptions in the brain All senses trigger the same type of action potential The brain distinguishes the type of stimulus Perception is the brain s integration of sensations Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

9

10 29.2 Sensory receptors convert stimulus energy to action potentials Sensory receptors Specialized cells or neurons that detect stimuli Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

11 29.2 Sensory receptors convert stimulus energy to action potentials Sensory transduction Conversion of stimulus energy to receptor potentials Receptor potentials trigger action potentials Action potentials are transmitted to the brain Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

12 mv Tongue Taste bud Taste pore 1 Sugar molecule Sensory receptor cells Sugar molecule (stimulus) Sweet receptor 2 Membrane of sensory receptor cell Sensory neuron Sensory receptor cell Signal transduction pathway Ion channels Ion 3 Receptor potential 4 Action potential Neurotransmitter Sensory neuron No sugar Sugar present 5 Action potentials

13 Taste pore Sugar molecule Taste bud 1 Sensory receptor cells Sensory neuron

14 Taste bud Taste pore Sugar molecule Sugar 1 molecule 2 Sensory (stimulus) receptor cells Sweet receptor Membrane of sensory receptor cell Sensory neuron Sensory receptor cell Signal transduction pathway Ion channels Ion 3 Receptor potential 4 Action potential Neurotransmitter Sensory neuron

15 mv Taste bud Taste pore Sugar molecule Sugar 1 molecule 2 Sensory (stimulus) receptor cells Sweet receptor Membrane of sensory receptor cell Sensory neuron Sensory receptor cell Signal transduction pathway Ion channels Ion 3 Receptor potential 4 5 No sugar Action potentials Sugar present Action potential Neurotransmitter Sensory neuron

16 29.2 Sensory receptors convert stimulus energy to action potentials Stimulus strength increases action potential frequency But a repeated stimulus May lead to sensory adaptation Decreasing sensitivity Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

17 Sugar interneuron Salt interneuron Sugar receptor Salt receptor Brain Taste bud Sensory neurons Taste bud No sugar Increasing sweetness No salt Increasing saltiness

18 29.3 Specialized sensory receptors detect five categories of stimuli Human skin has many types of sensory receptors Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

19 Heat Light touch Pain Cold Hair Epidermis Dermis Nerve Connective tissue Hair movement Strong pressure

20 29.3 Specialized sensory receptors detect five categories of stimuli 1 Pain receptors detect dangerous stimuli 2 Thermoreceptors detect heat or cold 3 Mechanoreceptors respond to Mechanical energy Touch Pressure Sound Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

21 Action potentials Hairs of receptor cell Neurotransmitter at synapse Sensory neuron Action potentials More neurotransmitter Less neurotransmitter Receptor cell at rest Fluid moving in one direction Fluid moving in other direction

22 Hairs of receptor cell Neurotransmitter at synapse Sensory neuron Action potentials Action potentials 1 Receptor cell at rest

23 More neurotransmitter 2 Fluid moving in one direction

24 Less neurotransmitter 3 Fluid moving in other direction

25 29.3 Specialized sensory receptors detect five categories of stimuli 4 Chemoreceptors respond to chemicals Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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27 29.3 Specialized sensory receptors detect five categories of stimuli 5 Electromagnetic receptors respond to Electricity Magnetism Light (sensed by photoreceptors) Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

28 Eye Infrared receptor

29 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. HEARING AND BALANCE

30 29.4 The ear converts air pressure waves to action potentials that are perceived as sound The human ear channels sound waves From the outer ear To the eardrum To a chain of bones in the middle ear To the fluid in the coiled cochlea in the inner ear Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

31 Outer ear Inner ear Pinna Auditory canal Eardrum Middle ear Eustachian tube

32 Outer ear Middle ear Inner ear Eardrum Bones Organ of Corti (inside cochlea)

33 29.4 The ear converts air pressure waves to action potentials that are perceived as sound Pressure waves in the fluid of the cochlea Bend hair cells in the organ of Corti against a membrane Triggering nerve signals to the brain Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

34 Stirrup Skull bones Semicircular canals (function in balance) Auditory nerve, to brain Anvil Hammer Cochlea Eardrum Oval window (behind stirrup) Eustachian tube

35 Middle canal Upper canal Bone Auditory nerve Hair cells Tectorial membrane Lower canal Sensory neurons Cross section through cochlea Organ of Corti Basilar membrane To auditory nerve

36 Middle canal Upper canal Bone Auditory nerve Lower canal Cross section through cochlea Organ of Corti

37 Hair cells Tectorial membrane Sensory neurons Basilar membrane To auditory nerve

38 29.4 The ear converts air pressure waves to action potentials that are perceived as sound Vibrations from the sound waves are amplified as they are transferred through the ear Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

39 Pressure Outer Ear Middle Ear Inner Ear Pinna Auditory canal Eardrum Hammer, anvil, stirrup Oval window Cochlear canals Upper and middle Lower One vibration Amplitude Amplification in middle ear Organ of Corti stimulated Time

40 29.4 The ear converts air pressure waves to action potentials that are perceived as sound Volume and pitch Louder sounds generate more action potentials Pitches stimulate different regions of the organ of Corti Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

41 29.5 The inner ear houses our organs of balance Organs of balance are part of the inner ear They include Semicircular canals Utricle Saccule These organs sense body position and movement Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

42 Semicircular canals Nerve Cochlea Utricle Flow of fluid Saccule Flow of fluid Cupula Hairs Hair cell Cupula Nerve fibers Direction of body movement

43 29.6 CONNECTION: What causes motion sickness? Motion sickness May be caused by conflicting signals between Inner ear Eyes Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

44 29.6 CONNECTION: What causes motion sickness? Motion sickness may be reduced by Sedatives such as Dramamine or Bonine Ginger tablets Pressure point wrist-bands Motion sickness can be a severe problem for astronauts Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

45 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. VISION

46 29.7 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Several types of eyes have evolved among animals Invertebrate eyes include Simple eye cups that sense Light intensity Direction Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

47 Eye cups

48 29.7 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Several types of eyes have evolved among animals Compound eyes of insects Many lenses Acute motion detectors Most see in color Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

49

50 29.7 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Several types of eyes have evolved among animals Single-lens eyes are found in Squids Humans Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

51 Sclera Ciliary body Ligament Cornea Iris Pupil Choroid Retina Fovea (center of visual field) Optic nerve Aqueous humor Lens Vitreous humor Artery and vein Blind spot

52 29.8 Humans have single-lens eyes that focus by changing position or shape Vertebrate eyes Single-lens eyes Light is focused by the curved cornea and lens Changing the shape of the lens focuses near and far Photoreceptor cells in the retina detect light Animation: Near and Distant Vision Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

53 Ciliary muscle contracted Ligaments slacken Choroid Retina Light from a near object (diverging rays) Cornea Near vision (accommodation) Sclera Lens Ciliary muscle relaxed Ligaments pull on lens Light from a distant object (parallel rays) Distance vision

54 29.9 CONNECTION: Artificial lenses or surgery can correct focusing problems Nearsightedness and farsightedness Result when the focal point is not on the retina Corrective lenses bend the light rays to compensate Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

55 Lens Shape of normal eyeball Focal point Retina Diverging corrective lens Focal point

56 Shape of normal eyeball Focal point Converging corrective lens Focal point

57 29.9 CONNECTION: Artificial lenses or surgery can correct focusing problems Presbyopia Decreased flexibility of lens due to age Decreased ability to focus closely Astigmatism Blurred vision Misshapen lens or cornea Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

58 29.10 The human retina contains two types of photoreceptors: rods and cones Rods and cones send action potentials to the brain Rods Cones More sensitive to light Detect shades of gray in dim light Less sensitive to light Allow us to see color in bright light Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

59 Cell body Rod Cone Synaptic knobs Membranous disks containing visual pigments

60 Optic nerve fibers Neurons Retina Photoreceptors Cone Rod Retina Optic nerve

61 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. TASTE AND SMELL

62 29.11 Taste and odor receptors detect chemicals present in solution or air Taste and smell Depend on chemoreceptors that bind specific molecules Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

63 29.11 Taste and odor receptors detect chemicals present in solution or air Taste receptors Located in taste buds on the tongue Produce five taste sensations Sweet Salty Sour Bitter Umami Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

64 29.11 Taste and odor receptors detect chemicals present in solution or air Olfactory (smell) sensory neurons Line the nasal cavity Odors and tastes result from taste and smell Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

65 Brain potentials Olfactory bulb Nasal cavity Bone Epithelial cell Sensory neuron (chemoreceptor) Mucus Cilia

66 29.12 CONNECTION: Supertasters have a heightened sense of taste Supertasters Up to three times the sensitivity to bitter Up to 25% of humans More likely to avoid Spinach, broccoli, cabbage Coffee Alcoholic beverages Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

67 29.12 CONNECTION: Supertasters have a heightened sense of taste Supertasters May be less likely to eat vegetables May result in a higher risk of obesity and related disease Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

68 29.13 Review: The central nervous system couples stimulus with response The nervous system Receives sensory information Integrates it Commands appropriate responses May be an action May be no action Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

69 No signal Increasing signal

70 Iris Retina Cornea Lens Optic nerve

71 Sensory receptors are grouped into several types (a) (b) pain and thermoreceptors electromagnetic receptors involved in involved in many types found in sensitive to touch, hearing, balance taste and smell human skin (c) many are most common are (d) (e)

72 You should now be able to 1. Describe three senses found in animals but not humans 2. Compare sensations and perceptions 3. Define sensory transduction, a receptor potential, and sensory adaptation 4. Describe the five general categories of sensory receptors found in animals 5. List the structures of the ear in the order in which they participate in hearing Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

73 You should now be able to 6. Explain how body position and movement are sensed 7. Explain what causes motion sickness 8. Compare the structures and functions of the eyes of planarians, insects, and humans 9. Explain the causes and symptoms of myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, and astigmatism 10. Explain how odor and taste receptors function Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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