PHYS 1240 Sound and Music Professor John Price. Cell Phones off Laptops closed Clickers on Transporter energized

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1 PHYS 1240 Sound and Music Professor John Price Cell Phones off Laptops closed Clickers on Transporter energized

2 The Ear and Hearing Thanks to Jed Whittaker for many of these slides

3 Ear anatomy substructures Ossicles Semicircular Canals Ear Drum Cochlea

4 Ear anatomy Outer Ear (Resonator) urces/health/hearing/images/normal_ ear.asp

5 Ear anatomy Middle Ear (Impedance Matching) Outer Ear (Resonator) urces/health/hearing/images/normal_ ear.asp

6 Ear anatomy Middle Ear (Impedance Matching) Outer Ear (Resonator) Inner Ear (Fourier Analyzer) urces/health/hearing/images/normal_ ear.asp

7 Ear Animation Waves on the basilar membrane: from Human Anatomy (McGraw Hill) Hearing protection reflex

8 The outer ear The human ear is most responsive at about 3 khz

9 18-1 Let s model the outer ear as a straight tube closed at one end. About how long is? A) 0.4 mm B) 4 mm C) 28 mm D) 56 mm E) 162 mm

10 18-2 Tube closed at one end What quantity is plotted above? A) pressure B) displacement

11 18-3 What is the resonant frequency of the first mode of the ear canal? A) 100 Hz B) 500 Hz C) 1200 Hz D) 2100 Hz E) 3100 Hz

12 Outer ear resonator The length of the human auditory canal is This gives a fundamental mode of ff 1 = 3.1 khz

13 Ear sensitivity Outer ear is a low-q cavity; other frequencies pass through also W. J. Mullin, W. J. George, J. P. Mestre, and S. L. Velleman, Fundamentals of sound with applications to speech and hearing (Allyn and Bacon, Boston, 2003)

14 18-4 Why have a middle ear? A) To provide peak sensitivity at 3 khz B) To better couple pressure waves from air medium to liquid medium C) To protect the inner ear from extremely loud sounds D) For balance E) More than one of the above

15 The human ear is closely related to other animal ears

16 Bones make fossils! 200 Mya 300 Mya

17 How does the inner ear work? 35 mm

18 Waves on the Basilar Membrane

19 How does the inner ear work?

20 How does the inner ear work? 30 µm Auditory Transduction animation by Brandon Pletsch Transmission electron microscope image, hair cells from a rat cochlea by R. Pujol

21 18-5 How big is 30 µm? A) Diameter of a human hair B) Size of a red blood cell C) Size of an atom D) Size of the nucleus of an atom E) Size of an amino acid molecule

22 18-6 How big is 0.1 nm? A) Diameter of a human hair B) Size of a red blood cell C) Size of an atom D) Size of the nucleus of an atom E) Size of an amino acid molecule

23 18-7 How does the wave velocity on the basilar membrane compare to the sound velocity in air? A) About the same B) Much slower C) Much faster

24 Hearing Damage Basilar Membrane Auditory Nerve Fiber

25 Hearing Damage OHC = Outer Hair Cell IHC = Inner Hair Cell

26 Hearing Damage

27 Hearing Damage Developed by Elliott Berger, MS, Senior Scientist with 3M Occupational Health and Environmental Safety Division (see link to 3M ear plugs )

28 PHYS 1240 Sound and Music Professor John Price Cell Phones off Laptops closed Clickers on Transporter energized

29 Psychoacoustics Measures of loudness Loudness versus frequency (Fletcher-Munson) Just noticeable difference (JND) of intensity and pitch Masking effects Pitch perception Phantom fundamentals Perception of direction and time differences Listener comfort and discomfort Conditions for intelligibility Music compression (MP3 and similar schemes)

30 Range of Hearing Sound Intensity Level (db)

31 Sound Intensity Recall Sound carries energy, rather than drops of water. So sound intensity is Intensity = joules seconds meters 2 = energy time area watts meters 2 = WW m 2 O when the Saints! Go marching in!

32 Recall The threshold of hearing is about WW/mm 2 at 1 khz, where the ear is most sensitive. (The corresponding pressure amplitude is Pa.) But away from 1 khz, the same intensity may seem much less loud. Intensity does not equal loudness!

33 The bel is used to express an intensity ratio R. Recall RR = 10 bels 1 bel = 10 decibels (db) The function that inverts this expression is called log() bels = log(rr) Sound Intensity Level = SIL Reference Intensity: II 0 = W/m 2 RR = II II 0

34 19-1 The decibel (db) is one tenth of a bel. Suppose R= How many decibels is this? A) 0.5 B) 40 C) 50 D) 0.4 E) 400

35 19-2 Suppose sound A has an intensity of 7 W/m 2, and sound B has an intensity of 0.07 W/m 2. What is the ratio of A to B expressed in db? A) 100 B) 20 C) -10 D) -20 E) none of these

36 19-3 Suppose sound A has an intensity of 7 W/m 2, and sound B has an intensity of 0.07 W/m 2. What is the ratio of B to A expressed in db? A) 100 B) 20 C) -10 D) -20 E) none of these

37 19-4 Suppose you are 10 m away from an acoustic guitar and you measure an average sound intensity of 10-9 W/m 2. What SIL does this correspond to? A) 30 db SIL B) 20 db SIL C) -90 db SIL D) 90 db SIL E) none of these

38 19-5 If a sound is 0 db SIL, is the intensity equal to zero? a) Yes b) No

39 19-6 If a sound is 0 db SIL, can you hear it? a) Yes b) No c) Depends on the frequency

40 Fletcher-Munson curves a topic in psychoacoustics 100 SIL (db) constant perceived loudness?? Frequency (Hz)

41 Fletcher-Munson curves a topic in psychoacoustics 100 SIL (db) 0 constant perceived loudness 0 phons Frequency (Hz) Threshold of hearing contour

42 19-7 Around what frequencies are you most sensitive to low intensity sound? A) Low freq s (~ Hz) B) Middle freq s (2-4 khz) C) High freq s (10-20 khz)

43 Fletcher-Munson graph 100 constant perceived loudness SIL (db) phon 0 phon Frequency (Hz)

44 Phons loudness scale For a tone at 1 khz, the loudness in phons is equal to the sound intensity level (SIL) in db. At other frequencies, the SIL is adjusted so that tones with equal perceived loudness have equal loudness in phons. The Fletcher-Munson curves show the SIL in db for tones with any loudness in phons and any frequency.

45 19-8 You re listening to a 50 db SIL sound at 1 khz. If you want to listen to much lower pitches, feeling the same loudness to you, should the SIL (in db) of the lower frequency sound be A) HIGHER than 50 db B) LOWER than 50 db C) Still 50 db

46 Fletcher-Munson graph SIL (db) phon Frequency (Hz)

47 Fletcher-Munson graph

48 19-9 Which will seem like a bigger increase in loudness? A) Increasing by 60 db intensity, while listening to 125 Hz sound B) Increasing by 60 db intensity, while listening to 1000 Hz sound C) Both seem equally more loud

49 Fletcher-Munson graph 60 db intensity increase

50 19-10 Music is recorded faithfully at a loud concert. You play it back at home on a high-quality sound system, and turn down the volume (reducing the intensity of all frequencies by the same # of db) How will it sound? A) Same, just quieter B) Low frequencies will be over-emphasized ( bass-y ) C) Low frequencies will be under-emphasized ( treble-y )

51 19-11 Music is recorded at a soft concert. You play it at home, and crank the volume (increasing ALL intensities by the same # of db) How will it sound? A) Same, just louder B) Low frequencies will be over-emphasized C) Low frequencies will be under-emphasized

52 Another loudness scale: phons versus sones Two sounds with the same phons loudness have the same perceived loudness. But a sound that is twice as loud is not twice as many phons. Sones correspond better to what we mean by loudness, in that twice as loud does correspond to twice as many sones. Φ phons 40 Ψ sones = 2 10 (This is a simpler way to define sones compared to our text.)

53 19-12 Another loudness scale: phons versus sones Φ phons 40 Ψ sones = phons is equal to how many sones? A) 3 B) 2 C) 1/2 D) -1 E) 1

54 19-13 Another loudness scale: phons versus sones Φ phons 40 Ψ sones = phons is equal to how many sones? A) 3 B) 2 C) 1/2 D) -1 E) 1

55 19-14 Another loudness scale: phons versus sones Φ phons 40 Ψ sones = phons is equal to how many sones? A) 3 B) 2 C) 1/2 D) -1 E) 1

56 Another loudness scale: phons versus sones Φ phons 40 Ψ sones = 2 10 Doubling the sones loudness is equivalent to going up 10 phons. Half the sones loudness is equivalent to going down 10 phons.

57 Masking and Critical Bands A quiet sound can be masked by a louder sound if it is close enough in frequency. The critical band is the frequency range or band width that is masked. YouTube: Francesca Dunne on critical bands MP3, AAC and similar lossy audio compression algorithms rely on masking to throw away less-important information 10x reduction in file size

58 19-15 Suppose I play a loud sine wave with a frequency of 2 khz. If I also play, at the same time, a quieter sine wave with a frequency of 3 khz, will it be masked by the louder sound? A) Yes B) No Figure from Hartmann Ch. 12 (solid line is critical band width)

59 More psychoacoustics JND = just noticeable difference JND for sound intensity depends on frequency and sound level JND for frequency depends on frequency and intensity

60 JND for sound intensity (from text by Hall) Implications for gain controls, Grace Audio site

61 19-16 A typical JND for sound level is about 1 db. Roughly what percent change is that in the intensity? = = = = A) 1% B) 1.3% C) 13% D) 25% E) 100%

62 JND for frequency

63 19-17 Suppose you listen to a 4000 Hz sinusoidal tone at 40 db SIL. Then you listen to a similar tone at 4020 Hz. Can you reliably tell that the second tone is higher frequency? A) Yes B) No

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