Is Phonology Necessary for Language?
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1 Is Phonology Necessary for Language? Wendy Sandler & Mark Aronoff Emergence of Language Structures Workshop The Center for Research in Language and The Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind UCSD February 6, 2007
2 a new sign language: Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign currently in its third generation all members of the first generation are deceased used by both hearing and (ca 100) deaf members of the community after Arabic, second language of the village
3 Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language (ABSL) young language in a small community -- first signers (n. 4-8) would be in their 70s cf. American Sign Language (ASL): ca. 250 years old, 200, ,000 signers
4 observations autochthonous different in structure and lexicon from surrounding spoken and sign languages (e.g. Arabic, Hebrew, Israeli Sign Language fully meets communicative needs of users
5 is phonology critical for language? Duality of patterning is a basic design feature of language (Hockett, 1960) There are good adaptive reasons for a distinct level of combinatorial phonological structure to have evolved as part of the language faculty. Pinker & Jackendoff (2005:212.)
6 The meaningful elements in any language... constitute an enormous stock. Yet they are represented by small arrangements of a relatively very small stock of distinguishable sounds, which are in themselves wholly meaningless. This duality of patterning is illustrated by the English words tack, cat and act. They are totally distinct as to meaning, and yet are composed of just three basic meaningless sounds in different permutations. Few animal communicative systems share this design-feature of language-none among the other hominoids, and perhaps none at all. (Hockett 1960, p. 89)
7 There is excellent reason to believe that duality of patterning was the last property to be developed, because one can find little if any reason why a communicative system should have this property unless it is highly complicated. If a vocal-auditory system (emphasis ours) comes to have a larger and larger number of distinct meaningful elements, those elements inevitably come to be more and more similar to one another in sound. There is a practical limit, for any species or any machine, to the number of distinct stimuli that can be discriminated, especially when the discriminations typically have to be made in noisy conditions. (Hockett 1960, p. 95)
8 Words in ABSL can be distinguished from mimetic depiction can be distinguished from phrases and sentences have no internal morphological structure indeterminate phonological structure
9 mimetic depiction vs words mimetic depiction conflates event with participants in the event body plays the role of a participant and acts out the event words factor out predicates and their arguments words are typically conveyed manually words are discrete word combinations have syntax
10 mimetic depiction in ABSL and signs in American Sign Language (ASL) MOVIES ABSL example with mimetic pantomime ASL example with conventional manual signs
11 phonology in sign language: finite set of discrete meaningless contrastive elements that combine to form words (Stokoe, 1960) typically, one hand configuration, one location, and one movement in a word
12 phonology in sign language: 1. finite set of discrete meaningless contrastive elements that combine to form words (Stokoe, 1960) SAY (ISL) ASK (ISL) minimal pair distinguished by handshape features SICK (ASL) minimal pair distinguished by location features TOUCH (ASL)
13 COMPARE (ISL) VACILLATE (ISL) minimal pair distinguished by hand orientation
14 phonology in sign language 2: constraints on sign formation SHOP (ISL) non-occurring form a. symmetry constraint (Battison, 1978) If both hands move, they must have the same handshape and move symmetrically
15 WAKE-UP (ISL) non-occurring form b. selected finger constraint (Mandel, 1981) There can only be one group of selected fingers in a sign
16 ABSL lexicon: no clearly defined phonological system across the community there is conventionalized vocabulary but much variation in form familiar sign language phonological constraints not rigidly enforced
17 tokens of a prototype: BANANA [MOVIES] Differences across signers in handshapes and movement of each hand
18 handshape variants that are contrastive in other sign languages: BANANA
19 location differences that are contrastive in other sign languages: DOG [MOVIES] locations near mouth, in front of body, to the side of body
20 violations of symmetry constraint [MOVIES] A sign for KNIFE in which the two hands are in different shapes and both hands move
21 violations of selected finger constraint [MOVIES] A sign for DONKEY that begins with this handshape: and ends with this one:
22 tokens around a gestural prototype manual signs (not mimetic depiction) noncontrastive variation in form paucity of minimal pairs
23 Can we identify the kernels of phonology in ABSL? 1. family-lects 2. phonology out of the hands of babes
24 KETTLE (compound sign) 1. variation
25 KETTLE 2. uniformity within a family
26 TREE 1. variation in older signers [MOVIES] idiosyncratic mimetic depiction for one signer more conventionalized but non-canonical sign for another
27 TREE 2. child s non-iconic reduced word form [MOVIE] conforms to canonical sign template: reduplicated monosyllable (Sandler & Lillo-Martin 2006)
28 conclusions there are words in ABSL words are discrete syntactically and paradigmatically word form guided by iconic prototype
29 conclusions Language can exist without a fullyfledged phonological system phonological and lexical regularity may start within a family unit phonological system may be emerging in youngest signers
30 This research is part of a project conducted together with Irit Meir and Carol Padden, funded by NIH THANK YOU - to the people of Al-Sayyid - to Shai Davidi (UHaifa) and Bob Buffington (CRL) for pictures and movies
31 REFERENCES Battison, Robbin Lexical Borrowing in American Sign Language. Silver Spring: Linstok Press Hockett, Charles F. (1960). The origin of speech. Scientific American, 203 (3), Mandel, Mark (1981) Phonotactics and Morphophonology in ASL. PhD dissertation. University of California, Berkeley. Pinker, Steven & Ray Jackendoff (2005). The faculty of language: What s special about it? Cognition,95(2), Sandler, Wendy, Irit Meir, Carol A. Padden, & Mark Aronoff (2005). The emergence of grammar: Systematic structure in a new sign language. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102, Sandler, Wendy & Diane Lillo-Martin (2006). Sign Language and Linguistic Universals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Stokoe, William C., (1978 ) [1960]. Sign Language Structure. Silver Spring: Linstok Press.
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