Chapter 18. The Senses SENSORY RECEPTION. Introduction: Superhuman Senses. Introduction: Superhuman Senses
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1 Introduction: Superhuman Senses Chapter 18 The Senses! Three senses found in some animals but not humans Echolocation locating objects by detecting echoes of emitted sound waves Electroreception ability to detect electrical fields Magnetoreception ability to detect magnetic fields Introduction: Superhuman Senses! Animal senses gather information that guides Predation SENSORY RECEPTION Migration Other behaviors such as finding a mate
2 29.1 Sensory inputs become sensations and perceptions in the brain! All senses trigger the same type of action potential! The brain distinguishes the type of stimulus 29.2 Sensory receptors convert stimulus energy to action potentials! Sensory receptors Specialized cells or neurons that detect stimuli! Perception is the brain s integration of sensations 29.2 Sensory receptors convert stimulus energy to action potentials! Sensory transduction Tongue Taste bud Taste pore 1 Sugar molecule Sensory receptor cells Sugar molecule (stimulus) Sweet receptor 2 Membrane of sensory receptor cell Conversion of stimulus energy to receptor potentials Receptor potentials trigger action potentials Action potentials are transmitted to the brain Sensory neuron Sensory receptor cell Signal transduction pathway Ion channels Receptor potential Ion 3 4 Neurotransmitter Sensory neuron Action potential mv No sugar Sugar present 5 Action potentials
3 29.2 Sensory receptors convert stimulus energy to action potentials! Stimulus strength increases action potential frequency 29.3 Sensory receptors detect five categories of stimuli! Human skin has many types of sensory receptors! But a repeated stimulus May lead to sensory adaptation Decreasing sensitivity Heat Light touch Pain Cold Hair 29.3 Sensory receptors detect five categories of stimuli Epidermis! 1 Pain receptors detect dangerous stimuli! 2 Thermoreceptors detect heat or cold! 3 Mechanoreceptors respond to Dermis Mechanical energy Touch Pressure Sound Nerve Connective tissue Hair movement Strong pressure! 4 Chemoreceptors respond to chemicals
4 29.3 Sensory receptors detect five categories of stimuli! 5 Electromagnetic receptors respond to Electricity HEARING AND BALANCE Magnetism Light (sensed by photoreceptors) 29.4 The ear converts air pressure waves to action potentials that are perceived as sound! The human ear channels sound waves From the outer ear To the eardrum To a chain of bones in the middle ear To the fluid in the coiled cochlea in the inner ear Outer ear Inner ear Pinna Auditory canal Eardrum Middle ear Eustachian tube
5 29.4 The ear converts air pressure waves to action potentials that are perceived as sound Stirrup Skull bones Semicircular canals (function in balance) Auditory nerve, to brain! Pressure waves in the fluid of the cochlea Bend hair cells in the organ of Corti against a membrane Triggering nerve signals to the brain Anvil Hammer Cochlea Eardrum Oval window (behind stirrup) Eustachian tube 29.4 The ear converts air pressure waves to action potentials that are perceived as sound Middle canal Upper canal Lower canal Bone Auditory nerve Hair cells Tectorial membrane Sensory neurons! Volume and pitch Louder sounds generate more action potentials Pitches stimulate different regions of the organ of Corti Cross section through cochlea Organ of Corti Basilar membrane To auditory nerve
6 29.5 The inner ear houses our organs of balance Semicircular canals! Organs of balance are part of the inner ear! They include Nerve Cochlea Semicircular canals Utricle Utricle Saccule Flow of fluid Saccule Flow of fluid Cupula! These organs sense body position and movement Hairs Hair cell Cupula Nerve fibers Direction of body movement 29.6 CONNECTION: What causes motion sickness?! Motion sickness May be caused by conflicting signals between Inner ear Eyes 29.6 CONNECTION: What causes motion sickness?! Motion sickness may be reduced by Sedatives such as Dramamine or Bonine Ginger tablets Pressure point wrist-bands! Motion sickness can be a severe problem for astronauts
7 VISION Sclera Ciliary body Ligament Cornea Iris Pupil Choroid Retina Fovea (center of visual field) Optic nerve Aqueous humor Lens Vitreous humor Artery and vein Blind spot 29.8 Humans have single-lens eyes that focus by changing position or shape! Vertebrate eyes Single-lens eyes Light is focused by the curved cornea and lens Changing the shape of the lens focuses near and far Photoreceptor cells in the retina detect light Ciliary muscle contracted Ligaments slacken Light from a near object (diverging rays) Cornea Near vision (accommodation) Sclera Ciliary muscle relaxed Ligaments pull on lens Lens Choroid Retina Light from a distant object (parallel rays) Animation: Near and Distant Vision Distance vision
8 29.9 CONNECTION: Artificial lenses or surgery can correct focusing problems! Nearsightedness and farsightedness Result when the focal point is not on the retina Corrective lenses bend the light rays to compensate 29.9 CONNECTION: Artificial lenses or surgery can correct focusing problems! Presbyopia Decreased flexibility of lens due to age Decreased ability to focus closely! Astigmatism Blurred vision Misshapen lens or cornea The human retina contains two types of photoreceptors: rods and cones! Rods and cones send action potentials to the brain! Rods Detect shades of gray in dim light Optic nerve fibers Retina Neurons Photoreceptors Cone Rod! Cones Allow us to see color in bright light Retina Optic nerve
9 TASTE AND SMELL Taste and odor receptors detect chemicals present in solution or air! Taste and smell Depend on chemoreceptors that bind specific molecules Taste and odor receptors detect chemicals present in solution or air! Taste receptors Located in taste buds on the tongue Produce five taste sensations Sweet Salty Taste and odor receptors detect chemicals present in solution or air! Olfactory (smell) sensory neurons Line the nasal cavity! Our perception of flavor results from a combination of taste and smell Sour Bitter Umami (savory)
10 Brain Nasal cavity Action potentials Olfactory bulb Bone CONNECTION: Supertasters have a heightened sense of taste! Supertasters Up to three times the sensitivity to bitter Up to 25% of humans Epithelial cell More likely to avoid Sensory neuron (chemoreceptor) Spinach, broccoli, cabbage Coffee Alcoholic beverages Mucus Cilia CONNECTION: Supertasters have a heightened sense of taste! Supertasters May be less likely to eat vegetables May result in a higher risk of obesity and related disease Review: The central nervous system couples stimulus with response! The nervous system Receives sensory information Integrates it Commands appropriate responses May be an action May be no action
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