TRANSLATION: 3 Stages to translation, can you guess what they are?

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "TRANSLATION: 3 Stages to translation, can you guess what they are?"

Transcription

1 TRANSLATION: Translation: is the process by which a ribosome interprets a genetic message on mrna to place amino acids in a specific sequence in order to synthesize polypeptide. 3 Stages to translation, can you guess what they are? 1. Inititiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination

2 TRANSLATION Interpreters transfer RNA transfer amino acids from cytoplasm s amino acid pool to a ribosome. Molecules of trna are not identical a unique trna molecule associates with a particular mrna codon with a particular amino acid.

3 TRANSLATION: One end of trna is amino acid, other is an anticodon complimentary sequence. If mrna is UUU than anticodon on trna is AAA, and amino acid is phenylalanine.

4

5

6

7 TRANSLATION: Some codons do not actually code for an amino acid BUT are in a sense "punctuation marks". Eg.:UAA, UAG, UGA = "STOP" That is when any of these three codons appear in the message the "reading" process is stopped. There is also a "START" codon AUG also codes for Met (methionine) begins all poly s Met can be within a.a. sequence.

8 trna transcribed from DNA template. Used repeatedly 80 nucleotides long Folding hydrogen bonding 3D structure

9 REDUNDANCY OF THE GENETIC CODE: Each codon specifies one of 20 different amino acids. There are 64 codons (representing all the ways you can combine 4 letters into groups of 3). Some amino acids have more than one codon, which specifies them. Eg.: Serine = AGU, AGC There are 45 trnas because some anticodons can recognize more than one codon.

10 Wobble hypothesis Relaxed base pairing rule for third codon and corresponding base. trna with inosine (modified adenine) I can pair with U C or A trna with anticodon CCI can bind to codons GGU, GGC and GGA all code for glycine. Explains third base redundancy.

11 Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase Enzyme responsible for recognition of correct match between trna and codon.

12 Ribosomes P-site holds trna carrying the growing peptide chain A-site aminoacyl-trna site Prok. and Euk. differ drugs (tetracycline)

13 INITIATION: Brings together mrna, trna with a.a. and two subunits of ribosome. Ribosome attaches at sequence upstream (5 ) The ribosome moves onto the mrna at the initiation codon (AUG) Initiator trna carrying methionine attaches to initiator codon. Used 1 GTP to form initiation complex

14 ELONGATION: Codon recognition Incoming aminoacyl trna binds to the codon in A site. Peptide bond formation ribosome catalyzes peptide bond between new amino acid and carboxyl end of polypeptide

15 Translocation: trna in A site is moved to P site, taking mrna along. trna in P site moves out and is released from ribosome mrna shifts its position on the ribosome by one codon Repeat with new aminoacyl trna

16 TRANSLATION

17 ELONGATION: As the ribosome base pairs the appropriate codons (mrna) with the trna anticodon a peptide bond is formed between the two adjacent amino acids. At this point the trna portion of the first amino acid falls off and returns to the trna pool to become charged with another Amino acid and the process continues... A transfer RNA molecule complete with its specific amino acid is referred to as a charged trna.

18 TERMINATION: When the ribosome reaches the UAA terminator codon the translation process stops. Other ribosomes may also translate the mrna into other copies of the protein OR the mrna can be degraded and the nucleotides returned to the nucleotide pool. Polyribosomes

19 RELEASE FACTOR: protein the releases the two RNA subunits

20 Polyribosomes

21 Mutation Caused by failure of DNA repair A permanent change in an organism s DNA that results in A different codon = Different amino acid sequence Change in protein function

22

23 Single-base substitutions A single base, becomes replaced by another. Also called point mutations. If one purine (A or G) is replace by a purine it is called a transition. If a purine is replaced by a pyrimidine (or vice-versa) a transversion.

24 Mis-sense mutations The new nucleotide alters the codon Producing an altered amino acid product. Ex: sickle cell anemia ACT CCT GAG GAG Codon# ACT CCT GTG GAG The replacement of A by T at 17 th nucleotide for beta chain of hemoglobin.

25 Normal RBC round donut thru capillary S.S.A. RBC pointed ends sickle shape problems in capillaries joint, chest pain Anemic b/c RBC break

26 Nonsense mutations New nucleotide specifies STOP codon mrna transcript will end prematurely Shortened protein - depending earlier the mutation more likely to affect function. Silent mutations Ex third base in codon TCT changed to any other: TCA, TCG, TCC all code for no change in product, not detected

27 Splice-site mutations Removal of intron sequences requires signals at splice sites if mutation alters these signals Intron not removed, remains in final mrna alters sequence of protein product.

28 Insertions and Deletions Extra base pairs may be added or removed from DNA range If they involve one, or two base pairs or their multiples can be devastating. Frameshift can change translation:.gagccgcaacttc. By shifting the reading frame one nucleotide to the right, changes amino acid sequence.

29 Frame-shift mutations Original a.a. sequence: Glu-Pro-Gln-Leu Shifted sequence: Ser-Arg-Asn-Phe Frame-shifts often create STOP codons. Insertions/deletions of three nucleotides are less serious since reading frame is preserved.

30 Insertions of tri-nucleotide repeats Huntington s and Fragile X are caused by multiple copies of the same triplet. Fragile X string of repeats of CGG as few as 5 or as many as 50 normal phenotype repeats appear normal but gene unstable offspring repeats increase. Abnormal phenotypes as many as 4000 repeats. Males more likely affected mental retardation.

31 Duplications Can occur during meiosis (crossing over) sister chromatids not aligned can cause one chromatid to have a duplicated gene, and other to have two genes with deletions. Translocations Transfer of a piece of one chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome reciprocal: Destroy gene function, or enhance expression.

32 Inversions Chromosome is broken and re-attached at an orientation opposite the original.

33 Frequency of mutations Humans inherit 3 x 10 9 base pairs from each parent. Substitutions occur most often when DNA is being copied during S phase of cell cycle. Estimated mutation rate 1 in every 50 million nucleotides, for each new cell 120 new mutations.

34

Central Dogma. Central Dogma. Translation (mrna -> protein)

Central Dogma. Central Dogma. Translation (mrna -> protein) Central Dogma Central Dogma Translation (mrna -> protein) mrna code for amino acids 1. Codons as Triplet code 2. Redundancy 3. Open reading frames 4. Start and stop codons 5. Mistakes in translation 6.

More information

Genetic information flows from mrna to protein through the process of translation

Genetic information flows from mrna to protein through the process of translation Genetic information flows from mrn to protein through the process of translation TYPES OF RN (RIBONUCLEIC CID) RN s job - protein synthesis (assembly of amino acids into proteins) Three main types: 1.

More information

Complete Student Notes for BIOL2202

Complete Student Notes for BIOL2202 Complete Student Notes for BIOL2202 Revisiting Translation & the Genetic Code Overview How trna molecules interpret a degenerate genetic code and select the correct amino acid trna structure: modified

More information

Section Chapter 14. Go to Section:

Section Chapter 14. Go to Section: Section 12-3 Chapter 14 Go to Section: Content Objectives Write these Down! I will be able to identify: The origin of genetic differences among organisms. The possible kinds of different mutations. The

More information

RNA and Protein Synthesis Guided Notes

RNA and Protein Synthesis Guided Notes RNA and Protein Synthesis Guided Notes is responsible for controlling the production of in the cell, which is essential to life! o DNARNAProteins contain several thousand, each with directions to make

More information

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. It is known today that GENES direct the production of the proteins that determine the phonotypical characteristics of organisms.

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. It is known today that GENES direct the production of the proteins that determine the phonotypical characteristics of organisms. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS It is known today that GENES direct the production of the proteins that determine the phonotypical characteristics of organisms.» GENES = a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that performs

More information

Protein Synthesis and Mutation Review

Protein Synthesis and Mutation Review Protein Synthesis and Mutation Review 1. Using the diagram of RNA below, identify at least three things different from a DNA molecule. Additionally, circle a nucleotide. 1) RNA is single stranded; DNA

More information

Chapter 12-4 DNA Mutations Notes

Chapter 12-4 DNA Mutations Notes Chapter 12-4 DNA Mutations Notes I. Mutations Introduction A. Definition: Changes in the DNA sequence that affect genetic information B. Mutagen= physical or chemical agent that interacts with DNA to cause

More information

Protein Synthesis

Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis 10.6-10.16 Objectives - To explain the central dogma - To understand the steps of transcription and translation in order to explain how our genes create proteins necessary for survival.

More information

Sections 12.3, 13.1, 13.2

Sections 12.3, 13.1, 13.2 Sections 12.3, 13.1, 13.2 Now that the DNA has been copied, it needs to send its genetic message to the ribosomes so proteins can be made Transcription: synthesis (making of) an RNA molecule from a DNA

More information

Bio 111 Study Guide Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein

Bio 111 Study Guide Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein Bio 111 Study Guide Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein BEFORE CLASS: Reading: Read the introduction on p. 333, skip the beginning of Concept 17.1 from p. 334 to the bottom of the first column on p. 336, and

More information

Computational Biology I LSM5191

Computational Biology I LSM5191 Computational Biology I LSM5191 Aylwin Ng, D.Phil Lecture Notes: Transcriptome: Molecular Biology of Gene Expression II TRANSLATION RIBOSOMES: protein synthesizing machines Translation takes place on defined

More information

Biochemistry 2000 Sample Question Transcription, Translation and Lipids. (1) Give brief definitions or unique descriptions of the following terms:

Biochemistry 2000 Sample Question Transcription, Translation and Lipids. (1) Give brief definitions or unique descriptions of the following terms: (1) Give brief definitions or unique descriptions of the following terms: (a) exon (b) holoenzyme (c) anticodon (d) trans fatty acid (e) poly A tail (f) open complex (g) Fluid Mosaic Model (h) embedded

More information

Explain that each trna molecule is recognised by a trna-activating enzyme that binds a specific amino acid to the trna, using ATP for energy

Explain that each trna molecule is recognised by a trna-activating enzyme that binds a specific amino acid to the trna, using ATP for energy 7.4 - Translation 7.4.1 - Explain that each trna molecule is recognised by a trna-activating enzyme that binds a specific amino acid to the trna, using ATP for energy Each amino acid has a specific trna-activating

More information

Pre-mRNA has introns The splicing complex recognizes semiconserved sequences

Pre-mRNA has introns The splicing complex recognizes semiconserved sequences Adding a 5 cap Lecture 4 mrna splicing and protein synthesis Another day in the life of a gene. Pre-mRNA has introns The splicing complex recognizes semiconserved sequences Introns are removed by a process

More information

Point total. Page # Exam Total (out of 90) The number next to each intermediate represents the total # of C-C and C-H bonds in that molecule.

Point total. Page # Exam Total (out of 90) The number next to each intermediate represents the total # of C-C and C-H bonds in that molecule. This exam is worth 90 points. Pages 2- have questions. Page 1 is for your reference only. Honor Code Agreement - Signature: Date: (You agree to not accept or provide assistance to anyone else during this

More information

Gene Expression. From a gene to a protein

Gene Expression. From a gene to a protein Gene Expression From a gene to a protein Central Dogma (Crick 1958) Determines the genetic flow of information Central Dogma First step in decoding a genetic message from DNA is to copy (transcribe) it

More information

Translation Activity Guide

Translation Activity Guide Translation Activity Guide Student Handout β-globin Translation Translation occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and is defined as the synthesis of a protein (polypeptide) using information encoded in an

More information

HEREDITY SAMPLE TOURNAMENT

HEREDITY SAMPLE TOURNAMENT HEREDITY SAMPLE TOURNAMENT PART 1 - BACKGROUND: 1. Heterozygous means. A. Information about heritable traits B. Unique/ different molecular forms of a gene that are possible at a given locus C. Having

More information

Objectives: Prof.Dr. H.D.El-Yassin

Objectives: Prof.Dr. H.D.El-Yassin Protein Synthesis and drugs that inhibit protein synthesis Objectives: 1. To understand the steps involved in the translation process that leads to protein synthesis 2. To understand and know about all

More information

The Cell T H E C E L L C Y C L E C A N C E R

The Cell T H E C E L L C Y C L E C A N C E R The Cell T H E C E L L C Y C L E C A N C E R Nuclear envelope Transcription DNA RNA Processing Pre-mRNA Translation mrna Nuclear pores Ribosome Polypeptide Transcription RNA is synthesized from DNA in

More information

Chapter 32: Translation

Chapter 32: Translation Chapter 32: Translation Voet & Voet: Pages 1343-1385 (Parts of sections 1-3) Slide 1 Genetic code Translates the genetic information into functional proteins mrna is read in 5 to 3 direction Codons are

More information

6.3 DNA Mutations. SBI4U Ms. Ho-Lau

6.3 DNA Mutations. SBI4U Ms. Ho-Lau 6.3 DNA Mutations SBI4U Ms. Ho-Lau DNA Mutations Gene expression can be affected by errors that occur during DNA replication. Some errors are repaired, but others can become mutations (changes in the nucleotide

More information

Mutations. Any change in DNA sequence is called a mutation.

Mutations. Any change in DNA sequence is called a mutation. Mutations Mutations Any change in DNA sequence is called a mutation. Mutations can be caused by errors in replication, transcription, cell division, or by external agents. Mutations Mutations can be harmful.

More information

MUTATIONS, MUTAGENESIS, AND CARCINOGENESIS. (Start your clickers)

MUTATIONS, MUTAGENESIS, AND CARCINOGENESIS. (Start your clickers) MUTATIONS, MUTAGENESIS, AND CARCINOGENESIS (Start your clickers) How do mutations arise? And how do they affect a cell and its organism? Mutations: heritable changes in genes Mutations occur in DNA But

More information

Biology 12 January 2004 Provincial Examination

Biology 12 January 2004 Provincial Examination Biology 12 January 2004 Provincial Examination ANSWER KEY / SCORING GUIDE CURRICULUM: Organizers 1. Cell Biology 2. Cell Processes and Applications 3. Human Biology Sub-Organizers A, B, C, D E, F, G, H

More information

www.lessonplansinc.com Topic: Protein Synthesis - Sentence Activity Summary: Students will simulate transcription and translation by building a sentence/polypeptide from words/amino acids. Goals & Objectives:

More information

The Cell Cycle. Chapter 10

The Cell Cycle. Chapter 10 The Cell Cycle Chapter 10 Why Do Cells Divide? Unicellular 1. Reproduction Multicellular 1. Grow 2. Repair 3. Development/reproduction Types of Division Prokaryotic cells Binary fission = asexual reproduction

More information

WHEN DO MUTATIONS OCCUR?

WHEN DO MUTATIONS OCCUR? WHEN DO MUTATIONS OCCUR? While most DNA replicates with fairly high accuracy, mistakes do happen. DNA polymerase sometimes inserts the wrong nucleotide or too many or too few nucleotides into a sequence.

More information

STRUCTURAL CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS

STRUCTURAL CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS STRUCTURAL CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS Structural chromosomal aberrations cause structural abnormalities in chromosome structure. They alter the sequence or the kind of genes present in chromosome. These are

More information

1 By Drs. Ingrid Waldron and. Jennifer Doherty, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, These Teacher

1 By Drs. Ingrid Waldron and. Jennifer Doherty, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, These Teacher Teacher Preparation Notes for "From Gene to Protein via Transcription and Translation" 1 In this analysis and discussion activity, students learn (1) how genes provide the instructions for making a protein

More information

TRANSLATION. Translation is a process where proteins are made by the ribosomes on the mrna strand.

TRANSLATION. Translation is a process where proteins are made by the ribosomes on the mrna strand. TRANSLATION Dr. Mahesha H B, Yuvaraja s College, University of Mysore, Mysuru. Translation is a process where proteins are made by the ribosomes on the mrna strand. Or The process in the ribosomes of a

More information

DNA codes for RNA, which guides protein synthesis.

DNA codes for RNA, which guides protein synthesis. Section 3: DNA codes for RNA, which guides protein synthesis. K What I Know W What I Want to Find Out L What I Learned Vocabulary Review synthesis New RNA messenger RNA ribosomal RNA transfer RNA transcription

More information

BIOLOGY 621 Identification of the Snorks

BIOLOGY 621 Identification of the Snorks Name: Date: Block: BIOLOGY 621 Identification of the Snorks INTRODUCTION: In this simulation activity, you will examine the DNA sequence of a fictitious organism - the Snork. Snorks were discovered on

More information

MUTATIONS, MUTAGENESIS, AND CARCINOGENESIS

MUTATIONS, MUTAGENESIS, AND CARCINOGENESIS MUTATIONS, MUTAGENESIS, AND CARCINOGENESIS How do different alleles arise? ( allele : form of a gene; specific base sequence at a site on DNA) Mutations: heritable changes in genes Mutations occur in DNA

More information

Genetics. Instructor: Dr. Jihad Abdallah Transcription of DNA

Genetics. Instructor: Dr. Jihad Abdallah Transcription of DNA Genetics Instructor: Dr. Jihad Abdallah Transcription of DNA 1 3.4 A 2 Expression of Genetic information DNA Double stranded In the nucleus Transcription mrna Single stranded Translation In the cytoplasm

More information

Eukaryotic Gene Regulation

Eukaryotic Gene Regulation Eukaryotic Gene Regulation Chapter 19: Control of Eukaryotic Genome The BIG Questions How are genes turned on & off in eukaryotes? How do cells with the same genes differentiate to perform completely different,

More information

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com. Question Number. Answer Additional Guidance Mark. 1(a) 1. mutation changes the sequence of bases / eq ;

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com. Question Number. Answer Additional Guidance Mark. 1(a) 1. mutation changes the sequence of bases / eq ; 1(a) 1. mutation changes the sequence of bases / eq ; 2. reference to stop code / idea of {insertion / deletion / eq} changes all triplets / frame shift / eq ; 3. {transcription / translation} does not

More information

GENE EXPRESSION. Amoeba Sisters video 3pk9YVo. Individuality & Mutations

GENE EXPRESSION. Amoeba Sisters video   3pk9YVo. Individuality & Mutations Amoeba Sisters video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=giez 3pk9YVo GENE EXPRESSION Individuality & Mutations Complete video handout http://www.amoebasisters.com/uploads/ 2/1/9/0/21902384/video_recap_of_muta

More information

Cells and Tissues 3PART C. PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College

Cells and Tissues 3PART C. PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Cells and Tissues 3PART C Protein Synthesis Gene DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building

More information

RNA Processing in Eukaryotes *

RNA Processing in Eukaryotes * OpenStax-CNX module: m44532 1 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes * OpenStax This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 By the end of this section, you

More information

RNA (Ribonucleic acid)

RNA (Ribonucleic acid) RNA (Ribonucleic acid) Structure: Similar to that of DNA except: 1- it is single stranded polunucleotide chain. 2- Sugar is ribose 3- Uracil is instead of thymine There are 3 types of RNA: 1- Ribosomal

More information

Beta Thalassemia Case Study Introduction to Bioinformatics

Beta Thalassemia Case Study Introduction to Bioinformatics Beta Thalassemia Case Study Sami Khuri Department of Computer Science San José State University San José, California, USA sami.khuri@sjsu.edu www.cs.sjsu.edu/faculty/khuri Outline v Hemoglobin v Alpha

More information

Study Guide Key for CHEM 109 Fall 2015

Study Guide Key for CHEM 109 Fall 2015 Study Guide Key for CEM 109 Fall 2015 Remember you will need to show your work for full credit. n the real exam always work the problems you know best first. If you get hung up on a problem, you should

More information

Integration Solutions

Integration Solutions Integration Solutions (1) a) With no active glycosyltransferase of either type, an ii individual would not be able to add any sugars to the O form of the lipopolysaccharide. Thus, the only lipopolysaccharide

More information

Mutations Quick Questions and Notes (#1) QQ#1: What do you know about mutations?

Mutations Quick Questions and Notes (#1) QQ#1: What do you know about mutations? Mutations Quick Questions and Notes (#1) QQ#1: What do you know about mutations? mutation basics Definition: a change in the genetic material of a cell Note: not all mutations are bad Can occur in 2 types

More information

Patrick: An Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry 5e Chapter 06

Patrick: An Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry 5e Chapter 06 01) Match the following structures to their names. a. b. c. d. 02) ame the following structures (i) (iv) i) H ii) 2 iii) iv) H 2 CH 3 H H H H H H a. Deoxyadenosine = b. Deoxyguanosine = c. Deoxythymidine

More information

If DNA resides in the nucleus, and proteins are made at the ribosomes, how can DNA direct protein production?

If DNA resides in the nucleus, and proteins are made at the ribosomes, how can DNA direct protein production? Protein Synthesis If DN resides in the nucleus, and proteins are made at the ribosomes, how can DN direct protein production? cell nucleus? ribosome Summary of Protein Synthesis DN deoxyribonucleic acid

More information

Short polymer. Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond. Longer polymer (a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer

Short polymer. Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond. Longer polymer (a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer HO 1 2 3 H HO H Short polymer Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond Unlinked monomer H 2 O HO 1 2 3 4 H Longer polymer (a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer HO 1 2 3

More information

Introduction to Genetics

Introduction to Genetics Introduction to Genetics Table of contents Chromosome DNA Protein synthesis Mutation Genetic disorder Relationship between genes and cancer Genetic testing Technical concern 2 All living organisms consist

More information

Objective: You will be able to explain how the subcomponents of

Objective: You will be able to explain how the subcomponents of Objective: You will be able to explain how the subcomponents of nucleic acids determine the properties of that polymer. Do Now: Read the first two paragraphs from enduring understanding 4.A Essential knowledge:

More information

Genes and Genetic Diseases. Gene: Is a fundamental unit of information storage.

Genes and Genetic Diseases. Gene: Is a fundamental unit of information storage. GENETIC DISORDERS Genes and Genetic Diseases Gene: Is a fundamental unit of information storage. Genes determine the type of proteins and enzymes that are made by the cell. Genes control inheritance and

More information

Mutations. A2 Biology For WJEC

Mutations. A2 Biology For WJEC 12. Mutation is a change in the amount, arrangement or structure in the DNA of an organism. 13. There are two types of mutations, chromosome mutations and gene mutations. Mutations A2 Biology For WJEC

More information

Insulin mrna to Protein Kit

Insulin mrna to Protein Kit Insulin mrna to Protein Kit A 3DMD Paper BioInformatics and Mini-Toober Folding Activity Student Handout www.3dmoleculardesigns.com Insulin mrna to Protein Kit Contents Becoming Familiar with the Data...

More information

MCB 102 Third Exam Spring 2015

MCB 102 Third Exam Spring 2015 MCB 102 Third Exam Spring 2015 Problem 1 Problem 2 Problem 3 Problem 4 Problem 5 Problem 6 Problem 7 Problem 8 Problem 9 Problem 10 (14 points) (9 points) (10 points) (9 points) (5 points) (6 points) (7

More information

Life Sciences 1A Midterm Exam 2. November 13, 2006

Life Sciences 1A Midterm Exam 2. November 13, 2006 Name: TF: Section Time Life Sciences 1A Midterm Exam 2 November 13, 2006 Please write legibly in the space provided below each question. You may not use calculators on this exam. We prefer that you use

More information

Protein Synthesis. What are proteins and what are they composed of? What are some of their functions? What determines the final function of a protein?

Protein Synthesis. What are proteins and what are they composed of? What are some of their functions? What determines the final function of a protein? Protein Synthesis What are proteins and what are they composed of? What are some of their functions? What determines the final function of a protein? What is needed to make specific proteins and what is

More information

Chemistry 107 Exam 4 Study Guide

Chemistry 107 Exam 4 Study Guide Chemistry 107 Exam 4 Study Guide Chapter 10 10.1 Recognize that enzyme catalyze reactions by lowering activation energies. Know the definition of a catalyst. Differentiate between absolute, relative and

More information

Proteins. Length of protein varies from thousands of amino acids to only a few insulin only 51 amino acids

Proteins. Length of protein varies from thousands of amino acids to only a few insulin only 51 amino acids Proteins Protein carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and often sulphur Length of protein varies from thousands of amino acids to only a few insulin only 51 amino acids During protein synthesis, amino acids

More information

Properties of amino acids in proteins

Properties of amino acids in proteins Properties of amino acids in proteins one of the primary roles of DNA (but far from the only one!!!) is to code for proteins A typical bacterium builds thousands types of proteins, all from ~20 amino acids

More information

1. Investigate the structure of the trna Synthase in complex with a trna molecule. (pdb ID 1ASY).

1. Investigate the structure of the trna Synthase in complex with a trna molecule. (pdb ID 1ASY). Problem Set 11 (Due Nov 25 th ) 1. Investigate the structure of the trna Synthase in complex with a trna molecule. (pdb ID 1ASY). a. Why don t trna molecules contain a 5 triphosphate like other RNA molecules

More information

Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties. STOP at enduring understanding 4A

Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties. STOP at enduring understanding 4A Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties. STOP at enduring understanding 4A Homework Watch the Bozeman video called, Biological Molecules Objective:

More information

Molecular Biology (BIOL 4320) Exam #2 April 22, 2002

Molecular Biology (BIOL 4320) Exam #2 April 22, 2002 Molecular Biology (BIOL 4320) Exam #2 April 22, 2002 Name SS# This exam is worth a total of 100 points. The number of points each question is worth is shown in parentheses after the question number. Good

More information

Molecular Biology (BIOL 4320) Exam #2 May 3, 2004

Molecular Biology (BIOL 4320) Exam #2 May 3, 2004 Molecular Biology (BIOL 4320) Exam #2 May 3, 2004 Name SS# This exam is worth a total of 100 points. The number of points each question is worth is shown in parentheses after the question number. Good

More information

An Introduction to Genetics. 9.1 An Introduction to Genetics. An Introduction to Genetics. An Introduction to Genetics. DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid

An Introduction to Genetics. 9.1 An Introduction to Genetics. An Introduction to Genetics. An Introduction to Genetics. DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid An Introduction to Genetics 9.1 An Introduction to Genetics DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Information blueprint for life Reproduction, development, and everyday functioning of living things Only 2% coding

More information

3. What law of heredity explains that traits, like texture and color, are inherited independently of each other?

3. What law of heredity explains that traits, like texture and color, are inherited independently of each other? Section 2: Genetics Chapter 11 pg. 308-329 Part 1: Refer to the table of pea plant traits on the right. Then complete the table on the left by filling in the missing information for each cross. 6. What

More information

GENE EXPRESSION. Individuality & Mutations

GENE EXPRESSION. Individuality & Mutations GENE EXPRESSION Individuality & Mutations I. Are all genes turned on in all cells? The answer is NO! Every body cell contains your DNA (genetic make-up) Cells use only genes specific for function EX. Red

More information

Unit IV. Chapter 04. Cellular Function. Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Unit IV. Chapter 04. Cellular Function. Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Unit IV hapter 04 ellular Function opyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Fig. 4.2 opyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

More information

Biomolecules: amino acids

Biomolecules: amino acids Biomolecules: amino acids Amino acids Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins They are also part of hormones, neurotransmitters and metabolic intermediates There are 20 different amino acids in

More information

Lecture: Variability. Different types of variability in Biology and Medicine. Cytological essentials of heritable diseases. Plan of the lecture

Lecture: Variability. Different types of variability in Biology and Medicine. Cytological essentials of heritable diseases. Plan of the lecture Lecture: Variability. Different types of variability in Biology and Medicine. Cytological essentials of heritable diseases Plan of the lecture 1. Notion of variability. Different types of variability.

More information

Amino acids. Side chain. -Carbon atom. Carboxyl group. Amino group

Amino acids. Side chain. -Carbon atom. Carboxyl group. Amino group PROTEINS Amino acids Side chain -Carbon atom Amino group Carboxyl group Amino acids Primary structure Amino acid monomers Peptide bond Peptide bond Amino group Carboxyl group Peptide bond N-terminal (

More information

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Concept 5.4: Proteins have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions Proteins account for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells Protein functions include structural support, storage,

More information

The Mechanism of Translation

The Mechanism of Translation The Mechanism of Translation The central dogma Francis Crick 1956 pathway for flow of genetic information Transcription Translation Duplication DNA RNA Protein 1954 Zamecnik developed the first cell-free

More information

Biology. Lectures winter term st year of Pharmacy study

Biology. Lectures winter term st year of Pharmacy study Biology Lectures winter term 2008 1 st year of Pharmacy study 3 rd Lecture Chemical composition of living matter chemical basis of life. Atoms, molecules, organic compounds carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,

More information

Four Classes of Biological Macromolecules. Biological Macromolecules. Lipids

Four Classes of Biological Macromolecules. Biological Macromolecules. Lipids Biological Macromolecules Much larger than other par4cles found in cells Made up of smaller subunits Found in all cells Great diversity of func4ons Four Classes of Biological Macromolecules Lipids Polysaccharides

More information

1) DNA unzips - hydrogen bonds between base pairs are broken by special enzymes.

1) DNA unzips - hydrogen bonds between base pairs are broken by special enzymes. Biology 12 Cell Cycle To divide, a cell must complete several important tasks: it must grow, during which it performs protein synthesis (G1 phase) replicate its genetic material /DNA (S phase), and physically

More information

Biomolecules Amino Acids & Protein Chemistry

Biomolecules Amino Acids & Protein Chemistry Biochemistry Department Date: 17/9/ 2017 Biomolecules Amino Acids & Protein Chemistry Prof.Dr./ FAYDA Elazazy Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Intended Learning Outcomes ILOs By the end

More information

AGENDA for 02/11/14 AGENDA: HOMEWORK: Due Thurs, OBJECTIVES: Quiz tomorrow, Thurs, : The Genetic Code

AGENDA for 02/11/14 AGENDA: HOMEWORK: Due Thurs, OBJECTIVES: Quiz tomorrow, Thurs, : The Genetic Code AGENDA for 02/11/14 AGENDA: 1. 3.2.2: The Genetic Code HOMEWORK: Due Thurs, 02-13 1. 3.2.2 Activity Packet OBJECTIVES: 1. Decode the DNA message 2. Investigate the effect that various mutations have on

More information

AP Bio. Protiens Chapter 5 1

AP Bio. Protiens Chapter 5 1 Concept.4: Proteins have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions Proteins account for more than 0% of the dry mass of most cells Protein functions include structural support, storage, transport,

More information

Bacterial Gene Finding CMSC 423

Bacterial Gene Finding CMSC 423 Bacterial Gene Finding CMSC 423 Finding Signals in DNA We just have a long string of A, C, G, Ts. How can we find the signals encoded in it? Suppose you encountered a language you didn t know. How would

More information

Chapter 4 Genetics and Cellular Function. The Nucleic Acids (medical history) Chromosome loci. Organization of the Chromatin. Nucleotide Structure

Chapter 4 Genetics and Cellular Function. The Nucleic Acids (medical history) Chromosome loci. Organization of the Chromatin. Nucleotide Structure Chapter 4 Genetics and Cellular Function The Nucleic Acids (medical history) Nucleus and nucleic acids Protein synthesis and secretion DNA replication and the cell cycle Chromosomes and heredity Organization

More information

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Part 4: Proteins Chapter 5

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Part 4: Proteins Chapter 5 Key Concepts: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Part 4: Proteins Chapter 5 Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions Proteins Enzymatic s

More information

Gene Expression and Mutation

Gene Expression and Mutation Gene Expression and Mutation GENE EXPRESSION: There are hormonal and environmental factors that may cause the expression of some genetic information. Some examples are: 1. The two- colour pattern of some

More information

Introduction to genetic variation. He Zhang Bioinformatics Core Facility 6/22/2016

Introduction to genetic variation. He Zhang Bioinformatics Core Facility 6/22/2016 Introduction to genetic variation He Zhang Bioinformatics Core Facility 6/22/2016 Outline Basic concepts of genetic variation Genetic variation in human populations Variation and genetic disorders Databases

More information

The Basics: A general review of molecular biology:

The Basics: A general review of molecular biology: The Basics: A general review of molecular biology: DNA Transcription RNA Translation Proteins DNA (deoxy-ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material It is an informational super polymer -think of it as the

More information

The Meaning of Genetic Variation

The Meaning of Genetic Variation Activity 2 The Meaning of Genetic Variation Focus: Students investigate variation in the beta globin gene by identifying base changes that do and do not alter function, and by using several CD-ROM-based

More information

CASE TEACHING NOTES. Decoding the Flu INTRODUCTION / BACKGROUND CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT

CASE TEACHING NOTES. Decoding the Flu INTRODUCTION / BACKGROUND CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT CASE TEACHING NOTES for Decoding the Flu by Norris Armstrong Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA INTRODUCTION / BACKGROUND This case is a clicker case. It is designed to be presented

More information

Beta Thalassemia Sami Khuri Department of Computer Science San José State University Spring 2015

Beta Thalassemia Sami Khuri Department of Computer Science San José State University Spring 2015 Bioinformatics in Medical Product Development SMPD 287 Three Beta Thalassemia Sami Khuri Department of Computer Science San José State University Hemoglobin Outline Anatomy of a gene Hemoglobinopathies

More information

Chapter 11 Gene Expression

Chapter 11 Gene Expression Chapter 11 Gene Expression 11-1 Control of Gene Expression Gene Expression- the activation of a gene to form a protein -a gene is on or expressed when it is transcribed. -cells do not always need to produce

More information

Chapter 5: Structure and Function of Macromolecules AP Biology 2011

Chapter 5: Structure and Function of Macromolecules AP Biology 2011 Chapter 5: Structure and Function of Macromolecules AP Biology 2011 1 Macromolecules Fig. 5.1 Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Polymer - large molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

More information

Chapter 16 Mutations. Practice Questions:

Chapter 16 Mutations. Practice Questions: Biology 234 J. G. Doheny Chapter 16 Mutations Practice Questions: Answer the following questions with one or two sentences. 1. List the name of one test that can be used to identify mutagens. 2. What is

More information

Methionine (Met or M)

Methionine (Met or M) Fig. 5-17 Nonpolar Fig. 5-17a Nonpolar Glycine (Gly or G) Alanine (Ala or A) Valine (Val or V) Leucine (Leu or L) Isoleucine (Ile or I) Methionine (Met or M) Phenylalanine (Phe or F) Polar Trypotphan (Trp

More information

Alternative RNA processing: Two examples of complex eukaryotic transcription units and the effect of mutations on expression of the encoded proteins.

Alternative RNA processing: Two examples of complex eukaryotic transcription units and the effect of mutations on expression of the encoded proteins. Alternative RNA processing: Two examples of complex eukaryotic transcription units and the effect of mutations on expression of the encoded proteins. The RNA transcribed from a complex transcription unit

More information

The Synthetic Machinery of the Cell

The Synthetic Machinery of the Cell The Synthetic Machinery of the Cell Professor Alfred Cuschieri University of Malta Department of Anatomy Objectives State the characteristics of messenger, ribosomal and transfer RNA Distinguish between

More information

L I F E S C I E N C E S

L I F E S C I E N C E S 1a L I F E S C I E N C E S 5 -UUA AUA UUC GAA AGC UGC AUC GAA AAC UGU GAA UCA-3 5 -TTA ATA TTC GAA AGC TGC ATC GAA AAC TGT GAA TCA-3 3 -AAT TAT AAG CTT TCG ACG TAG CTT TTG ACA CTT AGT-5 NOVEMBER 2, 2006

More information

Macromolecules of Life -3 Amino Acids & Proteins

Macromolecules of Life -3 Amino Acids & Proteins Macromolecules of Life -3 Amino Acids & Proteins Shu-Ping Lin, Ph.D. Institute of Biomedical Engineering E-mail: splin@dragon.nchu.edu.tw Website: http://web.nchu.edu.tw/pweb/users/splin/ Amino Acids Proteins

More information

Ch 7 Mutation. A heritable change in DNA Random Source of genetic variation in a species may be advantageous, deleterious, neutral

Ch 7 Mutation. A heritable change in DNA Random Source of genetic variation in a species may be advantageous, deleterious, neutral Ch 7 Mutation A heritable change in DNA Random Source of genetic variation in a species may be advantageous, deleterious, neutral Mutation (+ sexual reproduction) + natural selection = evolution Types

More information

Molecular Biology. general transfer: occurs normally in cells. special transfer: occurs only in the laboratory in specific conditions.

Molecular Biology. general transfer: occurs normally in cells. special transfer: occurs only in the laboratory in specific conditions. Chapter 9: Proteins Molecular Biology replication general transfer: occurs normally in cells transcription special transfer: occurs only in the laboratory in specific conditions translation unknown transfer:

More information

Proteins are sometimes only produced in one cell type or cell compartment (brain has 15,000 expressed proteins, gut has 2,000).

Proteins are sometimes only produced in one cell type or cell compartment (brain has 15,000 expressed proteins, gut has 2,000). Lecture 2: Principles of Protein Structure: Amino Acids Why study proteins? Proteins underpin every aspect of biological activity and therefore are targets for drug design and medicinal therapy, and in

More information

Basic Biochemistry. Classes of Biomolecules

Basic Biochemistry. Classes of Biomolecules Basic Biochemistry ABE 580 Classes of Biomolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Amino Acids Nucleic Acids Other 1 Carbohydrates Sugars Composed of C, H, O (C n H 2n O n ) Biological Uses Energy source/storage

More information