Lecture 6 Hearing 1. Raghav Rajan Bio 354 Neurobiology 2 January 28th All lecture material from the following links unless otherwise mentioned:
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1 Lecture 6 Hearing 1 All lecture material from the following links unless otherwise mentioned: 1. _balance.pdf 2. Raghav Rajan Bio 354 Neurobiology 2 January 28th
2 General announcements No class tomorrow (29th Jan) Extra classes on Wednesday Feb. 4th 4:30pm and Fridays Feb. 6th 2-3pm. Quiz on Feb. 5th (upto Feb. 4th classes) 2
3 Assignment Groups of 5 Colour, Motion, Depth, Faces, Speech(Voices), Music, Echolocation, Odor objects, Somatosensory whisker contact information (barrel cortex, rats) Introduction to the problem Which areas are involved? What are the responses? What happens with damage? What have we learnt about how the feature is processed and perceived? In general does it say anything about brain function? Caveats, What next? or What is currently being studied? 10 min presentation (8 min + 2 min questions) 11th Feb (4:30pm) or 13th Feb. (2pm) 3
4 From the last three classes...!! What happens to percepts in split-brain patients? (Sahana) What happens in drug-induced synesthesia? Aperture control (Vishnu) Lesions of V1 (Subhadra) Pin-wheel centers orientation tuning Responses to natural scenes (Radhika) 4
5 Auditory system and hearing Structure and anatomy of auditory system How is sound energy converted into electrical and chemical signals? Coding in the auditory system Frequency Intensity Source localization Higher order functions Identifying auditory objects (sounds, voices) Speech Music Echolocation Avoiding echolocation jamming by moths 5
6 What is sound? Compressions and rarefactions pressure waves Has 4 features Waveform Amplitude Frequency Phase Fourier transform 6
7 About our auditory system Very sensitive Frequency range 20 Hz to Hz infants can hear a little above Hz range decreases with age - adults can hear only upto Hz 7
8 External ear Amplification (~3kHz range speech range) Differential filtering of sounds to provide cues about elevation of sound source 8
9 Inner ear cochlea and cochlear nerve Converts sound energy into electrical impulses Mechanical frequency analyzer 9
10 Inner ear cochlea and cochlear nerve Converts sound energy into electrical impulses Mechanical frequency analyzer 10
11 Middle ear Air to aqueous medium transition could result in most sound being reflected Middle ear prevents this by focusing sound pressure from large diameter tympanic membrane onto smaller diameter round window mechanical advantage through lever action of middle ear bones 11
12 Vibrations of basilar membrane frequency specificity Sound transferred from tympanum to round window through middle ear bones Make fluid move over the basilar membrane Basilar membrane uniform only in some birds and reptiles Apex of basilar membrane is 5 time broader than base Thin and floppy at apex Thicker and more taut at base Georg von Bekesy, Helmholtz Tonotopic map Distance from apex of cochlea and frequency response logarithmic relationship (not linear) 12
13 Frequency decomposition by cochlea 13
14 Organ of Corti in the cochlea has hair cells that transduce sound energy into electrical impulses 14
15 Structure of Organ of Corti Three (or four) rows of outer hair cells ~ One row of inner hair cells ~ 3500 Each hair cell has many bundles of hair-like processes or stereocilia 15
16 Structure of stereocilia Stereocilia arranged symmetrically Contain actin cytoskeleton Tip links (~3nm in diameter) connect adjacent stereocilia 16
17 Shear forces between tectorial and basilar membrane Different anchor points for tectorial and basilar membrane Vibrations result in a shear force This bends the stereocilia that sit on the hair cells At threshold of hearing, hair bundle moves as little as 0.3nm!! Can convert this into electrical signals in ~10μs!! Hair cells do not regenerate Can easily be damaged 17
18 Tip links are connected to ion channels Tip links directly open or close cation-selective channels Movement in the plane of symmetry is effective in opening or closing Some channels open at rest Therefore, depending on direction of movement, both depolarisation and hyperpolarisation possible Graded response potentials as tension on tip-links varies 18
19 19
20 Ionic basis of response Stereocilia are in endolymph high K+ Endolymph 80mv > perilymph Endocochlear potential 20
21 Structure of Organ of Corti Inner hair cells actual sensory hair cells Outer hair cells get input from the brain Can contract and relax May be involved in changing the stiffness of tectorial membrane therefore active mechanism for frequency tuning 21
22 Auditory nerve responses 22
23 Auditory system and hearing Coding in the auditory system Frequency Intensity Source localization Cochlea provides an output with high temporal resolution Sound is also separated into different frequency components Higher order functions 23
24 Pathways to the brain Lot of processing before cortex A number of parallel pathways Information from both ears reaches even early areas brainstem, etc. 24
Lecture 7 Hearing 2. Raghav Rajan Bio 354 Neurobiology 2 February 04th All lecture material from the following links unless otherwise mentioned:
Lecture 7 Hearing 2 All lecture material from the following links unless otherwise mentioned: 1. http://wws.weizmann.ac.il/neurobiology/labs/ulanovsky/sites/neurobiology.labs.ulanovsky/files/uploads/purves_ch12_ch13_hearing
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