PRIMJENA RIBBOND VLAKANA U RESTAURATIVNOJ STOMATOLOGIJI

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1 Ivona Bago, dr. stom. Prof. dr. sc. Boæidar PaveliÊ* *Zavod za dentalnu patologiju Stomatoloπki fakultet SveuËiliπta u Zagrebu Uvod Razvoj kompozitno-adhezijske tehnologije doveo je do razvoja novih sustava materijala, koji su otvorili nove moguênosti rjeπavanja estetskih i restaurativnih problema u stomatologiji. Danas pacijenti s gubitkom prednjih zuba, πto predstavlja veliki estetski problem, imaju moguênost protetske opskrbe novom vrstom materijala iz skupine FRC tehnologije (fiber reinforced composite technology) ili tehnologije vlaknima ojaëanih kompozita. Vlaknima ojaëani kompoziti su materijali graappleeni od vlakana, koja prenose optereêenje, i matrice koja podupire vlakna i osigurava trajnost i estetiku. Matrica se najëeπêe sastoji od smolastih materijala: epoksi smole, poliestera, poliuretana, vinil estera. Uporaba vlaknima ojaëanih kompozita u restaurativnoj stomatologiji dobila je na vaænosti tek posljednjih nekoliko godina, premda se o njihovoj vrijednosti u struënim stomatoloπkim radovima redovito pisalo veê sredinom proπlog stoljeêa. Postoji nekoliko radova iz 60-ih i 70-ih godina proπlog stoljeêa o polimetil-metakrilatnim smolama ojaëanim staklenim (1) i ugljiënim vlaknima (2). Razlozi kasnijoj kliniëkoj pri mjeni vlaknima ojaëanih kompozita bili su sloæena manipulacija i adaptacija vlakana unutar kompozitne smole, te volumski udio vlakana koji je bio manji od 15%. Danas se vlaknima ojaëani kompoziti mogu primijeniti za izradu radova u ordinaciji ili u zubotehniëkom laboratoriju. U tablici 1. prikazano je πest razliëitih estetskih sustava.»etiri sustava se sastoje od kompozita ojaëanih staklenim vlaknima, a ostala dva kompozitna sustava su ojaëana polietilenskim vlaknima. I. Podjela vlaknima ojaëanih kompozita Vlaknima ojaëani kompoziti mogu se podijeliti prema vrsti materijala, smjeru vlakana, te prema obradi organskom smolom. 1. Vrste vlakana prema kemijskom sastavu Na træiπtu stomatoloπkih materijala danas se nalaze uglavnom Ëetiri vrste vlakana: 1. Polietilenska vlakna 2. Staklena vlakna 3. Aramid vlakna (kevlar vlakna) 4. UgljiËna vlakna NajËeπÊe primjenjivana vlakna su staklena i polietilenska vlakna. Primjena odreappleene vrste vlakana ovisi o kliniëkom sluëaju. Staklena vlakna najëeπêe se koriste za laboratorijski izraappleene radove, a polietilenska za izradu radova u ordinaciji. Sustavi koji sadræe polietilenska vlakna su: 1. Ribbond-system (Ribbond, Seattle, NA) 2. belleglass/connect-system (Kerr-Girbach, Pforzheim, D) Sustavi koji sadræe staklena vlakna su: 1. GlasSpan-system (GlasSpan, Exton, CA) 2. FibreKor-system (Jeneric/Pentron, Wallingford, CT) 3. Stick&Stick Net-system (Stick Tech, Turku, FIN) 4. Vectris/Targis system (Ivoclar, Schaau, FL) (3). FibreKor sustav se sastoji od jednosmjernih preimpregniranih staklenih vlakana koja zahtijevaju manualno oblikovanje (4) dok Vectris sustav sadræi jednosmjerna ili pletena vlakna u veê oblikovanim matricama. Kod primjene Vectris sustava za izradu pojedinaënih krunica koriste se pletena Single vlakna koja su pod kutom od 45. Za mosne konstrukcije koriste se jednosmjerna Ponticfl vlakna za izradu substrukture, koja je prekrivena sustavom pletenih vlakana Framefl koja su pod kutom od 90 (5). Sustav Stick sastoji se od preimpregniranih staklenih vlakana ukljuëenih u termoplastiënu matricu. Ostali sustavi kao belleglass/connect i Ribbond sastoje se od polietilenskih vlakana, koja stomatolog ili zubni tehniëar sam oblaæe polimernom matricom prije adaptacije i polimerizacije. 2. Smjer vlakana Vlakna mogu biti organizirana u obliku pojedinaënih ravnih vlakana, ili u pletenom obliku (pod 45 i pod 90 ). Pletena vlakna osiguravaju bolju raspodjelu sila i multidirektno ojaëavanje (6). Tablica 1. * Preimpregnacija monomerom (Vectris/FibreKor) ili polimerom (Stick/Stick Net) Tablica preuzeta iz: Behr M, Rosentritt R, Lang G, Handel G. Flexural properties of fiber reinforced composite using a vacuum/pressure or manual adaptation manufacturing process. J Dent 2000; 28: LIST STUDENATA STOMATOLO KOG FAKULTETA SVEU»ILI TA U ZAGREBU SONDA

2 3. Obrada vlakana organskom smolom U kasnim 80-im godinama veêa se pozornost pridaje uspjeπnom i potpunom oblaganju vlakana smolom. Od tada su se razvila dva pristupa u tehnologiji vlaknima ojaëanih kompozita ovisno o obradi organskom smolom. Jedni sustavi, gdje stomatolog ili zubni tehniëar sam oblaæe vlakna nisko-viskoznom smolom, i drugi sustav, gdje su vlakna veê obloæena (preimpregnirana) smolom tijekom tvorniëke proizvodnje (7). Jedan od prvih takvih sustava sastojao se od preimpregniranih vlakana unutar termoplastiëne matrice (8). Zbog loπeg svezivanja termoplastiënih materijala za povrπinu zuba, razvijeni su novi sustavi koji se sastoje od preimpregniranih staklenih vlakana i bisfenol-a-glicidil metakrilatne (Bis- GMA) smole (4). (kisika) πto inhibira radikalnu polimerizaciju organske smole (3). Dolazi do poveêanja rezidualnog monomera, πto smanjuje otpornost vlaknima ojaëanih kompozita, te moæe uzrokovati upalnu reakciju na sluznici usne πupljine (15). Dokazan je pad ËvrstoÊe savijanja za 10-20% nakon πto su se vlaknima ojaëani kompoziti dræali u vodi (3). III. Indikacije i kontraindikacije ze primjenu vlaknima ojaëanih kompozita Postavljanje ispravnih indikacija, te precizna izvedba neophodni su za uspjeπnu primjenu vlaknima ojaëanih kompozita i postizanje optimalnih estetskih rezultata (6). Danas na træiπtu postoje razliëiti sustavi preimpregniranih vlakana: 1. Sustav koji se sastoji od jednosmjernih staklenih vlakana koja zahtijevaju manualno oblikovanje (Sculpture/FibreKor) 2. Sustav koji sadræi jednosmjerna ili pletena vlakna u veê oblikovanim matricama (Targis/Vectris) 3. Sustav koji se sastoji od preimpregniranih staklenih vlakana unutar termoplastiëne smole (Stick) Ovakvi sustavi osiguravaju dovoljnu koliëinu vlakana za ojaëavanje, minimaliziraju moguênost nastanka pukotine izmeappleu smole i preimpregniranih vlakana, te omoguêuju dobro svezivanje (6). Dokazano je da sustavi s preimpregniranim jednosmjernim vlaknima imaju 2-3 puta veêu sposobnost optereêenja i deset puta veêi modul savijanja od vlakana koja oblaæe stomatolog tijekom kliniëkog postupka (4). Slika 1. Loπa obloæenost vlakana II. MehaniËka svojstva vlaknima ojaëanih kompozita Posljednjih godina sve viπe raste uporaba vlaknima ojaëanih kompozita u restaurativnoj i estetskoj stomatologiji za razliëite kliniëke sluëajeve (7).»imbenici o kojima ovise mehaniëka svojstva vlaknima ojaëanih kompozita su: 1. smjer vlakana 2. koliëina vlakana 3. obloæenost vlakana organskom smolom 4. svezivanje vlakana s organskom smolom 5. svojstva vlakana i organske smole. Vlakna imaju funkciju uëvrsne osnove samo u onim sluëajevima u kojima se sile optereêenja prenose s kompozitne osnove na vlakna. Dokazano je da vlakna poveêavaju otpornost na lom i do sto puta (9). MehaniËka svojstva najveêa su u smjeru paralelnom na vlakna, a najmanja okomito na njih. U sluëaju kada smjer optereêenja nije paralelan s vlaknima, mehaniëka svojstva vlaknima ojaëanih kompozita su loπija i ovise o svojstvima organske smole (6). ElastiËnost vlakana proporcionalno raste s porastom sastava vlakana, pri Ëemu koliëina vlakana u polimernoj matrici treba biti definirana volumenom, a ne teæinskim postotkom (10, 11). Snaga vlaknima ojaëanih kompozita ovisi o obloæenosti vlakana unutar smolaste matrice i svezivanju vlakana s organskom matricom (slika 1, 2) (12). Potrebno je ostvariti dobru obloæenost vlakana s polimernom matricom kako bi se osigurao prijenos optereêenja na vlakna (13). U sluëaju nastanka pukotine izmeappleu vlakna i kompozitne osnove smanjuje se sposobnost primanja i prenoπenja optereêenja, a time i mehaniëka svojstva (10). Nadalje, slaba obloæenost omoguêuje zadræavanje vode (10, 14), i/ili ostataka zraka Slika 2. Dobra obloæenost vlakana Slike 1 i 2 preuzete su iz: Freilich MA, Meiers JC, Duncan J, Goldberg AJ, ed: Fiber-reinforced composites. Carol Stream, Illionis: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc, 2000; INDIKACIJE: 1. optimalni estetski rezultat 2. nemetalni, nekeramiëki most 3. æelja za smanjenjem potencijalnog troπenja antagonista 4. πtednja tvrdih zubnih tkiva zuba nosaëa Ozljede trajnih zuba 1. imobilizacija luksiranih ili replantiranih zuba Parodontologija 1. terapija parodontoloπki rasklimanih zuba 2. predkirurπka udlaga 3. privremena mjera nakon parodontoloπke terapije 4. privremena parodontoloπko-ortodontska terapija SONDA LIST STUDENATA STOMATOLO KOG FAKULTETA SVEU»ILI TA U ZAGREBU 51

3 Protetika 1. privremene proteze za dugotrajnu primjenu 2. ojaëavanje kruna od kompozitne smole 3. za izradu direktnih i indirektnih fiksnih protetskih radova od kompozitne smole 4. uëvrπêivanje napuknutih zuba 5. privremene fiksne pokrovne proteze i udlage 6. za reparaturu mobilnih potpunih i djelomiënih proteza 7. ojaëavanje endodontski lijeëenih zuba Ortodoncija 1. za izradu ortodontskih dræaëa 2. za izradu dræaëa mjesta 3. posttraumatske imobilizacijske udlage Slika 3. Otok u podruëju zuba 22 KONTRAINDIKACIJE: 1. nemoguênost osiguranja suhog radnog polja zbog akutne ili kroniëne upale gingive 2. situacije gdje su granice preparacije duboko u sulkusu 3. πiri raspon mosta (most s dva ili viπe me uëlanova) 4. pacijenti s parafunkcijama 5. prisutnost neglazirane keramike na zubu antagonistu 6. alkoholizam IV. Ribbond vlakna Ribbond vlakna su polietilenska vlakna vrlo visoke molekularne mase i izuzetne ËvrstoÊe. Povrπina vlakana je obra ena elektrokemijskim plazma postupkom Ëime se poboljπalo svezivanje za kompozitnu smolu, a time i mehaniëka svojstva (16). Posebna vrsta njegovog kriænog tkanja pridonosi boljem prijenosu optereêenja i dobroj prilagodbi unutar zubnog luka i na povrπini zuba. ElastiËnost vlakna smanjuje pretjerano optereêenje okolne kompozitne smole i zuba nosaëa (17). Slika 4. Prikaz kaviteta PRIMJENA RIBBOND VLAKANA 1. parodontne udlage 2. direktni adhezivni mostovi 3. indirektni (laboratorijski izra eni) adhezivni mostovi 4. ortodontski dræaëi 5. imobilizacija traumatiziranih zuba 6. popravak i ojaëavanje mobilnih protetskih radova 7. uëvrπêivanje i minimalizacija loma kod dugotrajnih provizornih mostova uëvrπêenih na implantantima 8. izrada onlaya, krunica 9. ojaëavanje kolëiêa i nadogradnji kod endodontski lijeëenih zuba. Slika 5. Zbrinuta ekstrakcijska rana V. KliniËki sluëaj Pacijent dolazi u ordinaciju zbog otoka i boli u vestibulumu u podruëju gornjeg lijevog postraniënog sjekutiêa (slika 3). Anamneza Pacijent navodi da je na zubu 22 ra eno opetovano endodontsko lijeëenje. Svaki put bi se nakon zavrπene endodontske terapije pojavio otok u podruëju vestibuluma. ZakljuËno je provedena kirurπka terapija (kiretaæa periapeksa bez odstranjenja vrπka korijena). Nekoliko mjeseci nakon zavrπenog kirurπkog postupka ponovno se pojavljuje lagani otok.. Zbog vjerojatnog postojanja okomite frakture korijena pacijentu je predloæeno va enje zuba uz moguênost njegove obrade i ponovnog vraêanja u usnu πupljinu. Terapija se izvodi pomoêu kompozitno-adhezijske tehnike i Ribbond vlakana. Cijeli kliniëki rad obavlja se u jednoj posjeti. 52 Slika 6. Izva eni zub s vertikalnom frakturom korijena LIST STUDENATA STOMATOLO KOG FAKULTETA SVEU»ILI TA U ZAGREBU SONDA

4 KliniËki rad Nakon pregleda radnog polja odluëeno je napraviti preparaciju kaviteta na srediπnjem i postraniënom sjekutiêu te oënjaku. Nakon anesteziranja radnog podruëja, 21-23, pristupilo se izradi buduêeg kaviteta. Na distalnoj strani srediπnjeg sjekutiêa i mezijalnoj strani oënjaka, s nepëane strane, izra ene su preparacije III. razreda, koje su me usobno spojene prepariranim kavitetom na postraniënom sjekutiêu duæ cijele nepëane plohe (slika 4). Vaæno je da se granice rubova kaviteta nalaze na istoj visini zbog kasnijeg postavljanja vlakna unutar kaviteta. Nakon va enja zuba rana se zbrinula s dva πava i komprimirala sterilnom gazom (slika 5). Dok pacijent dræi sterilnu gazu u zagrizu, izva eni zub (slika 6) se obradi i pripremi za ponovno priëvrπêivanje u ustima. Kod pripreme izva enog zuba prvo se odstrani ostatak korijena na æeljenoj visini (slika 7), a unutraπnjost preostale krune se oëisti i najetka s 37% ortofosfornom kiselinom, paæljivo ispere vodom, osuπi te se stavi adhezijski sustav i polimerizira. Zatim se nanosi kompozitni materijal u slojevima i polimerizira (slika 7). Na taj se naëin oblikuje buduêa ploha okrenuta prema gingivi. Nakon polimerizacije povrπina kompozita se obradi finim dijamantnim brusnim tijelima i zapolira s gumicom uz lubrikacijsku pastu i/ili ispiranje vodom (slika 8). Primarno ispreparirani kavitet s nepëane strane se ne obra uje. Prije postavljanja zuba u æeljeni poloæaj, radno polje u ustima se izolira koferdamom. Ispreparirani se kaviteti na srediπnjem sjekutiêu i oënjaku najetkaju 37% ortofosfornom kiselinom, isperu vodom, osuπe i premaæu adhezivom. Isti postupak se uradi s pripremljenim zubom. U ovom sluëaju bilo je dovoljno prostora izme u postraniënih nosaëa i zuba koji se nadogra uje pa se adhezijski sustav odmah ispolimerizirao. Ukoliko je kontakt zuba koji se nadogra uje sa susjednim zubima tijesan, adheziv se ne smije polimerizirati prije samog postavljanja. U protivnom se moæe dogoditi da zub, zbog manjka prostora, ne moæe biti postavljen u æeljeni poloæaj. U svaki se kavitet stavi tanki sloj tekuêeg kompozita i polimerizira. Na taj se naëin kavitet pripremio za postavljanje vlakna s kompozitom. Prema veê prije obavljenom mjerenju veliëine kaviteta, iz kompleta se uzima vlakno te se odreæe æeljena duæina posebnim πkarama predvi enim za rezanje vlakana. Odrezana veliëina vlakna pripremi se za stavljanje na taj naëin da se prvo nanese tanak sloj adheziva, a potom tekuêi kompozit na obje strane vlakna (slika 9). Nanoπenje mora biti polagano i paæljivo da se izbjegnu moguêi ostaci zraënih mjehuriêa. Tako pripremljeno vlakno se ne polimerizira veê se do unoπenja u usta prekrije priruënom kutijicom koja ne propuπta svjetlost. Postavljanje zuba u odre eni poloæaj u usnoj πupljini moæe biti zahtjevno. Pritom si moæemo pomoêi izradom pomoênog nosaëa. Kao nosaë pripremljenog zuba moæe se uzeti metalno svrdlo koje se uz pomoê tekuêeg kompozita priëvrsti na zub. Pripremljeni zub stavi se u æeljeni poloæaj (slika 10), a njegovi krajevi se priëvrste sa susjednim zubima tekuêim kompozitom koji se polimerizira. Nakon toga se stavi jedan sloj kompozita u kavitet s nepëane strane na unutraπnju stijenku labijalne plohe, i polimerizira. Tako se dobije kompozitna osnova na koju se stavlja vlakno obloæeno tekuêim kompozitom. Vlakno se paæljivo stavlja u kavitet, suviπak tekuêeg kompozita se odstrani i polimerizira. Preostali dio kaviteta se ispuni kompaktnim kompozitom (slika 11) pazeêi pritom da trokutasti interdentalni prostor prema gingivi ostane Ëist u SONDA LIST STUDENATA STOMATOLO KOG FAKULTETA SVEU»ILI TA U ZAGREBU Slika 7. Polimerizacija kompozita Slika 8. Poliranje gumicom Slika 9. Stavljanje adhezijskog sustava na Ribbond traku Slika 10. Postavljanje pripremljenog zuba u zubni niz 53

5 svrhu moguêeg odræavanje dostatne higijene. Nakon zavrπne polimerizacije koferdam se odstrani i pristupi se provjeri okluzije i artikulacije. Nadomjeπteni zub ne smije biti u preranom kontaktu ni sudjelovati, ili biti jedini zub preko kojega se odvijaju klizne kretnje. Kad su dobiveni æeljeni okluzijsko-artikulacijski odnosi, pristupa se obradi labijalne plohe i interdentalnih prostora. Obrada se radi finim dijamantnim brusnim tijelima, a zavrπno poliranje s gumicama i pastom za poliranje (slika 12). Nakon zavrπnog poliranja paæljivo se proapplee sondom preko cijelog radnog polja u svrhu otkrivanja ostataka adhezijskog sustava ili tekuêeg kompozita, naroëito u interdentalnim podruëjima (slika 13). Osvrt na kliniëku primjenu Razvoj tehnologije vlaknima ojaëanih kompozita omoguêio je izradu estetskih i funkcionalnih protetskih nadomjestaka, koji su danas alternativa keramiëkim nadomjescima. Ribbond vlakna su biokompatibilna, translucentana i bezbojna te zbog toga Ëine izuzetnu estetsku osnovu. Kompoziti ojaëani polietilenskim vlaknima pokazuju visoku otpornost na lom (18). Jednostavnost primjene Ribbond vlakana omoguêuje zavrπetak rada u jednoj kliniëkoj posjeti. Za razliku od preimpregniranih sustava, kod primjene Ribbond vlakana stomatolog mora sam obloæiti polietilenska vlakna smolom prije adaptacije na zubu i polimerizacije. Uspjeh obloæenosti polietilenskih vlakana, a time i stupanj svezivanja, te mehaniëka svojstva ovise o spretnosti stomatologa (11). Loπa obloæenost uzrokuje nastanak pukotine i stvaranja praznog prostora izmeappleu vlakna i kompozitne osnove. Time se smanjuje sposobnost primanja i prenoπenja optereêenja, a posljediëno tome i sama mehaniëka svojstva (10). Iako su neka istraæivanja dokazala da preimpregnirana vlakna ostvaruju bolje svezivanje sa smolom (19), druga istraæivanja nisu pronaπla znaëajnu razliku stupnja svezivanja smolaste matrice s vlaknima i preimpregniranim vlaknima (20). I dalje ostaju suprotna miπljenja kada je rijeë o naëinu vezanja polietilenskih vlakana s nisko-viskoznom smolom. S jedne strane govori se o prednosti polietilenskih vlakana koja se kemijski veæu za smolu (21), dok su druga istraæivanja dokazala postojanje samo mehaniëke fiksacije polietilenskih vlakana za smolastu matricu (11).»ak ni polietilenska vlakna obraappleena plazma postupkom ne postiæu kemijsku vezu za smolu. Zato se mehaniëka svojstva kompozita ojaëanih polietilenskim vlaknima smatraju loπijima od mehaniëkih svojstava preimpregniranih sustava (11). S druge strane kod rada s preimpregniranim sustavima postoji veêa moguênost kontaminacije jer sustavi dolaze u veê oblikovanim matricama. ZakljuËak Visoki stupanj estetike i dobra mehaniëka svojstva vlaknima ojaëanih kompozita omoguêila su ovim materijalima sve veêu kliniëku primjenu u gotovo svim podruëjima stomatologije. Osim za izradu direktnih i indirektnih protetskih radova, vlaknima ojaëani kompoziti mogu se primijeniti za reparaturu mobilnih potpunih i djelomiënih proteza, za ojaëavanje endodontski lijeëenih zuba, za imobilizaciju rasklimanih zuba u parodontologiji, za imobilizaciju traumatiziranih zuba u kirurgiji, za izradu dræaëa mjesta u ortodonciji, Primjenom vlaknima ojaëanih kompozita za protetsko zbrinjavanje nedostatka jednog zuba πtedimo tvrda tkiva zuba nosaëa te sprjeëavamo moguêu upalu pulpnog tkiva uzrokovanu pretjeranim bruπenjem. Nadalje, osim πtednje zubnog tkiva, manjim opsegom bruπenja nastoji se izbjeêi Slika 11. Zavrπno nanoπenje kompozita Slika 12. Izgled zavrπnog rada Slika 13. Izgled pacijenta nakon zavrπenog rada ulazak u podruëje priëvrsnog epitela gingive, πto je Ëest sluëaj kod preparacije za krunice ili nosaëe mosta. Za uspjeπnu primjenu Ribbonda i ostalih vrsta vlaknima ojaëanih kompozita, potrebno je precizno odrediti indikacije i kontraindikacije. Samo se tako mogu u potpunosti iskoristiti prednosti ove skupine materijala i osigurati trajnost rada. 54 LIST STUDENATA STOMATOLO KOG FAKULTETA SVEU»ILI TA U ZAGREBU SONDA

6 Literatura 1. Smith DC. Recent developments and prospect of dental polymer. J Prosthet Dent 1962; 12: Schreiber CK. Polymethyl-methacrylate reinforced with carbon fibers. Br Dent J 1971; 130: Behr M, Rosentritt R, Lang G, Handel G. Flexural properties of fiber reinforced composite using a vacuum/pressure or manual adaptation manufacturing process. J Dent 2000; 28: Freilich MA, Karmaker AC, Burstone CJ, Goldberg AJ. Development and clinical applications of a light-polymerized fiber-reinforced composite. J Prosthet Dent 1998; 80: Loose M, Rosentritt M, Leibrock A, Behr M, Handel G. In-vitro study of fracture resistence and marginal adaptation of fiber-reinforced-composite versus all ceramic fixed partial dentures. Eur J Prosthodont Rest Dent 1998; 6: Freilich MA, Meiers JC, Duncan J, Goldberg AJ. Composition, Architecture, and Mechanical Properties of Fiber-reinforced Composites. In: Freilich MA, Meiers JC, Duncan J, Goldberg AJ, ed: Fiber-reinforced composites. Carol Stream, Illionis: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc, 2000; Goldberg AJ, Burstone CJ. The use of continuous fiber reinforcement in dentistry. Dent Mater 1992; 8: Goldberg AJ, Burstone CJ, Hadjinikolau I, Jancar J. Screning of matrices and fibres for reinforced thermoplastics intended for dental applications. J Biomed Mater Res 1994; 28: Tamer AH, Rosenstiel SF, Elhosary MM, Ibraheem RB. The effect of fiber reinforcement on the fracture toughness and flexural strength of provisional retorative resins. J Prosthet Dent 2004; 91: Issac DM. Engineering aspects of the structure and properties of polymer-fibre composites. In: Vallitu PK, editor: The First International Symposium on FibreReinforced Plastics in Dentistry, August 1998, Turku, Finland. University of Turku, Institute of Dentistry & biomaterials Project, Vallitu PK. Ultra-high modulus polyethylene Ribbon as reinforcement for denture polymethyl methacrylate: a short communication. Dent Mat 1997; 13: Vallitu PK. Strength and interfacial adhesion of FRC-tooth system. In: Vallitu PK, editor. The Second International Symposium on Fibre-Reinforced Plastics in Dentistry. University of Turku, Institute of Dentistry and Biomaterials Research; Miettinen NA, Narva K, Vallitu PK. Water sorption, solubility and effect of post- curing of glass fibre einforced polymers. Biomat 1999; 20: Vallitu PK, Ruyter IE, Ekstrand K. Effect of water storage on flexural properties of E-glass and silica fiber acryl resin composite. J Dent Res 1998; 77(B): 764 (Abstr.#1059). 15. Hensten-Pettersen A. Skin and mucosa reactions associated with dental materials. Eur J Oral Sci 1998; 106: Ramos V Jr, Runyan DA, Christensen LC. The effect of plasma treated polyethylene fiber on the fracture strength of polymethyl methacrylate. J Prosthet Dent 1996; 76: Mito RS, Caputo AA, James DF. Load trensfer abutment teeth by two non-metal adhesive bridges. Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent 1991; 3(7): Behr M, Rosentritt M, Latzel D, Kreisler T. Comparison of three types of fiber reinforced composite molar crowns on their fracture resistance and marginal adaptation. J Dent 2001; 29: Freilich MA, Karmaker AC, Burstone CJ, Goldberg AJ. Development, clinical applications of a light-polymerized fiberreinforced composite. J Prosthet Dent 1998; 80: Bae JM, Kim KN, Hattori M, Hasegawa K. The Flexural Properties of Fiber Reinforced Composite with Light Polymerized Polymer Matrix. Int J Prosthodont 2001; 14: Miller ET, Margalit S, Creamer TJ. Emergency direct/indirect poliethylene Ribbon-reinforced composite resin, fixed partial denture: A case report. Compend 1996; 17: SONDA LIST STUDENATA STOMATOLO KOG FAKULTETA SVEU»ILI TA U ZAGREBU 55

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