Københavns Universitet

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Københavns Universitet"

Transcription

1 university of copenhgen Københvns Universitet Risk fctors for smll phryngel irwy dimensions in preorthodontic children Anndrjh, Seerone; Dudhi, Rhib; Sndhm, Andrew; Sonnesen, Liselotte Published in: Angle Orthodontist DOI: / Publiction dte: 2017 Document Version Publisher's PDF, lso known s Version of record Cittion for published version (APA): Anndrjh, S., Dudhi, R., Sndhm, A., & Sonnesen, L. (2017). Risk fctors for smll phryngel irwy dimensions in preorthodontic children: A three-dimensionl study. Angle Orthodontist, 87(1), Downlod dte: 29. dec

2 Originl Article Risk fctors for smll phryngel irwy dimensions in preorthodontic children: A three-dimensionl study Seerone Anndrjh ; Rhib Dudhi b ; Andrew Sndhm c ; Liselotte Sonnesen d ABSTRACT Objective: To nlyze which prmeters, gthered from stndrd orthodontic dignostic mteril, were most relevnt for identifying smll phryngel irwy dimensions in preorthodontic children. Mterils nd Methods: The smple ws composed of 105 cone bem computed tomogrphy scns of helthy preorthodontic children (44 boys, 61 girls; men ge, yers). Airwy volume nd miniml cross-sectionl re were three-dimensionlly ssessed. Cephlometric fetures nd skeletl mturity were ssessed on generted two-dimensionl cephlogrms. Associtions were nlyzed nd djusted for ge, gender, nd skeletl mturity by multiple regression nlyses. Results: Airwy volume nd miniml cross-sectionl re were significntly smller in prepubertl children (P,.001, P,.05, respectively) nd positively ssocited with ge (P,.001, P,.01, respectively). After djustment of ge, skeletl mturity nd gender significnt ssocitions were found between phryngel irwy dimensions nd crniofcil morphology. Airwy volume ws positively ssocited with mxillry nd mndibulr width (P,.01; P,.001, respectively) nd nterior fce height (P,.05; P,.05, respectively). Miniml cross-sectionl re ws positively ssocited with mxillry nd mndibulr width (P,.01; P,.001, respectively) nd negtively ssocited with sgittl jw reltionship (AnPg, P,.05). Mndibulr width nd ge were the most relevnt fctors for irwy volume (r 2 ¼ 0.36). Mndibulr width nd sgittl jw reltionship were the most relevnt fctors for miniml cross-sectionl re (r 2 ¼ 0.16). Conclusion: Phryngel irwy dimensions were significntly ssocited with ge, skeletl mturity, nd crniofcil morphology in ll three plnes. Children with reduced mndibulr width nd incresed sgittl jw reltionship re prticulrly t risk of hving smll phryngel irwy dimensions. (Angle Orthod. 2017;87: ) KEY WORDS: Phryngel irwy; Children INTRODUCTION Privte Prctice, Adelide, South Austrli, Austrli. b Privte Prctice, Brisbne, Queenslnd, Austrli. c Adjunct Professor nd Director of Postgrdute Progrm, Deprtment of Orthodontics, College of Medicine nd Dentistry, Jmes Cook University, Cirns, Austrli. d Associte Professor nd Director of Postgrdute Progrm, Section of Orthodontics, Deprtment of Odontology, Fculty of Helth nd Medicl Sciences, University of Copenhgen, Denmrk. Corresponding uthor: Dr Liselotte Sonnesen, Section of Orthodontics, Deprtment of Odontology, Fculty of Helth nd Medicl Sciences, University of Copenhgen, 20 Nørre Alle, DK Copenhgen N, Denmrk (e-mil: lson@sund.ku.dk) Accepted: April Submitted: Jnury Published Online: June 15, 2016 Ó 2017 by The EH Angle Eduction nd Reserch Foundtion, Inc. Incresed interest in upper irwy dimensions nd morphology during the pst few decdes cn be ttributed to the pprecition tht upper irwy configurtion is ssocited with sleep disordered brething (SDB) s well s its generl reltionship to crniofcil morphology. 1,2 Erly dignosis of SDB, or potentil ssocitions of SDB, is essentil to encourge norml fcil development. 3,4 Reduced phryngel dimensions estblished erly in life could potentilly predispose to lter development of SDB or even obstructive sleep pne (OSA) becuse soft tissue chnges relted to ging, obesity, or genetic bckground further reduce orophryngel ptency. 5 Crniofcil morphology hs been ssocited with the upper irwy in children. In the sgittl dimension 138 DOI: /

3 PHARYNGEAL AIRWAY DIMENSIONS IN CHILDREN 139 ssessed by the sgittl jw reltionship, it ws generlly found tht ptients with Clss 3 skeletl pttern hve greter irwy volume thn skeletl Clss 1, which is greter thn skeletl Clss However, this difference ws not lwys sttisticlly significnt between the groups 7 or between skeletl Clss 1 nd Clss 3. 6 The miniml cross-sectionl re ws lso found to be greter in skeletl clss 1 ptients thn in Clss 2 ptients, 8,9 nd even greter in Clss 3 ptients. 8 Differences in upper irwy morphology hve been described in individuls with Clss 2 skeletl pttern exhibiting more of bckwrd orienttion of the irwy to the Frnkfort horizontl (FH) plne when compred with skeletl Clss 3 individuls who hd more verticl orienttion. 7 Clss 3 skeletl ptients were lso found to hve more flt-shped irwy when compred with Clss 1 individuls who hd more squre orophryngel irwy. 12 However, other studies found no significnt differences between skeletl ptterns (Clsses 1, 2, or 3) nd upper irwy dimensions. 13 Reserch into ssocitions between the verticl nd trnsverse crniofcil dimensions nd the threedimensionl upper irwy in children is limited. Correltions hve been reported between upper irwy dimensions nd nterior nd posterior fce heights. 7,11 Di Crlo et l. 13 found no ssocitions between upper irwy dimensions nd crniofcil fetures in the verticl, trnsverse, or sgittl dimensions. However, unlike the other studies, the ptients were scnned in the supine position nd cephlometriclly ssessed three-dimensionlly, nd young dults were included in the smple. Three-dimensionl ssessments of the upper irwy with ge 14,15 hs shown tht irwy dimensions consistently increse until bout 20 yers of ge. After slight decrese, irwy volume considerbly decreses fter 50 yers of ge nd miniml crosssectionl re fter 30 yers of ge. Although the wlls of the upper irwy re constructed of soft tissue structures tht influence luminl size, the crniofcil osseous structures determine the generl size of the upper irwys. 16 Therefore, it could be ssumed tht skeletl mturity is closely ssocited with upper irwy dimensions in children. However, this reltionship hs not been previously ssessed. Prior to orthodontic tretment, mny of the fctors ssocited with phryngel irwy dimensions re lredy obtined nd nlyzed. Study csts nd orthopntomogrms re obtined for the evlution of the dentition nd occlusion, nd lterl nd frontl rdiogrphs re obtined for the evlution of the crniofcil morphology. Explortive studies in which the prticipnts re their own controls hve previously been published in the orthodontic literture. 17,18 Becuse the phryngel irwy is not regulrly three-dimensionlly ssessed in orthodontic clinics, it is relevnt to exmine which fctors re most relevnt for phryngel irwy dimensions bsed on lredy existing dignostic mteril. The present study focuses on phryngel irwy dimensions in reltion to crniofcil morphology, morphologicl occlusion, ge, gender, nd skeletl mturity in children before orthodontic tretment. The im of the study ws to nlyze which prmeters from stndrd orthodontic dignostic mteril were most relevnt for phryngel irwy dimensions in preorthodontic children. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study ws pproved by the institutionl review bord of n estblished university in Queenslnd, Austrli (H5115). Cone bem computed tomogrphy (CBCT) scns were obtined from n existing dtbse of ptients tht ttended privte prctice in Victori, Austrli, for orthodontic tretment from 2011 to Before they were entered into the dtbse, ll CBCT imges were nonymized. Sex, ge, nd morphologicl occlusion ccording to Angle s clssifiction were lso obtined from the dtbse. These were cross-checked with the CBCT scns nd clinicl reports. The inclusion criteri were (1) helthy children between 8 to 16 yers of ge; (2) biting in centric occlusion; nd (3) complete imging of the crnil bse, mxill, mndible, the first four cervicl vertebre (C1 C4), nd the ssocited irwy. The exclusion criteri were (1) previous orthodontic tretment nd/or orthognthic surgery, (2) previous deno-tonsillectomy, (3) known syndroml conditions, (4) presence of pthology detectble long the upper irwy, (5) history of obstructive sleep pne, (6) movement rtefct, nd (7) swllowing during scn cquisition. This resulted in the finl smple of 105 scns (Figure 1). The smple consisted of 61 girls (58.1%) nd 44 boys (41.9%) with men ge of 10.7 (62.4) yers. Scn Protocol All imges were tken by the sme opertor with the sme i-cat Next Genertion CBCT mchine (Imging Sciences Interntionl, Htfield, P). The following prmeters were used: 120 kv, 5 ma, 0.3-mm voxel resolution, 8.9-second scn time, 13 cm (height) 3 16 cm (dimeter) scn volume. Ptients were seted nd restrined with hedrest nd hed strp, but no chin rest to llow Frnkfurt horizontl to be positioned prllel to the floor. Ptients were instructed to close into centric occlusion, relx their tongue nd lips, brethe gently, nd not swllow or move during the cquisition. All CBCTs were reviewed by dento-

4 140 ANANDARAJAH, DUDHIA, SANDHAM, SONNESEN Figure 2. Illustrtion of mrgins for delinetions of the upper irwy (htched). 1. Coronl plne orbitle of both sides were on the sme horizontl plne. 2. Sgittl plne Frnkfort plne ws horizontl. 3. Axil plne line through the crist glli nd the bsion ws verticl. The upper irwy volume nd miniml crosssectionl re were ssessed three-dimensionlly nd mesured ccording to Anndrjh et l. 19 (Figure 2; Tble 1). Crniofcil Morphology Assessment Figure 1. Flowchrt of finl smple size. Crniofcil morphology ws digitlly ssessed on utomticlly constructed two-dimensionl lterl nd posteronterior cephlogrms with no mgnifiction. Stndrd crniofcil mesurements were mde of the crnil bse, mxill, nd mndible ccording to Björk 20,21 nd Yoon et l., 22 with reference points, lines, nd ngles ccording to Solow nd Tllgren 23 nd Yoon et l. 22 (Figure 3, Tble 2). mxillofcil rdiologist (Dr. Dudhi) to ensure tht ll inclusion nd exclusion criteri were met. Imge Preprtion nd Airwy Assessment The Digitl Imging nd Communictions in Medicine (DICOM) dt were processed using Dolphin Imging softwre (version 11.5; Dolphin Imging nd Mngement Solutions, Chtsworth, Clif). Imges were nlyzed under the sme lighting conditions nd by the sme investigtor s previously described. 19 This method ws found to be relible nd reproducible. To stndrdize mesurements the skull ws reoriented in ll three plnes using the following guidelines: 19 Figure 3. Illustrtions of reference points nd lines (dotted) describing crniofcil morphology on lterl (A) nd postero-nterior (B) cephlogrms. 22,23

5 PHARYNGEAL AIRWAY DIMENSIONS IN CHILDREN 141 Tble 1. Antomicl nd Technicl Limits of the Upper Airwy Limit Antomicl Technicl Superior Hrd nd soft plte The line pssing from the pltl plne (ANS to PNS) extending to the posterior wll of the phrynx Inferior Vllecul (plne of hyoid bone; Line pssing from the ntero-superior edge of C4 to menton bse of the epiglottis) Anterior Circumvllte ppille nd the Line pssing from the soft plte to menton orophryngel isthmus Posterior Respective phryngel wlls Posterior wll of the phrynx Lterl Respective phryngel wlls Respective phryngel wlls ANS indictes nterior nsl spine; PNS, posterior nsl spine. Skeletl Mturity Assessment Skeletl mturity ws digitlly ssessed on constructed two-dimensionl lterl cephlogrms by the Cervicl Vertebrl Mturtion index ccording to Bccetti et l. 24 nd ctegorized s prepubertl, pubertl, nd postpubertl ccording to Pheln et l. 25 Relibility A totl of 25 scns were rndomly selected for ech vrible nd remesured 2 weeks fter the initil mesurement. The method error for the irwy volume nd miniml cross-sectionl re hs been previously reported by the uthors (1.90% nd 0.49%, respectively). 19 For ech of the crniofcil mesurements, no systemtic error ws found nd the method error Tble 2. Reference Points, Lines, nd Angles According to Solow nd Tllgren (1976) 23 nd Yoon et l. (2004) 22 Lndmrk Abbrevition Definition Points Sell S The centre of sell turcic, the upper limit of which is defined s the line joining the tuberculum nd the dorsum sell Nsion N The most nterior point of the fronto-nsl suture Bsion B The most postero-inferior point on the clivus A point A The most posterior point on the nterior contour of the mxillry lveolr rch B point B The most posterior point on the nterior contour of the mndibulr lveolr rch Pogonion Pg The most nterior point on the mid-sgittl mndibulr symphysis Anterior nsl spine ANS The pex of the nterior nsl spine Posterior nsl spine PNS The tip of the posterior nsl spine Menton Me The most inferior point on the mid-sgittl mndibulr symphysis Gonion (lt ceph ) Go The most postero-inferior point on the ngle of the mndible, indicted by bisection of the RL to ML Gonion (PA ceph ) Go nd Go The most lterl point on the convex mrgin on the ngle of the mndible Articulre Ar The intersection between the externl contour of the crnil bse nd the dorsl contour of the condylr hed or neck Mxillry notch Mx nd Mx The intersection of the zygomtic buttress nd outline of the tuberosity Upper 6 occlusl U6o The mesio-buccl cusp tip of the mxillry molr Lower 6 occlusl L6o The mesio-buccl cusp tip of the mndibulr molr U1 incisl tip U1i The mid-point of the incisl edge of the most prominent upper centrl incisor L1 incisl tip L1i The mid-point of the incisl edge of the most prominent lower centrl incisor Lines Overjet OJ The length difference between U1i nd L1i s mesured long the Mx occlusl line Overbite OB The overlp difference between U1i nd L1i s mesured perpendiculr to the Mx occlusl line Mxillry occlusl line OLs The line pssing through U6o nd U1i Nsion-sell line NSL The line pssing through N nd S Nsl line NL The line pssing through ANS nd PNS Mndibulr line ML The tngent to the lower border of the mndible through Me Rml line RL The tngent to the posterior border of the mndible through Ar Pltl width Mx -Mx The distnce between Mx nd Mx Mndibulr width Go -Go The distnce between Go nd Go Angles Gonil ngle Go The ngle formed between RL nd ML Bet ngle b The ngle formed between ML nd constructed line from Ar to the intersection between ML nd perpendiculr line to it through Pg lt ceph indictes lterl cephlogrm; PA ceph, postero-nterior cephlogrm.

6 142 ANANDARAJAH, DUDHIA, SANDHAM, SONNESEN Tble 3. Descriptive nd Numericl Dt Dimension or shpe Minimum Mximum Men Stndrd Devition Upper irwy dimensions Volume, mm Miniml cross-sectionl re, mm Crniofcil morphology Incisl reltionships Overjet, mm Overbite, mm Crnil bse ngle SNB, degrees Sgittl crniofcil dimension SNA, degrees SNB, degrees SNPg, degrees ANB, degrees ANPg, degrees Verticl crniofcil dimension SN-NL, degrees SN-MP, degrees MMP, degrees ANS-Me, mm N-ANS, mm N-Me, mm LAFH, % S-B, mm S-PNS, mm S-Go, mm Trnsverse crniofcil dimension Mx -Mx, mm Go -Go, mm Mndibulr shpe Gonil ngle, degrees b-ngle, degrees rnged from 0.13% to 9.37%. The relibility coefficient rnged from 0.94 to Sttistics The normlity of distribution ws ssessed by prmeters of skewness nd kurtosis nd Shpiro- Wilks W-tests. The irwy volume nd miniml crosssectionl re differed modertely from the norml distribution nd were trnsformed logrithmiclly. The smple ws screened for outliers by boxplots of ech vrible. No outliers were found. Associtions between irwy dimensions nd the continuous vribles were ssessed by the Spermn correltion nlysis. Associtions between irwy dimensions nd ctegoricl vribles were nlyzed by nlysis of vrince, followed by post hoc Bonferroni tests. Ech of the significnt ssocitions ws then tested for the effect of gender, ge, nd skeletl mturity by liner regression nlysis. The most relevnt vribles for irwy dimensions were nlyzed by liner regression nlysis. All sttisticl nlyses were performed using SPSS for Windows version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) nd considered significnt t P,.05. RESULTS Of the study popultion, 54.3% ws in the prepubertl stge of skeletl mturity, 29.5% ws in the pubertl stge, nd 16.2% ws in the postpubertl stge. The morphologicl occlusion ccording to Angle s clssifiction included 36.2% clss 1, 56.2% clss 2, nd 6.7% clss 3. The men vlues for the upper irwy nd crniofcil morphology re presented in Tble 3. Airwy volume nd miniml cross-sectionl re were significntly smller in prepubertl children when compred with pubertl children (P,.001, P,.05, respectively; Figures 4 nd 5) nd positively ssocited with ge (P,.001, P,.01, respectively). Gender nd molr occlusion were not significntly ssocited with irwy volume or miniml cross-sectionl re. After djusting for ge, skeletl mturity, nd gender, significnt positive ssocitions were found between irwy volume nd crniofcil morphology: mxillry nd mndibulr width (Mx -Mx, P,.01; Go -Go, P,.001; Tble 4) nd nterior fce height (N-Me, P,.05; N-ANS, P,.05; Tble 4). Miniml cross-sectionl re ws positively ssocited with mxillry nd mndibulr width (Mx -Mx, P,.01; Go -Go, P,

7 PHARYNGEAL AIRWAY DIMENSIONS IN CHILDREN 143 Figure 4. Airwy volume in reltion to skeletl mturity. NS, not significnt. 1 ¼ prepubertl, 2 ¼ pubertl, 3 ¼ postpubertl. * P.05; ** P.01; *** P ; Tble 5) nd negtively ssocited with sgittl jw reltionship (AnPg, P,.05; Tble 5). No other significnt ssocitions were found. For irwy volume, the most relevnt vribles were mndibulr width nd ge (r 2 ¼ 0.36; Tble 6). Mndibulr width nd sgittl jw reltionship were the most relevnt fctors for miniml cross-sectionl re (r 2 ¼ 0.16; Tble 6). DISCUSSION Dimensions of helthy phryngel irwy re influenced by growth, 14 16,26,27 ntomicl, 6 13 postur- Figure 5. Airwy miniml cross-sectionl re in reltion to skeletl mturity. 1 ¼ prepubertl, 2 ¼ pubertl, 3 ¼ postpubertl. NS, not significnt. * P.05; ** P.01; *** P.001.

8 144 ANANDARAJAH, DUDHIA, SANDHAM, SONNESEN Tble 4. Significnt Associtions Between Airwy Volume nd Gender, Age, Skeletl Mturity, Crniofcil Fetures, nd Occlusion After Adjustment of Gender, Age, nd Skeletl Mturity Vrible Correltion Coefficient, r P Vlue Verticl crniofcil dimension N-Me, mm b N-ANS, mm b Trnsverse crniofcil dimension Mx -Mx b Go -Go b N-Me indictes the distnce between N nd Me; N-ANS, the distnce between N nd ANS; Mx -Mx, the distnce between Mx nd Mx; Go -Go, the distnce between Go nd Go. b Also significnt for the effect of ge. l, nd mechnicl fctors. 32,33 Therefore, it is importnt to perform multifctoril nlyses of the upper irwys. Becuse growth-relted nd ntomicl fctors re routinely ssessed from stndrd orthodontic mteril, it is cliniclly relevnt to investigte which of these prmeters re relevnt to phryngel irwy dimensions. In the present study, no significnt differences in irwy dimensions were found between molr clsses 1, 2, nd 3. This is supported by other studies 34,35 possibly becuse ny mlocclusion cn exist on ny underlying skeletl pttern s result of the dentolveolr compenstory mechnism. 36 It is osseous nd soft tissue structures tht frme the irwy tht determine its size nd morphology. 8,16 There ws no sttisticlly significnt gender difference in irwy dimensions, which is lso in greement with previous findings. 6 8,11 However, one study found tht boys not only hd longer nd lrger irwy thn girls but lso experienced quicker increse in dimensions fter 11 yers of ge. 15 During ctive growth, upper irwy dimensions increse s ws demonstrted in the present study. Growth nd development of the upper irwy is influenced by chnges in the bony frmework until mturity is reched. 16 Consequently, it could be ssumed tht skeletl mturity is closely ssocited Tble 5. Significnt Associtions Between Airwy Miniml Cross- Sectionl Are nd Gender, Age, Skeletl Mturity, Crniofcil Fetures, nd Occlusion After Adjustment of Gender, Age, nd Skeletl Mturity Vrible Correltion Coefficient, r P Vlue Sgittl crniofcil dimension ANPg b Trnsverse crniofcil dimension Mx -Mx b Go -Go ANPg indictes the ngle between A, N nd Pg; Mx -Mx, the distnce between Mx nd Mx; Go -Go, the distnce between Go nd Go. b Also significnt for the effect of ge. Tble 6. Most Relevnt Fctors Associted With Upper Airwy Dimensions Fctor Correltion Coefficient, r P Vlue Volume Go -Go Age.007 Miniml cross-sectionl irwy ANPg Go -Go.001 ANPg indictes the ngle between A, N nd Pg; Go -Go, the distnce between Go nd Go. with upper irwy dimensions during this period. However, ssessment of this reltionship is limited. The dimensionl irwy chnges in reltion to skeletl mturity observed in the present study could reflect growth-relted chnges of bony structures surrounding the phryngel irwys. Vrious studies found significnt ssocitions with sgittl crniofcil dimensions nd upper irwy dimensions with regrd to volume nd miniml crosssectionl re. 6,8 11 In generl, irwy dimensions were negtively correlted to the sgittl jw reltionship, for exmple, s result of mndibulr retrognthism, nd positively correlted to mndibulr prognthism. Therefore, it ws found tht skeletl clss 3 ptients hd greter irwy volume thn clss 1, which ws greter thn skeletl clss 2 ptients However, this difference ws not lwys sttisticlly significnt between the groups 7 or between clss 1 nd clss 3. 6 Conflicting results hve been reported regrding miniml cross-sectionl re nd sgittl crniofcil dimension; some studies hve found n ssocition, 8,9 wheres others hve not. 37 In greement with most previous studies, the present study found tht the sgittl jw reltionship remined significntly negtively ssocited to miniml cross-sectionl re when tested for the effects of ge, gender, nd skeletl mturity. This suggests tht the lrger the sgittl jw reltionship, the smller the irwy dimensions. In reltion to verticl crniofcil dimensions, nterior fce height ws previously found to be significntly ssocited with upper irwy dimensions. 7,11 This is in greement with the present study. However, the ssocition remined sttisticlly significnt with only irwy volume fter the correction for ge, gender, nd skeletl mturity. In the present study, ssocitions were found between irwy dimensions nd the width of the mxill nd mndible. However, Di Crlo et l. 13 found no ssocitions between the phryngel irwy nd trnsverse dimension. This discrepncy could possibly be explined by the popultion smple being older in the Di Crlo el l. study. 14

9 PHARYNGEAL AIRWAY DIMENSIONS IN CHILDREN 145 In the present study, mndibulr width nd ge were the most relevnt fctors for irwy volume. The most relevnt fctors for the miniml cross-sectionl re were mndibulr width nd sgittl jw reltionship. Previously, ge nd verticl nd sgittl crniofcil morphology hve been ssocited with phryngel irwy dimensions s single fctors, 6,7,9 15 but the combintions of ge with mndibulr width nd sgittl jw reltionship with mndibulr width hve not been previously reported for preorthodontic children. The results my be vluble for orthodontic dignosis nd tretment plnning of children, especilly those with compromised phryngel irwy dimensions. Future studies could ssess the contribution of other fctors tht potentilly influence irwy dimensions, including functionl fctors. CONCLUSIONS Phryngel irwy dimensions were significntly ssocited with ge, skeletl mturity, nd crniofcil morphology in ll three plnes. Children with reduced mndibulr width nd incresed sgittl jw reltionship re prticulrly t risk of hving smll phryngel irwy dimensions. The results my prove vluble in dignosis nd orthodontics tretment plnning, especilly in children with compromised phryngel irwy dimensions. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The study ws funded by the Austrlin Society of Orthodontists Foundtion for Reserch nd Eduction s prt of thesis for the degree of Doctor of Clinicl Dentistry (Orthodontics). REFERENCES 1. Guijrro-Mrtínez R, Swennen GRJ. Cone-bem computerized tomogrphy imging nd nlysis of the upper irwy: systemtic review of the literture. Int J Orl Mxillofc Surg. 2011;40: Flores-Mir C, Koryem M, Heo G, Witmns M, Mjor MP, Mjor PW. Crniofcil morphologicl chrcteristics in children with obstructive sleep pne syndrome systemtic review nd met-nlysis. J Am Dent Assoc. 2013;144: Aboudr C, Nielsen I, Hung JC, Mki K, Miller AJ, Htcher D. Comprison of irwy spce with conventionl lterl hedfilms nd 3-dimensionl reconstruction from cone-bem computed tomogrphy. Am J Orthod Dentofc Orthop. 2009;135: Peltomäki T. The effect of mode of brething on crniofcil growth revisited. Eur J Orthod. 2007;29: Mrtin SE, Mthur R, Mrshll I, Dougls NJ. The effect of ge, sex, obesity nd posture on upper irwy size. Eur Respir J. 1997;10: El H, Plomo JM. Airwy volume for different dentofcil skeletl ptterns. Am J Orthod Dentofc Orthop. 2011;139:e511 e Oh K-M, Hong J-S, Kim Y-J, Cevidnes LSH, Prk Y-H. Three-dimensionl nlysis of phryngel irwy form in children with nteroposterior fcil ptterns. Angle Orthod. 2011;81: Zheng ZH, Ymguchi T, Kurihr A, Li HF, Mki K. Threedimensionl evlution of upper irwy in ptients with different nteroposterior skeletl ptterns. Orthod Crniofc Res. 2014;17: Alves JM, Frnzotti ES, Brtieri C, Nunes LKF, Nojim LI, Ruells ACO. Evlution of phryngel irwy spce mongst different skeletl ptterns. Int J Orl Mxillofc Surg. 2012;41: El H, Plomo JM. An irwy study of different mxillry nd mndibulr sgittl positions. Eur J Orthod. 2013;35: Kim Y, Hong J, Hwng Y, Prk Y. Three-dimensionl nlysis of phryngel irwy in predolescent children with different nteroposterior skeletl ptterns. Am J Orthod Dentofc Orthop. 2010;137:306.e e Iwski T, Hyski H, Tkemoto Y, Knomi R, Ymski Y. Orophryngel irwy in children with clss iii mlocclusion evluted by cone-bem computed tomogrphy. Am J Orthod Dentofc Orthop. 2009;136:318.e e Di Crlo G, Polimeni A, Melsen B, Cttneo P. The reltionship between upper irwys nd crniofcil morphology studied in 3D. A CBCT study. Orthod Crniofc Res. 2015;18: Schendel SA, Jcobson R, Khlessi S. Airwy growth nd development: computerized 3-dimensionl nlysis. J Orl Mxillofc Surg. 2012;70: Ching CC, Jeffres MN, Miller A, Htcher DC. Threedimensionl irwy evlution in 387 subjects from one university orthodontic clinic using cone bem computed tomogrphy. Angle Orthod. 2012;82: Tourné LP. Growth of the phrynx nd its physiologic implictions. Am J Orthod Dentofc Orthop. 1991;99: Sonnesen L, Bkke M. Molr bite force in reltion to occlusion, crniofcil dimensions, nd hed posture in pre-orthodontic children. Eur J Orthod. 2005;27: Andersen MK, Sonnesen L. Risk fctors for low molr bite force in dult orthodontic ptients. Eur J Orthod. 2013;35: Anndrjh S, Abdll Y, Dudhi R, Sonnesen L. A proposl of new upper irwy mrgins in children ssessed by cone bem CT. Dentomxillofc Rdiol. 2015;44: Björk A. The fce in profile: n nthropologicl x-ry investigtion on Swedish children nd conscripts. Sven Tndlk Tidskr. 1947;40: Björk A. The reltionship of the jws to the crnium. Introduction to Orthodontics. New York, NY: McGrw-Hill; 1960: Yoon Y-J, Perkiomki MR, Tllents RH, et l. Trnsverse crniofcil fetures nd their genetic predisposition in fmilies with nonsyndromic unilterl cleft lip nd plte. Cleft Plte Crniofc J. 2004;41: Solow B, Tllgren A. Hed posture nd crniofcil morphology. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1976;44:

10 146 ANANDARAJAH, DUDHIA, SANDHAM, SONNESEN 24. Bccetti T, Frnchi L, McNmr J. The cervicl vertebrl mturtion (CVM) method for the ssessment of optiml tretment timing in dentofcil orthopedics. Semin Orthod. 2005;11: Pheln A, Frnchi L, Bccetti T, Drendeliler MA, McNmr JA Jr. Longitudinl growth chnges in subjects with open-bite tendency: retrospective study. Am J Orthod Dentofc Orthop. 2014;145: King EW. A roentgenogrphic study of phryngel growth. Angle Orthod. 1952;22: Berglnd O. The bony nsophrynx. A roentgen-crniometric study. Act Odont Scnd Suppl. 1963;21: Muto T, Tked S, Knzw M, Ymzki A, Fujiwr Y, Mizoguchi I. The effect of hed posture on the phryngel irwy spce (ps). Int J Orl Mxillofc Surg. 2002;31: Muto T, Ymzki A, Tked S, Kwkmi J, Tsuji Y, Shibt T, Mizoguchi I. Reltionship between the phryngel irwy spce nd crniofcil morphology, tking into ccount hed posture. Int J Orl Mxillofc Surg. 2006;35: Solow B, Ovesen J, Nielsen PW, Wildschiødtz G, Tllgren A. Hed posture in obstructive sleep pnoe. Eur J Orthod. 1993;15: Solow B, Skov S, Ovesen J, Norup PW, Wildschiødtz G. Airwy dimensions nd hed posture in obstructive sleep pnoe. Eur J Orthod. 1996;18: Strohl KP, Butler JP, Mlhotr A. Mechnicl properties of the upper irwy. Compr Physiol. 2012;2: Aypp I, Rpoport DM. The upper irwy in sleep: physiology of the phrynx. Sleep Med Rev. 2003;7: de Freits MR, Alczr NMPV, Jnson G, de Freits KMS, Henriques JFC. Upper nd lower phryngel irwys in subjects with clss i nd clss ii mlocclusions nd different growth ptterns. Am J Orthod Dentofc Orthop. 2006;130: Ceyln İ, Okty H. A study on the phryngel size in different skeletl ptterns. Am J Orthod Dentofc Orthop. 1995;108: Solow B. The dentolveolr compenstory mechnism: bckground nd clinicl implictions. Br J Orthod. 1980;7: Kul K, Jeong AE, Stcey H, Kendll D, Ghoneim A. Three dimensionl evlution of upper irwy volume in children with different dentl nd skeletl mlocclusions. J Biomed Grph Comput. 2013;3:

A Comparison Study of Upper Airway among Different Skeletal Craniofacial Patterns in Nonsnoring Chinese Children

A Comparison Study of Upper Airway among Different Skeletal Craniofacial Patterns in Nonsnoring Chinese Children Originl Article A Comprison Study of Upper Airwy mong Different Skeletl Crniofcil Ptterns in Nonsnoring Chinese Children Zhe Zhong ; Zhihui Tng b ; Xuemei Go c ; Xing-Long Zeng c ABSTRACT Objective: Ptients

More information

Changes in Occlusal Relationships in Mixed Dentition Patients Treated with Rapid Maxillary Expansion

Changes in Occlusal Relationships in Mixed Dentition Patients Treated with Rapid Maxillary Expansion Originl Article Chnges in Occlusl Reltionships in Mixed Dentition Ptients Treted with Rpid Mxillry Expnsion A Prospective Clinicl Study Jmes A. McNmr,Jr ; Luren M. Sigler b ; Lorenzo Frnchi c ; Susn S.

More information

Mandibular vertical asymmetry in adult orthodontic patients with different vertical growth patterns: A cone beam computed tomography study

Mandibular vertical asymmetry in adult orthodontic patients with different vertical growth patterns: A cone beam computed tomography study Originl Article Mndibulr verticl symmetry in dult orthodontic ptients with different verticl growth ptterns: A cone bem computed tomogrphy study Slih Celik ; Mevlut Celikoglu b ; Suleymn K. Buyuk c ; A.

More information

Evaluation of canting correction of the maxillary transverse occlusal plane and change of the lip canting in Class III two-jaw orthognathic surgery

Evaluation of canting correction of the maxillary transverse occlusal plane and change of the lip canting in Class III two-jaw orthognathic surgery Originl Article Evlution of cnting correction of the mxillry trnsverse occlusl plne nd chnge of the lip cnting in Clss III two-jw orthognthic surgery Seung-Je Kim ; Jin-Young Choi b ; Seung-Hk Bek c ABSTRACT

More information

Correlation between periodontal soft tissue and hard tissue surrounding incisors in skeletal Class III patients

Correlation between periodontal soft tissue and hard tissue surrounding incisors in skeletal Class III patients Originl Article Correltion between periodontl soft tissue nd hrd tissue surrounding incisors in skeletl Clss III ptients Jeong-Ho Prk ; Ji-Yeon Hong b ; Hyo-Won Ahn c ; Su-Jung Kim d ABSTRACT Objectives:

More information

Skeletal and Soft Tissue Point A and B Changes Following Orthodontic Treatment of Nepalese Class I Bimaxillary Protrusive Patients

Skeletal and Soft Tissue Point A and B Changes Following Orthodontic Treatment of Nepalese Class I Bimaxillary Protrusive Patients Originl Article Skeletl nd Soft Tissue Point A nd B Chnges Following Orthodontic Tretment of Neplese Clss I Bimxillry Protrusive Ptients Jgn Nth Shrm ABSTRACT Objectives: To test the hypothesis tht there

More information

Gender Differences in Class III Malocclusion

Gender Differences in Class III Malocclusion Originl Article Gender Differences in Clss III Mlocclusion Tizino Bccetti ; Brin C. Reyes b ; Jmes A. McNmr Jr c Abstrct: This study evluted gender differences in the cephlometric records of lrge-scle

More information

Original Article. Heon-Mook Park a ; Yang-Ku Lee b ; Jin-Young Choi c ; Seung-Hak Baek d

Original Article. Heon-Mook Park a ; Yang-Ku Lee b ; Jin-Young Choi c ; Seung-Hak Baek d Originl Article Mxillry incisor inclintion of skeletl Clss III ptients treted with extrction of the upper first premolrs nd two-jw surgery Conventionl orthognthic surgery vs surgery-first pproch Heon-Mook

More information

A Comparative Study of Two Methods of Quantifying the Soft Tissue Profile

A Comparative Study of Two Methods of Quantifying the Soft Tissue Profile Originl Article A Comprtive Study of Two Methods of Quntifying the Soft Tissue Profile Hyeon-Shik Hwng, DDS, M, PhD ; Wng-Sik Kim, DDS, M b ; Jmes A. McNmr, Jr, DDS, PhD c Abstrct: One of the most importnt

More information

Soft tissue response after Class III bimaxillary surgery Impact of surgical change in face height and long-term skeletal relapse

Soft tissue response after Class III bimaxillary surgery Impact of surgical change in face height and long-term skeletal relapse Originl Article Soft tissue response fter Clss III bimxillry surgery Impct of surgicl chnge in fce height nd long-term skeletl relpse Gundeg Jkobsone ; Arild Stenvik b ; Lisen Espelnd b ABSTRACT Objective:

More information

Optimal sites for orthodontic mini-implant placement assessed by cone beam computed tomography

Optimal sites for orthodontic mini-implant placement assessed by cone beam computed tomography Originl Article Optiml sites for orthodontic mini-implnt plcement ssessed by cone bem computed tomogrphy Mon Mohmed Slh Fyed ; Pwel Pzer b ; Christos Ktsros c ABSTRACT Objectives: To determine (1) the

More information

Dentoskeletal changes following mini-implant molar intrusion in anterior open bite patients

Dentoskeletal changes following mini-implant molar intrusion in anterior open bite patients Originl Article Dentoskeletl chnges following mini-implnt molr intrusion in nterior open bite ptients Tyler R. Hrt ; Richrd R. J. Cousley b ; Leonrd S. Fishmn c ; Ross H. Tllents d ABSTRACT Objective:

More information

Severe Gummy Smile with Class II Malocclusion Treated with LeFort I Osteotomy Combined with Horseshoe Osteotomy and Intraoral Vertical Ramus

Severe Gummy Smile with Class II Malocclusion Treated with LeFort I Osteotomy Combined with Horseshoe Osteotomy and Intraoral Vertical Ramus 2013 67 1 5560 Severe Gummy Smile with Clss II Mlocclusion Treted with LeFort I Osteotomy Comined with Horseshoe Osteotomy nd Introrl Verticl Rmus Osteotomy * 56 Shimo et l. Act Med. Okym Vol. 67, No.

More information

Original Article. Hyo-Won Ahn a ; Sung Chul Moon b ; Seung-Hak Baek c

Original Article. Hyo-Won Ahn a ; Sung Chul Moon b ; Seung-Hak Baek c Originl Article Morphometric evlution of chnges in the lveolr bone nd roots of the mxillry nterior teeth before nd fter en msse retrction using cone-bem computed tomogrphy Hyo-Won Ahn ; Sung Chul Moon

More information

Modified tandem traction bow appliance compared with facemask therapy in treating Class III malocclusions

Modified tandem traction bow appliance compared with facemask therapy in treating Class III malocclusions Originl Article Modified tndem trction bow pplince compred with fcemsk therpy in treting Clss III mlocclusions Tub Tortop ; Emine Kygısız b ; Deniz Gencer c ; Sem Yuksel ; Zeynep Atly d ABSTRACT Objective:

More information

Long-Term Profile Changes Associated with Successfully Treated Extraction and Nonextraction Class II Division 1 Malocclusions

Long-Term Profile Changes Associated with Successfully Treated Extraction and Nonextraction Class II Division 1 Malocclusions Originl Article Long-Term Profile Chnges Associted with Successfully Treted Extrction nd Nonextrction Clss II Division 1 Mlocclusions Eileen C. Zierhut, DDS, M ; Donld R. Joondeph, DDS, MS b ; Jon Artun,

More information

Eruption of the permanent maxillary canines in relation to mandibular second molar maturity

Eruption of the permanent maxillary canines in relation to mandibular second molar maturity Originl Article Eruption of the permnent mxillry cnines in reltion to mndibulr second molr mturity Giuseppe Perinetti ; Mrilen Cllovi b ; Stefno Slgrello c ; Mtteo Bisotto d ; Luc Contrdo d ABSTRACT Objective:

More information

Which Hard and Soft Tissue Factors Relate with the Amount of Buccal Corridor Space during Smiling?

Which Hard and Soft Tissue Factors Relate with the Amount of Buccal Corridor Space during Smiling? Originl Article Which Hrd nd Soft Tissue Fctors Relte with the Amount of Buccl Corridor Spce during Smiling? Il-Hyung Yng ; Dong-Seok Nhm b ; Seung-Hk Bek c ABSTRACT Objective: To investigte which hrd

More information

Dynamic smile evaluation in different skeletal patterns

Dynamic smile evaluation in different skeletal patterns Originl Article Dynmic smile evlution in different skeletl ptterns Noshi Siddiqui ; Prdeep Tndon b ; Alk Singh c ; Jitesh Hryni ABSTRACT Objective: To evlute dynmic smile in different skeletl ptterns nd

More information

Influence of lateral cephalometric radiography in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning

Influence of lateral cephalometric radiography in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning Originl Article Influence of lterl cephlometric rdiogrphy in orthodontic dignosis nd tretment plnning An Reis Durão ; Ali Alqerbn b ; Afonso Pinhão Ferreir c ; Reinhilde Jcobs d ABSTRACT Objective: To

More information

Morphologic evaluation of the incisive canal and its proximity to the maxillary central incisors using computed tomography images

Morphologic evaluation of the incisive canal and its proximity to the maxillary central incisors using computed tomography images Originl Article Morphologic evlution of the incisive cnl nd its proximity to the mxillry centrl incisors using computed tomogrphy imges Eun-Ae Cho ; Sung-Jin Kim ; Yoon Jeong Choi b ; Kyung-Ho Kim c ;

More information

Dental arch response to Haas-type rapid maxillary expansion anchored to deciduous vs permanent molars: A multicentric randomized controlled trial

Dental arch response to Haas-type rapid maxillary expansion anchored to deciduous vs permanent molars: A multicentric randomized controlled trial Originl Article Dentl rch response to Hs-type rpid mxillry expnsion nchored to deciduous vs permnent molrs: A multicentric rndomized controlled tril Alessndro Ugolini ; Crmen Cerruto b ; Luc Di Vece c

More information

Stability of anterior crossbite correction: A randomized controlled trial with a 2-year follow-up

Stability of anterior crossbite correction: A randomized controlled trial with a 2-year follow-up Originl Article Stbility of nterior crossbite correction: A rndomized controlled tril with 2-yer follow-up Ann-Pulin Wiedel ; Lrs Bondemrk b ABSTRACT Objective: To compre nd evlute the stbility of correction

More information

Long-term Effectiveness and Treatment Timing for Bionator Therapy

Long-term Effectiveness and Treatment Timing for Bionator Therapy Originl Article Long-term Effectiveness nd Tretment Timing for Biontor Therpy Kurt Fltin Jr, DD, PhD; Rolf M. Fltin, DD, Mc, PhD; b Tizino Bccetti, DD, PhD; c Lorenzo Frnchi, DD, PhD; c Bruno Ghiozzi,

More information

Three-dimensional tooth crown size symmetry in cleft lip and cleft palate

Three-dimensional tooth crown size symmetry in cleft lip and cleft palate Originl Article Three-dimensionl tooth crown size symmetry in cleft lip nd cleft plte M. Okn Akcm ; Hlise Aydemir b ; Levent Özer c ; Bern Özel d ; T. Ufuk Toygr-Memikoğlu ABSTRACT Objective: To evlute

More information

Children with Class III Malocclusion: Development of Multivariate Statistical Models to Predict Future Need for Orthognathic Surgery

Children with Class III Malocclusion: Development of Multivariate Statistical Models to Predict Future Need for Orthognathic Surgery Originl Article Children with Clss III Mlocclusion: Development of Multivrite Sttisticl Models to Predict Future Need for Orthognthic Surgery Gbriele Schuster, DDS ; Christopher J. Lux, DDS b ; Angelik

More information

Long-term Skeletal Changes with Rapid Maxillary Expansion:

Long-term Skeletal Changes with Rapid Maxillary Expansion: Review Article Long-term Skeletl Chnges with Rpid Mxillry Expnsion: A Systemtic Review Mnuel O. Lgrvere ; Pul W. Mjor b ; Crlos Flores-Mir c Abstrct: The objective ws to evlute long-term trnsverse, nteroposterior

More information

An Occlusal and Cephalometric Analysis of Maxillary First and Second Premolar Extraction Effects

An Occlusal and Cephalometric Analysis of Maxillary First and Second Premolar Extraction Effects Originl Article An Occlusl nd Cephlometric Anlysis of Mxillry First nd Second Premolr Extrction Effects Hoe Boon Ong, BDS (Sing), MDSc (Melb) ; Michel G. Woods, DDSc, FRACDS, FRACDS (Orth), DOrthRCS (Eng)

More information

Skeletal, Dental and Soft-Tissue Changes Induced by the Jasper Jumper Appliance in Late Adolescence

Skeletal, Dental and Soft-Tissue Changes Induced by the Jasper Jumper Appliance in Late Adolescence Originl Article Skeletl, Dentl nd Soft-Tissue Chnges Induced by the Jsper Jumper Applince in Lte Adolescence Didem Nlbntgil ;Tülin Arun b ; Korkmz Syinsu c ; Fuly Işık c Abstrct: The purpose of this study

More information

Three-dimensional positional assessment of glenoid fossae and mandibular condyles in patients with Class II subdivision malocclusion

Three-dimensional positional assessment of glenoid fossae and mandibular condyles in patients with Class II subdivision malocclusion Originl Article Three-dimensionl positionl ssessment of glenoid fosse nd mndibulr condyles in ptients with Clss II subdivision mlocclusion Julin Mcêdo de Mttos ; Jun Mrtin Plomo b ; Antonio Crlos de Oliveir

More information

Dental Arch Dimensions in Class II division 1 Malocclusions with Mandibular Deficiency

Dental Arch Dimensions in Class II division 1 Malocclusions with Mandibular Deficiency Originl Article Dentl Arch Dimensions in Clss II division 1 Mlocclusions with Mndibulr Deficiency Omr Gbriel d Silv Filho ; Flávio Muro Ferrri Júnior b ; Terumi Okd Ozw c ABSTRACT Objective: To test the

More information

Skeletal and dental effects of molar distalization using a modified palatal anchorage plate in adolescents

Skeletal and dental effects of molar distalization using a modified palatal anchorage plate in adolescents Originl Article Skeletl nd dentl effects of molr distliztion using modified pltl nchorge plte in dolescents Noor Lith S ed ; Chong Ook Prk b ; Mohmed Byome c ; Je Hyun Prk d ; YoonJi Kim e ; Yoon-Ah Kook

More information

A Cineradiographic Study of Deglutitive Tongue Movement and Nasopharyngeal Closure in Patients with Anterior Open Bite

A Cineradiographic Study of Deglutitive Tongue Movement and Nasopharyngeal Closure in Patients with Anterior Open Bite Originl Article A Cinerdiogrphic Study of Deglutitive Tongue Movement nd Nsophryngel Closure in Ptients with Anterior Open Bite Ttsuy Fujiki, DDS, PhD ; Teruko Tkno-Ymmoto, DDS, PhD b ; Hruhiro Noguchi,

More information

A Long-term Study on the Expansion Effects of the Cervical-pull Facebow With and Without Rapid Maxillary Expansion

A Long-term Study on the Expansion Effects of the Cervical-pull Facebow With and Without Rapid Maxillary Expansion Originl Article A Long-term Study on the Expnsion Effects of the Cervicl-pull Fcebow With nd Without Rpid Mxillry Expnsion Frederick A. Fenderson, DDS, MS ; Jmes A. McNmr Jr, DDS, PhD b ; Tizino Bccetti,

More information

The main occluding area in normal occlusion and mandibular prognathism

The main occluding area in normal occlusion and mandibular prognathism Originl Article The min occluding re in norml occlusion nd mndibulr prognthism Mkoto Kurokw ; Hiroyuki Knzki b ; Hjime Tokiw c ; Hideho Hnd d ; Kzutoshi Nkok e ; Yoshiki Hmd f ; Hitoshi Kto g ; Yoshiki

More information

Correlation of Skeletal Maturation Stages Determined by Cervical Vertebrae and Hand-wrist Evaluations

Correlation of Skeletal Maturation Stages Determined by Cervical Vertebrae and Hand-wrist Evaluations Originl Article Correltion of Skeletl Mturtion Stges Determined by Cervicl Vertebre nd Hnd-wrist Evlutions Crlos Flores-Mir ; Corr A. Burgess b ; Mitchell Chmpney c ; Robert J. Jensen d ; Michel R. Pitcher

More information

Agenesis of Third Molar Germs Depends on Sagittal Maxillary Jaw Dimensions in Orthodontic Patients in Japan

Agenesis of Third Molar Germs Depends on Sagittal Maxillary Jaw Dimensions in Orthodontic Patients in Japan Originl Article Agenesis of Third Molr Germs Depends on Sgittl illry Jw Dimensions in Orthodontic Ptients in Jpn Tkshi S. Kjii, DDS, PhD ; Yoshiki Sto, DDS, PhD b ; Sori Kjii, DDS c ; Yuki Sugwr, DDS,

More information

Original Article. So-Jeong Jang a ; Dong-Soon Choi b ; Insan Jang c ; Paul-Georg Jost-Brinkmann d ; Bong-Kuen Cha b

Original Article. So-Jeong Jang a ; Dong-Soon Choi b ; Insan Jang c ; Paul-Georg Jost-Brinkmann d ; Bong-Kuen Cha b Originl Article Quntittive comprison of incisl tooth wer in ptients receiving onephse or two-phse tretment for skeletl Clss III mlocclusion with nterior crossbite So-Jeong Jng ; Dong-Soon Choi b ; Insn

More information

Soft Tissue Changes with Fixed Functional Appliances in Class II division 1

Soft Tissue Changes with Fixed Functional Appliances in Class II division 1 Review Article Soft Tissue Chnges with Fixed Functionl Applinces in Clss II division 1 A Systemtic Review Crlos Flores-Mir ; Michel P. Mjor b ; Pul W. Mjor c ABSTRACT Objective: To evlute fcil soft tissue

More information

Esthetic Influence of Negative Space in the Buccal Corridor during Smiling

Esthetic Influence of Negative Space in the Buccal Corridor during Smiling Originl Article Esthetic Influence of Negtive Spce in the Buccl Corridor during Smiling Dltro Enes Ritter ; Luiz Gonzg Gndini Jr b ; Ary dos Sntos Pinto c ; Arno Locks d ABSTRACT The purpose of this study

More information

Original Article. Shushu He a ; Jinhui Gao b ; Peter Wamalwa c ; Yunji Wang d ; Shujuan Zou e ; Song Chen f

Original Article. Shushu He a ; Jinhui Gao b ; Peter Wamalwa c ; Yunji Wang d ; Shujuan Zou e ; Song Chen f Originl Article Cmouflge tretment of skeletl Clss III mlocclusion with multiloop edgewise rch wire nd modified Clss III elstics by mxillry mini-implnt nchorge Shushu He ; Jinhui Go b ; Peter Wmlw c ; Yunji

More information

Occlusal Morphology 1 Year after Orthodontic and Surgical-Orthodontic Therapy

Occlusal Morphology 1 Year after Orthodontic and Surgical-Orthodontic Therapy Originl Article Occlusl Morphology 1 Yer fter Orthodontic nd Surgicl-Orthodontic Therpy A Quntittive Anlysis of Cliniclly Successful Ptients Cludi Dellvi ; Luis Toms Hunc Ghislnzoni b ; Redento Perett

More information

Treatment time, outcome, and anchorage loss comparisons of self-ligating and conventional brackets

Treatment time, outcome, and anchorage loss comparisons of self-ligating and conventional brackets Originl Article Tretment time, outcome, nd nchorge loss comprisons of self-ligting nd conventionl brckets Ferdinnd M. Mchiby ; Xingfu Bo b ; Lihu Zho c ; Min Hu d ABSTRACT Objective: To compre the tretment

More information

Condylar displacement between centric relation and maximum intercuspation in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals

Condylar displacement between centric relation and maximum intercuspation in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals Originl Article Condylr displcement between centric reltion nd mximum intercusption in symptomtic nd symptomtic individuls Soo Young Kim Weffort ; Solnge Mongelli de Fntini b ABSTRACT Objective: To mesure

More information

Technetium-Labeled Methylene Diphosphonate Uptake in Maxillary Bone During and After Rapid Maxillary Expansion

Technetium-Labeled Methylene Diphosphonate Uptake in Maxillary Bone During and After Rapid Maxillary Expansion Originl Article 99m Technetium-Lbeled Methylene Diphosphonte Uptke in Mxillry Bone During nd Rpid Mxillry Expnsion Z. Mirzen Art, DDS, PhD ; Htice Göklp, DDS, PhD b ; Tmer Atsever, DDS, PhD c ; Hkn Türkkhrmn,

More information

Occlusal Status in Asian Male Adults:

Occlusal Status in Asian Male Adults: Originl Article Occlusl Sttus in Asin Mle Adults: Prevlence nd Ethnic Vrition Jen Soh ; Andrew Sndhm ; Yiong Huk Chn c Astrct: The purpose of this study ws to determine the occlusl sttus in young Asin

More information

Original Article INTRODUCTION

Original Article INTRODUCTION Originl Article Evlution of mxillry centrl incisors on the noncleft nd cleft sides in ptients with unilterl cleft lip nd plte Prt 1: Reltionship etween root length nd orthodontic tooth movement Ay Med-Iino

More information

Use of Lateral Cephalometric Analysis in Diagnosing Craniofacial Features in Papillon-Lefevre Syndrome

Use of Lateral Cephalometric Analysis in Diagnosing Craniofacial Features in Papillon-Lefevre Syndrome Cse Report Print ISSN: 2321-6379 Online ISSN: 2321-595X DOI: 10.17354/ijss/2017/508 Use of Lterl Cephlometric Anlysis in Dignosing Crniofcil Fetures in Ppillon-Lefevre Syndrome Ahishek Soni Senior Lecturer,

More information

Dentofacial Effects of Asymmetric Headgear and Cervical Headgear with Removable Plate on Unilateral Molar Distalization

Dentofacial Effects of Asymmetric Headgear and Cervical Headgear with Removable Plate on Unilateral Molar Distalization Originl Article Dentofcil Effects of Asymmetric Hedger nd Cervicl Hedger with Removble Plte on Unilterl Molr Distliztion Hndn Altug ; A. Osmn Bengi b ; Erol Akın; c Seniz Krcy d Abstrct: Cervicl hedger

More information

Linear measurements using virtual study models A systematic review

Linear measurements using virtual study models A systematic review Originl Article Liner mesurements using virtul study models A systemtic review Nghe S. Luu ; Liliy G. Nikolchev b ; Jen-Mrc Retrouvey c ; Crlos Flores-Mir d ; Trek El-Bily e ; Json P. Crey f ; Pul W. Mjor

More information

Comparison of two early treatment protocols for anterior dental crossbite in the mixed dentition: A randomized trial

Comparison of two early treatment protocols for anterior dental crossbite in the mixed dentition: A randomized trial Originl Article Comprison of two erly tretment protocols for nterior dentl crossbite in the mixed dentition: A rndomized tril Cristin B. Mimoto ; Lendro S. Mrques b ; Lucs G. Abreu c ; Sul M. Piv c ABSTRACT

More information

Assessment of Depression in Multiple Sclerosis. Validity of Including Somatic Items on the Beck Depression Inventory II

Assessment of Depression in Multiple Sclerosis. Validity of Including Somatic Items on the Beck Depression Inventory II Assessment of Depression in Multiple Sclerosis Vlidity of Including Somtic Items on the Beck Depression Inventory II Peggy Crwford, PhD; Noh J. Webster, MA Signs nd symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS)

More information

Citation for published version (APA): Krajenbrink, T. G. A. (1994). The silhouette of the mandibular condyle on radiographs. s.n.

Citation for published version (APA): Krajenbrink, T. G. A. (1994). The silhouette of the mandibular condyle on radiographs. s.n. University of Groningen The silhouette of the mndibulr condyle on rdiogrphs. Krjenbrink, Thierry Guy Alexis IMPORTANT NOTE: You re dvised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish

More information

Bone and cortical bone thickness of mandibular buccal shelf for mini-screw insertion in adults

Bone and cortical bone thickness of mandibular buccal shelf for mini-screw insertion in adults Originl Article Bone nd corticl bone thickness of mndibulr buccl shelf for mini-screw insertion in dults Riccrdo Nucer ; Antonino Lo Giudice b ; Angel Mire Bellocchio b ; Pol Spinuzz b ; Alberto Cprioglio

More information

Quantitative and perceived visual changes of the nasolabial fold following orthodontic retraction of lip protrusion

Quantitative and perceived visual changes of the nasolabial fold following orthodontic retraction of lip protrusion Originl Article Quntittive nd perceived visul chnges of the nsolil fold following orthodontic retrction of lip protrusion Eui Seon Bek ; Soonshin Hwng ; Yoon Jeong Choi c ; Mi Ryung Roh d ; Tung Nguyen

More information

A comparison of treatment effects of total arch distalization using modified C-palatal plate vs buccal miniscrews

A comparison of treatment effects of total arch distalization using modified C-palatal plate vs buccal miniscrews Originl Article A comprison of tretment effects of totl rch distliztion using modified C-pltl plte vs uccl miniscrews Sng Kyu Lee ; Noh H. As ; Mohmed Byome c,d ; Un-Bong Bik ; Yoon-Ah Kook e ; Mihee Hong

More information

Reliability of digital orthodontic setups

Reliability of digital orthodontic setups Originl Article Relibility of digitl orthodontic setups Monic S. Brreto ; Jorge Fber b ; Crlos J. Vogel c ; Telm M. Arujo d ABSTRACT Objective: To evlute the relibility of digitl orthodontic setup technology

More information

TMD in Consecutive Patients Referred for Orthognathic Surgery

TMD in Consecutive Patients Referred for Orthognathic Surgery Originl Article TMD in Consecutive s Referred for Orthognthic Surgery Cecili Abrhmsson ; EwCrin Ekberg b ; Thor Henrikson c ; Mri Nilner d ; Bo Sunzel e ; Lrs Bondemrk f ABSTRACT Objective: To nswer the

More information

Three-dimensional Facial Morphometry of Attractive Children and Normal Children in the Deciduous and Early Mixed Dentition

Three-dimensional Facial Morphometry of Attractive Children and Normal Children in the Deciduous and Early Mixed Dentition Originl Article Three-dimensionl Fcil Morphometry of Attrctive Children nd Norml Children in the Deciduous nd Erly Mixed Dentition Chirell Sforz ; Alberto Lino b ; Roul D Alessio c ; Cludi Dellvi d ; Gi

More information

Prevalence of TMJ Disc Displacement in a Pre-Orthodontic Adolescent Sample

Prevalence of TMJ Disc Displacement in a Pre-Orthodontic Adolescent Sample Originl Article Prevlence of TMJ Disc Displcement in Pre-Orthodontic Adolescent Smple B. Nebbe, BDS, MDent, FFD(SA)Ortho, PhD ; P. W. Mjor, DDS, MSc, MRCD b Abstrct: This study evluted the prevlence of

More information

Dental archforms in dentoalveolar Class I, II and III

Dental archforms in dentoalveolar Class I, II and III Originl Article Dentl rchforms in dentolveolr Clss I, II nd III Mrtin Slj ; Stjepn Splj ; Durvko Pvlin c ; Dvor Illes d ; Mlden Slj e ABSTRACT Ojective: To test the hypothesis tht no differences exist

More information

Clinical Study Report Synopsis Drug Substance Naloxegol Study Code D3820C00018 Edition Number 1 Date 01 February 2013 EudraCT Number

Clinical Study Report Synopsis Drug Substance Naloxegol Study Code D3820C00018 Edition Number 1 Date 01 February 2013 EudraCT Number EudrCT Number 2012-001531-31 A Phse I, Rndomised, Open-lbel, 3-wy Cross-over Study in Helthy Volunteers to Demonstrte the Bioequivlence of the Nloxegol 25 mg Commercil nd Phse III Formultions nd to Assess

More information

Intraarch and Interarch Relationships of the Anterior Teeth and Periodontal Conditions

Intraarch and Interarch Relationships of the Anterior Teeth and Periodontal Conditions Originl Article Intrrch nd Interrch Reltionships of the Anterior Teeth nd Periodontl Conditions Pp Ibrhim Ngom ; Flou Digne b ; Henri Michel Benoist c ; Fn Thim d ABSTRACT This study ws undertken to investigte

More information

Factors affecting orthodontists management of the retention phase

Factors affecting orthodontists management of the retention phase Originl Article Fctors ffecting orthodontists mngement of the retention phse Kevin Bibon ; Bhvn Shroff b ; Al M. Best c ; Steven J. Linduer d ABSTRACT Objective: To test the null hypothesis tht orthodontist

More information

Anchorage Control in Bioprogressive vs Straight-wire Treatment

Anchorage Control in Bioprogressive vs Straight-wire Treatment Originl Article Anchorge Control in Bioprogressive vs Stright-wire Tretment Dyse Uris ; Ftim Ibrhim Abdel Mustf b Abstrct: Orthodontic techniques with different concepts nd philosophies hve emerged to

More information

Single-Molecule Studies of Unlabelled Full-Length p53 Protein Binding to DNA

Single-Molecule Studies of Unlabelled Full-Length p53 Protein Binding to DNA Single-Molecule Studies of Unlbelled Full-Length p53 Protein Binding to DNA Philipp Nuttll, 1 Kidn Lee, 2 Pietro Ciccrell, 3 Mrco Crminti, 3 Giorgio Ferrri, 3 Ki- Bum Kim, 2 Tim Albrecht 1* 1 Imperil College

More information

The Acute Time Course of Concurrent Activation Potentiation

The Acute Time Course of Concurrent Activation Potentiation Mrquette University e-publictions@mrquette Exercise Science Fculty Reserch nd Publictions Exercise Science, Deprtment of 1-1-2010 The Acute Time Course of Concurrent Activtion Potentition Luke Grceu Mrquette

More information

Original Article. Department of Orthodontics, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden. b

Original Article. Department of Orthodontics, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden. b Originl Article A -Yer Follow-up of Signs nd Symptoms of Temporomndiulr Disorders nd Mlocclusions in Sujects With nd Without Orthodontic Tretment in Childhood Inger Egermrk, LDS, Odont Dr/PhD ; Toms Mgnusson,

More information

Are the Lower Incisors the Best Predictors for the Unerupted Canine and Premolars Sums? An Analysis of a Peruvian Sample

Are the Lower Incisors the Best Predictors for the Unerupted Canine and Premolars Sums? An Analysis of a Peruvian Sample Originl Article Are the Lower Incisors the Best Predictors for the Unerupted Cnine nd Premolrs Sums? An Anlysis of Peruvin Smple Edurdo Bernbé, DDS, MSc, Cert Biostt ; Crlos Flores-Mir, DDS, MSc, Cert

More information

The influence of malocclusion on masticatory performance

The influence of malocclusion on masticatory performance Review Article The influence of on mstictory performnce A systemtic review Isbel Brndão Mglhães ; Lucino José Pereir b ; Lendro Silv Mrques ; Gustvo Huber Gmeiro c ABSTRACT Objective: To systemticlly review

More information

Interseptal bone reduction on the rate of maxillary canine retraction

Interseptal bone reduction on the rate of maxillary canine retraction Originl Article Interseptl bone reduction on the rte of mxillry cnine retrction Chidchnok Leethnkul ; Surt Knokkulchi b ; Settkorn Pongpnich c ; Nrit Leepong d ; Chirt Chroemrtrote ABSTRACT Objective:

More information

Recall Bias in Childhood Atopic Diseases Among Adults in The Odense Adolescence Cohort Study

Recall Bias in Childhood Atopic Diseases Among Adults in The Odense Adolescence Cohort Study Syddnsk Universitet Recll Bis in Childhood Atopic Diseses Among Adults in The Odense Adolescence Cohort Study Mørtz, Chrlotte G; Andersen, Klus Ejner; Bindslev-Jensen, Crsten Published in: Act Dermto-Venereologic

More information

Desire for orthodontic treatment and associated factors among adolescents in southern Brazil

Desire for orthodontic treatment and associated factors among adolescents in southern Brazil Originl Article Desire for orthodontic tretment nd ssocited fctors mong dolescents in southern Brzil Crlos Alberto Feldens ; Edurdo Kenji Nkmur b ;Fábio Rfel Tessrollo c ; Lucine Qudrdo Closs b ABSTRACT

More information

Sleep Disordered Breathing and Gestational Hypertension: Postpartum Follow-up Study

Sleep Disordered Breathing and Gestational Hypertension: Postpartum Follow-up Study SDB AND GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION: POSTPARTUM FOLLOW-UP Sleep Disordered Brething nd Gesttionl Hypertension: Postprtum Follow-up Study John Reid, MD 1 ; Riley A. Glew, MPH 1 ; Robert Skomro, MD 1 ; Mrk

More information

Metabolic Syndrome and Health-related Quality of Life in Obese Individuals Seeking Weight Reduction

Metabolic Syndrome and Health-related Quality of Life in Obese Individuals Seeking Weight Reduction Metbolic Syndrome nd Helth-relted Qulity of Life in Obese Individuls Seeking Weight Reduction Adm Gilden Tsi 1, Thoms A. Wdden 1, Dvid B. Srwer 1, Robert I. Berkowitz 1, Leslie G. Womble 1, Louise A. Hesson

More information

Health-Related Quality of Life and Symptoms of Depression in Extremely Obese Persons Seeking Bariatric Surgery

Health-Related Quality of Life and Symptoms of Depression in Extremely Obese Persons Seeking Bariatric Surgery Oesity Surgery, 15, 3-39 Helth-Relted Qulity of Life nd Symptoms of Depression in Extremely Oese Persons Seeking Britric Surgery Anthony N. Frictore, PhD; Thoms A. Wdden, PhD; Dvid B. Srwer, PhD; Myles

More information

Fundamentals of Spine MRI and Essential Protocols

Fundamentals of Spine MRI and Essential Protocols Fundmentls of Spine MRI nd Essentil Protocols A. C. Dougls-Akinwnde, MD Octoer 13, 2009 Fundmentls of Spine MRI Lerning Ojectives: 1. List the essentil sequences for Spine MRI exmintion 2. Discuss the

More information

Meat and Food Safety. B.A. Crow, M.E. Dikeman, L.C. Hollis, R.A. Phebus, A.N. Ray, T.A. Houser, and J.P. Grobbel

Meat and Food Safety. B.A. Crow, M.E. Dikeman, L.C. Hollis, R.A. Phebus, A.N. Ray, T.A. Houser, and J.P. Grobbel Met nd Food Sfety Needle-Free Injection Enhncement of Beef Strip Loins with Phosphte nd Slt Hs Potentil to Improve Yield, Tenderness, nd Juiciness ut Hrm Texture nd Flvor B.A. Crow, M.E. Dikemn, L.C. Hollis,

More information

Effects of physical exercise on working memory and prefrontal cortex function in post-stroke patients

Effects of physical exercise on working memory and prefrontal cortex function in post-stroke patients Effects of physicl exercise on working memory nd prefrontl cortex function in post-stroke ptients M Moriy, C Aoki, K Sktni Grdute School of Helth Sciences Reserch, Mjor of Physicl Therpy, TeikyoHeisei

More information

Maxillary first molar agenesis and other dental anomalies

Maxillary first molar agenesis and other dental anomalies Originl Article Mxillry first molr genesis nd other dentl nomlies Ryot Abe ; Toshiy Endo b ; Shohchi Shimook c ABSTRACT Objective: To explore the ssocition of mxillry first molr genesis with other dentl

More information

Opioid Use and Survival at the End of Life: A Survey of a Hospice Population

Opioid Use and Survival at the End of Life: A Survey of a Hospice Population 532 Journl of Pin nd Symptom Mngement Vol. 32 No. 6 December 2006 NHPCO Originl Article Opioid Use nd Survivl t the End of Life: A Survey of Hospice Popultion Russell K. Portenoy, MD, Un Sibircev, BA,

More information

Effect of orthodontic treatment on oral health related quality of life

Effect of orthodontic treatment on oral health related quality of life Originl Article Effect of orthodontic tretment on orl helth relted qulity of life Dniel Feu ; Jose Augusto M. Miguel ; Roger K. Celeste c ; Brnc Helois Oliveir d ABSTRACT Ojective: To ssess chnges in orl

More information

Hypertension, hyperinsulinaemia and obesity in middle-aged Finns with impaired glucose tolerance

Hypertension, hyperinsulinaemia and obesity in middle-aged Finns with impaired glucose tolerance Journl of Humn Hypertension (1998) 12, 265 269 1998 Stockton Press. All rights reserved 0950-9240/98 $12.00 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Hypertension, hyperinsulinemi nd obesity in middle-ged Finns with impired glucose

More information

Associations between the risk of tooth agenesis and single-nucleotide polymorphisms of MSX1 and PAX9 genes in nonsyndromic cleft patients

Associations between the risk of tooth agenesis and single-nucleotide polymorphisms of MSX1 and PAX9 genes in nonsyndromic cleft patients Originl Article Associtions between the risk of tooth genesis nd single-nucleotide polymorphisms of MSX1 nd PAX9 genes in nonsyndromic cleft ptients Yu-Jin Seo ; Ji Wn Prk b ; Young Ho Kim c ; Seung-Hk

More information

ORIGINAL ARTICLE. Diagnostic Signs of Accommodative Insufficiency. PILAR CACHO, OD, ÁNGEL GARCÍA, OD, FRANCISCO LARA, OD, and M A MAR SEGUÍ, OD

ORIGINAL ARTICLE. Diagnostic Signs of Accommodative Insufficiency. PILAR CACHO, OD, ÁNGEL GARCÍA, OD, FRANCISCO LARA, OD, and M A MAR SEGUÍ, OD 1040-5488/02/7909-0614/0 VOL. 79, NO. 9, PP. 614 620 OPTOMETRY AND VISION SCIENCE Copyright 2002 Americn Acdemy of Optometry ORIGINAL ARTICLE Dignostic Signs of Accommodtive Insufficiency PILAR CACHO,

More information

Biomechanics Orthodontics

Biomechanics Orthodontics Biomechnics IN Orthodontics PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE Rm S. Nnd, BDS, DDS, MS, PhD Professor Emeritus Deprtment of Orthodontics College of Dentistry University of Oklhom Oklhom City, Oklhom Yhy S. Tosun,

More information

CheckMate 153: Randomized Results of Continuous vs 1-Year Fixed-Duration Nivolumab in Patients With Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

CheckMate 153: Randomized Results of Continuous vs 1-Year Fixed-Duration Nivolumab in Patients With Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer CheckMte 53: Rndomized Results of Continuous vs -Yer Fixed-Durtion Nivolumb in Ptients With Advnced Non-Smll Cell Lung Cncer Abstrct 297O Spigel DR, McCleod M, Hussein MA, Wterhouse DM, Einhorn L, Horn

More information

Recently, the National Lung Screening Trial demonstrated that three annual low-dose

Recently, the National Lung Screening Trial demonstrated that three annual low-dose Dign Interv Rdiol DOI 10.5152/dir.2015.14541 Turkish Society of Rdiology 2015 CHEST IMAGING ORIGINAL ARTICLE Impct of rdition dose nd itertive reconstruction on pulmonry nodule mesurements t chest CT:

More information

Association between orthodontic treatment and periodontal diseases: Results from a national survey

Association between orthodontic treatment and periodontal diseases: Results from a national survey Originl Article Assocition between orthodontic tretment nd periodontl diseses: Results from ntionl survey Hye-Young Sim ; Hee-Sun Kim b ; D-Un Jung b ; Ho Lee b ; Jeong-Woo Lee c ; Kyungdo Hn d ; Kyoung-In

More information

The Effects of Small Sized Rice Bowl on Carbohydrate Intake and Dietary Patterns in Women with Type 2 Diabetes

The Effects of Small Sized Rice Bowl on Carbohydrate Intake and Dietary Patterns in Women with Type 2 Diabetes Originl Article doi: 10.4093/kdj.2010.34.3.166 pissn 1976-9180 eissn 2093-2650 The Effects of Smll Sized Rice Bowl on Crbohydrte Intke nd Dietry Ptterns in Women with Type 2 Dibetes Hee-Jung Ahn 1, *,

More information

Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Quarterly Report. July September 2017

Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Quarterly Report. July September 2017 Invsive Pneumococcl Disese Qurterly Report July September 2017 Prepred s prt of Ministry of Helth contrct for scientific services by Rebekh Roos Helen Heffernn October 2017 Acknowledgements This report

More information

Community. Profile Powell County. Public Health and Safety Division

Community. Profile Powell County. Public Health and Safety Division Community Helth Profile 2015 Powell County Public Helth nd Sfety Division Tble of Contents Demogrphic Informtion 1 Communicble Disese 3 Chronic Disese 4 Mternl nd Child Helth 10 Mortlity 12 Behviorl Risk

More information

Community. Profile Big Horn County. Public Health and Safety Division

Community. Profile Big Horn County. Public Health and Safety Division Community Helth Profile 2015 Big Horn County Public Helth nd Sfety Division Tble of Contents Demogrphic Informtion 1 Communicble Disese 3 Chronic Disese 4 Mternl nd Child Helth 10 Mortlity 12 Behviorl

More information

The DSM-5 Levels of Personality Functioning and Severity of Iranian Patients With Antisocial and Borderline Personality Disorders

The DSM-5 Levels of Personality Functioning and Severity of Iranian Patients With Antisocial and Borderline Personality Disorders Irn Red Crescent Med J. 2015 August; 17(8): e19885. Published online 2015 August 15. DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.17(5)2015.19885 Reserch Article The DSM-5 Levels of Personlity Functioning nd Severity of Irnin Ptients

More information

Community. Profile Yellowstone County. Public Health and Safety Division

Community. Profile Yellowstone County. Public Health and Safety Division Community Helth Profile 2015 Yellowstone County Public Helth nd Sfety Division Tble of Contents Demogrphic Informtion 1 Communicble Disese 3 Chronic Disese 4 Mternl nd Child Helth 10 Mortlity 12 Behviorl

More information

Reconstruction of Deformed Bite Marks using Affine Transformations.

Reconstruction of Deformed Bite Marks using Affine Transformations. econstruction of Deformed Bite Mrks using Affine Trnsformtions. Gerrit Stols, h.d 1.; Hermn Bernitz, h.d 2. Corresponding uthor: rof Hermn Bernitz, Deprtment of Orl tholog nd Orl Biolog, School of Dentistr,

More information

Community. Profile Anaconda- Deer Lodge County. Public Health and Safety Division

Community. Profile Anaconda- Deer Lodge County. Public Health and Safety Division Community Helth Profile 2015 Ancond- Deer Lodge County Public Helth nd Sfety Division Tble of Contents Demogrphic Informtion 1 Communicble Disese 3 Chronic Disese 4 Mternl nd Child Helth 10 Mortlity 12

More information

PNEUMOVAX 23 is recommended by the CDC for all your appropriate adult patients at increased risk for pneumococcal disease 1,2 :

PNEUMOVAX 23 is recommended by the CDC for all your appropriate adult patients at increased risk for pneumococcal disease 1,2 : PNEUMOVAX 23 is recommended y the CDC for ll your pproprite dult ptients t incresed risk for pneumococcl disese 1,2 : Adults ged

More information

Community. Profile Lewis & Clark County. Public Health and Safety Division

Community. Profile Lewis & Clark County. Public Health and Safety Division Community Helth Profile 2015 Lewis & Clrk County Public Helth nd Sfety Division Tble of Contents Demogrphic Informtion 1 Communicble Disese 3 Chronic Disese 4 Mternl nd Child Helth 10 Mortlity 12 Behviorl

More information