Dental Hard Tissues and Bonding. G. Eliades D.C.Watts T. Eliades (Eds.)

Transcription

1 Dental Hard Tissues and Bonding G. Eliades D.C.Watts T. Eliades (Eds.)

2 G. Eliades D. C. Watts T. Eliades (Eds.) Dental Hard Tissues and Bonding Interfacial Phenomena and Related Properties With 78 Figures and 26 Tables 123

3 George Eliades, DDS, Dr. Dent. Department of Biomaterials University of Athens 2 Thivon Street, Goudi, Athens, Greece David Watts, PhD, DSc, FADM Biomaterials Research Group The University of Manchester Higher Cambridge Street, Manchester M15 6FH, UK Theodore Eliades, DDS, MS, Dr. Med., PhD, FADM Department of Orthodontics Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki, Greece ISBN X Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Library of Congress Control Number: This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science + Business Media springeronline.com Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Editor: Gabriele Schröder, Springer Verlag Heidelberg, Germany Desk editor: Martina Himberger, Springer Verlag Heidelberg, Germany Production: ProEdit GmbH, Elke Beul-Göhringer, Heidelberg, Germany Typesetting and reproduction of the figures: AM-productions GmbH, Wiesloch, Germany Cover design: Estudio Calamar, F. Steinen-Broo, Pau/Girona, Spain 24/3151/beu-göh Printed on acid-free paper

4 V Contents Part I Bonding to Enamel 1 Etched Enamel Structure and Topography: Interface with Materials F.R. Tay, D.H. Pashley Introduction The Enamel Smear Layer: A Potential Problem in Bonding to Cut Enamel... 6 Application of Total-Etch Adhesives to Enamel Bonding to Phosphoric Acid-Etched Cut Enamel Bonding to Phosphoric Acid-Etched Uncut Enamel Bonding to Primary Enamel Application of Self-Etch Adhesives/Resin Cement to Enamel Aggressiveness of Self-Etch Adhesives Bonding to Cut Enamel Bonding to Uncut Enamel Interaction of Glass Ionomer-Based Materials with Enamel Conclusion References Bonding of Resinous Materials on Primary Enamel A. Kakaboura, L. Papagiannoulis Introduction Primary Enamel Enamel Cleaning Enamel Conditioning Phosphoric Acid Self-Etching Agents Other Agents Clinical Results References

5 VI Contents 3 Bond Strength to Enamel J.M. Powers, W.H. Tate Introduction Measurement of Bond Strength Debonding Force Bond Strength Bond Failure Bond Strength Measurement by Tensile and Shear Testing Experimental Models for Evaluating Bond Strength Clinical Simulation Model Isolated Interface Model Clinical Studies Variables Affecting In Vitro Bond Strength Differences Among Teeth Phosphoric Acid Acidic Primers and Adhesives Fluoride Intact Enamel Caries-Like Lesions Air Abrasion Laser Etching Moisture and Contaminants Air Thinning Chlorhexidine Bleaching Bonding to Enamel: In Vivo Studies Veneers Pit-and-Fissure Sealants Orthodontic Bonding References Orthodontic Bonding to Wet Enamel with Water-Insensitive and Water-Activated Orthodontic Adhesive Resins T. Eliades, G. Eliades, N. Silikas, D.C. Watts Introduction Approaches in Assessing the Efficiency of Orthodontic Adhesives Systems The Reliability of Bond Strength Testing Protocols The Clinical Relevance of Bond Strength Testing How Much Strength is Required Clinically? Clinical Bracket Failure Rate

6 Contents VII Wet-Enamel Adhesives Structure and Reactivity with Water Ex vivo and Laboratory Performance Effect of Water and Contaminants on Orthodontic Adhesive Resins Effect of Hydration on Resin Matrix Effect of Hydration on Fillers and Filler Matrix Interface Hydrolysis and Degradation of Composite Resins References Part II Bonding to Dentine 5 Bonding to Dentin: Smear Layer and the Process of Hybridization K.Van Landuyt, J. De Munck, E. Coutinho, M. Peumans, P. Lambrecht, B. Van Meerbeek Introduction Dentin Substrate: Smear Layer Smear Layer Sono-Abrasion Air Abrasion Laser Ablation Conclusion Interfaces and Hybridization Etch-and-Rinse Adhesives Self-Etch Adhesives Glass-Ionomer Approach Conclusion References In Situ Photo-Polymerisation and Polymerisation-Shrinkage Phenomena D. Watts, N. Silikas Introduction Potential Clinical Consequences of Shrinkage Phenomena Marginal Staining Fractures Debonding Microleakage Secondary Caries Postoperative Pain

7 VIII Contents Clinical Management of Shrinkage Phenomena Light Sources for Photo-Polymerisation of Dental Biomaterials Quartz Tungsten Halogen Sources Plasma Arc Curing Sources Laser Sources Light-Emitting-Diode Sources Further Variables with Light Sources Radiometry: Irradiance (Radiant Incidence and Radiant Exitance) and Total Energy Concept Light Penetration into and Through Oral Biomaterials Depth of Cure, and Top/Bottom Surface Hardness Surface Reflection, Absorption and Scattering Processes in Composites Application of Beer-Lambert Law Photo-Initiators for Free-Radical and Cationic Polymerisation Camphorquinone Phenyl-1,2-propanedione Photon Numbers and Photo-Initiation Extent of Polymerisation Thermal and Spectroscopic Probes Photo-DSC FTIR Spectroscopy NIR Spectroscopy FT-Raman Solid-State NMR EPR Spectroscopy DMTA and DETA Development of Mechanical Properties Surface Hardness Bulk Elastic and Visco-Elastic Compliance General Polymerisation Mechanism for Light-Activated Monomers Steady-State Hypotheses Polymerisation Kinetics of Light-Activated Resin Composites Rate of Polymerisation Normal Termination Model Auto-Acceleration Definitions of Polymerisation Shrinkage Phenomena Polymerisation Shrinkage Strain: How Much? How Fast? What Direction? Shrinkage Stress

8 Contents IX Generation of Stresses in Different Cavity Configurations (C-Factor) Measurement of Shrinkage Strain Kinetics of Shrinkage Strain Relationship Between DC and Shrinkage Strain Theoretical Relationship Between Conversion and Shrinkage Strain Experimental Correlations between DC and Shrinkage-Strain Magnitudes Network Variables Beyond Degree of Conversion Measurement of Shrinkage-Stress Kinetics Scientific Management of Shrinkage Phenomena Conclusion References Bonding in Prosthodontics with Cements A. El Zohairy, A.J. Feilzer Introduction Luting Cements Strength and Solubility Stability and Stiffness Bonding to Tooth Structure Bonding to Ceramic Surface Preparation Chemical Bonding Bonding to Pre-Processed Composite Restorations Biological Considerations Mechanical Considerations Curing Strategies Esthetic Considerations Color Color Stability Value of the Bond Strength Test References

9 X Contents Part III Bonding to Cementum 8 Composition and Structure of Cementum: Strategies for Bonding D. Tziafas Introduction Developmental and Structural Aspects Cementum Varieties and Their Locations Cementum Formation Structural Characteristics of Acellular Extrinsic Fiber Cementum The Cemento-Enamel and Dentino-Cemental Junctions Biochemistry of Mature Cementum Extracellular Matrix Inorganic Component Cementum in Health and Disease Root Permeability Age Changes in Cementum Root Surface Caries and Cementum Changes of Cementum in Periodontally Involved Teeth Strategies for Bonding to Root Dental Structures The Problem Future Directions References Subject Index

10 XI List of Contributors E. Coutinho George Eliades Department of Biomaterials University of Athens 2, Thivon Street, Goudi Athens, Greece Theodore Eliades, Department of Orthodontics Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki, Greece Ahmed El-Zohairy Department of Dental Materials Science, ACTA Pv 31/Dental Materials Department Louwesweg 1, 1066 EA Amsterdam The Netherlands Albert J. Feilzer Department of Dental Materials Science, ACTA Pv 31/Dental Materials Department Louwesweg 1, 1066 EA Amsterdam The Netherlands Afrodite Kakaboura Department of Operative Dentistry University of Athens 2, Thivon Street, Goudi Athens, Greece Paul Lambrechts Jan De Munck Lisa Papagiannoulis Department of Pediatric Dentistry University of Athens 2, Thivon Street, Goudi Athens, Greece David H. Pashley Division of Physiology Department of Oral Biology MCG th Street Augusta, GA , USA

11 XII List of Contributors Marleen Peumans John M. Powers Houston Biomaterials Research Center The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Dental Branch Suite 4.133, 6516 M.D. Anderson Blvd. Houston, TX , USA Nick Silikas, Biomaterials Research Group The University of Manchester Higher Cambridge Street Manchester, M15 6FH, UK William H. Tate Dimitrios Tziafas Department of Endodontology Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki, Greece Kirsten Van Landuyt Bart Van Meerbeek David Watts Biomaterials Research Group The University of Manchester Higher Cambridge Street Manchester M15 6FH, UK Franklin R. Tay, Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics Faculty of Dentistry University of Hong Kong Prince Philip Dental School 34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong, China