Influence of Chewing on Dental Health in Dogs

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Influence of Chewing on Dental Health in Dogs"

Transcription

1 1 Influence of Chewing on Dentl Helth in Dogs S Bjone 1, W Brown 2, J. Billinghm 3, A. Hrris 3 nd P M c Genity 3 1 School of Psychology, University of New Englnd, Armidle, NSW, 2351, Austrli 2 Animl Science, University of New Englnd, Armidle, NSW, 2351, Austrli 3 Msterfoods Complementry Petcre, UK Astrct Periodontl disese is common prolem in dogs. Previous studies hve shown tht dentl deposits in dogs cn e reduced y feeding dily dentl chew. This study compres the effectiveness of two chews of different toughness. Both chews significntly reduced plque (p=0.003) nd clculus (p=0.008). The tougher chew required significntly more time (p=0.001) nd numer of ites (p=0.001) to consume thn the stndrd chew. The incresed time nd chewing to consume the chew with greter toughness ws ssocited with directionl improvement in orl helth, lthough not sttisticlly significnt, s compred to the stndrd chew. Introduction Periodontl disese is the most common orl condition in dogs (Gorrel, 1998; Hennet, 1995), nd is possily the most common disese in smll niml prctice (Gorrel & Roinson, 1995) or for dogs specificlly (DuPont, 1998; Hrvey, 1998). A study of 31,484 dogs exmined t privte veterinry prctices in the United Sttes found dentl clculus nd gingivitis to e the most commonly reported disorders (Lund, Armstrong, Kirk, Kolr, & Klusner, 1999). A frnk definition of periodontl disese would e gingivitis tht hs een neglected (Colmery & Frost, 1986). The disese hs multi-stge development initited y cteril plque tht ccumultes on tooth surfces, resulting in gingivl inflmmtion (gingivitis). Gingivitis does not develop unless plque is present (DuPont, 1998). Plque tht ccumultes for extended periods clcifies nd ecomes clculus, which is difficult to remove without professionl tretment (Hrvey, 1998). Clculus, in itself, is not detrimentl, ut it does provide incresed surfce re upon which more plque cn ccumulte (Gorrel, 1998; Lindhe, 1989). The gingivitis which results from plque ccumultion cn led to periodontitis, which gives rise to tissue destruction nd possile tooth loss (Hrvey, 1998). Chewing mechniclly disrupts the ccumulting plque, nd is therefore self-clening ction (Hennet, 1995). Chewing lso stimultes flow of sliv, which contins nti-cteril gents tht help clen the mouth (Gorrel, 2001). Therefore, chewing s initil physicl rsions s well s the resulting sliv flow help keep the mouth clen. In humns, studies hve found no significnt enefit from vigorous chewing of rw crrot or pples on orl helth (Lindhe & Wicen, 1969; Wde, 1971); however, this my e due to the structure nd spcing of humn teeth (Lindhe, 1989). The scissor ite of the dog would e expected to imprt greter enefit from vigorous chewing thn the humn teeth occlusion. Previous studies hve shown tht dentl deposits in dogs cn e reduced y feeding dily dentl chew (Brown & M c Genity, 2005; Gorrel & Bierer, 1999; Gorrel & Rwlings, 1996; Gorrel, Wrrick, & Bierer, 1999). It ws theorised tht greter reduction in dentl deposits could e chieved y incresing the toughness of the dentl chew, due to incresed mstiction nd time for consumption. The present three-period crossover study investigted the effectiveness of two chews, which were formulted to hve significntly different toughness properties. Efficcy ws determined y mesuring the extent of gingivitis nd the

2 2 ccumultion of dentl plque nd clculus (clinicl signs of periodontl disese) in dogs fed the different dietry regimens. The numer of ites nd time to consume ech of the chews ws recorded. Mterils nd Methods Study Animls Twelve dogs (7 mles nd 5 femles) of mixed reeds were used in the current study. Dogs ges rnged from 1 to 12 yers nd ody weights rnged from 4 to 27 kg. All dogs were housed in kennels t the University of New Englnd, Armidle, NSW, for the durtion of the study. A qulified veterinrin exmined ll dogs efore eginning experimentl procedures, nd ny niml tht ws considered unsuitle on the sis of helth or temperment ws excluded from the study. Animl Ethics nd Welfre Authority to conduct this study ws grnted y the UNE Animl Ethics Committee, in ccordnce with Section 25 of the Animl Reserch Act (1985). Written permission ws otined from ll pet owners for the inclusion of their nimls in this study. Animls received the highest stndrd of cre throughout the study, in ccordnce with UNE Animl Ethics Committee guidelines. Diet Throughout the study, ll dogs were fed Reference Diet consisting of premium complete nd lnced commercil dry dog food in comintion with premium complete nd lnced commercil tinned food in rtio of 1:2 y weight. The Reference Diet ws fed in the morning nd ny refusls were weighed nd recorded. Dogs were fed mintennce energy requirements (MER) s determined y the formul MER (kcl) = 140 x BW(kg) 0.75 nd mounts were djusted s necessry to mintin idel ody weight. Fresh wter ws ville d liitum. Study Design The study ws designed s Ltin squre three-period crossover study. The following three dietry regimens were fed over the three periods: 1. Reference Diet + Chew A 2. Reference Diet + Chew B 3. Reference Diet + No Chew (Control) The products tested in this study were two vritions ( stndrd nd modified form) of dentl hygiene chew for dogs. These chews differed in their texture, y the inclusion of dditionl fire in the experimentl chew to increse toughness, ut were otherwise identicl. Chew A: Chew B: Stndrd - This is n extruded strch-sed dentl chew for dogs. Modified - This experimentl chew included dditionl fire to crete chew with incresed toughness. Chew A cn e descried s hving firm ut chewy texture with the flexiility of grden hose. Chew B, on the other hnd, is more rigid nd does not end esily. Pedigree Advnce Adult - Turkey nd Rice (MsterFoods ANZ, Rgln, NSW) Pedigree Advnce Energy - Chicken nd Rice (MsterFoods ANZ, Wodong, VIC)

3 3 Experimentl Procedures Ech period of the experiment consisted of two-week pre-test phse followed y fourweek test phse. Dentl scoring procedures were conducted under light generl nesthesi t the conclusion of ech test phse. Pre-Test Phse (14 Dys) On Dy 1, the dogs teeth were scled nd polished to provide clen tooth surfce. The dogs teeth were then rushed ech fternoon for the reminder of the 2-week pre-test phse using doule-ended toothrush c nd dentl pste d. The purpose of the pre-test phse ws to encourge cliniclly helthy gingive prior to commencing the test phse. All dogs were mintined on the Reference Diet throughout the pre-test phse ut no dentl chews were given. Test Phse (28 Dys) On Dy 1, seline gingivitis scores were recorded. Teeth were then scled nd polished to provide clen tooth surfce. During ech 4-week test phse, dogs were fed either Chew A or Chew B ech fternoon in ddition to the Reference Diet fed ech morning. The order of chew presenttion per dog ws determined y Ltin squre crossover design s outlined in Tle 1. Dogs received smll or lrge version of ech chew depending on their weight. Both versions hd the sme cross sectionl re nd profile, ut differed in length. Dogs tht weighed under 10kg received the smller chew (Dogs #1-4), while dogs over 10kg received the lrger chew (Dogs #5-12). Dogs in the control group were fed the Reference Diet in the morning nd received no chew in the fternoon. Gingivitis, plque, nd clculus scores were recorded on the finl dy of ech test phse. Teeth were then scled nd polished in preprtion for the next pre-test phse. Tle 1: Ltin squre three-period crossover design, showing the lloction of dogs to tretments (Chew A, Chew B, or no chew). Dog 1 st Period 2 nd Period 3 rd Period 1 A B - 2 A B - 3 B - A 4 B - A 5 - A B 6 - A B 7 - B A 8 - B A 9 A - B 10 A - B 11 B A - 12 B A - c Dentipet (Arnolds, Shrewsury, UK) d Dentipet Premier dentl pste (Arnolds, Shrewsury, UK)

4 4 Dentl Scoring An exminer tht ws trined in these procedures nd lind to designted tretment groups performed dentl scoring. The order of ssessment ws lwys gingivitis, plque, nd then clculus. Plque nd clculus ccumultion nd the severity of gingivitis were scored using humn techniques modified for veterinry use. The methods re summrized in Tles 2-4. For ech dog, 22 teeth were scored for gingivitis, plque, nd clculus: Left nd Right Mxill: I3, C, P2, P3, P4, M1 Left nd Right Mndile: C, P2, P3, P4, M1 (I=Incisor; C=Cnine; P=Pre-molr; M=Molr) Tle 2: Gingivitis A modified Löe nd Silness (1967) gingivl index ws used. The uccl gingiv for ech scored tooth ws divided into thirds (mesil, uccl, distl). Ech site ws evluted y the following criteri. Criteri 0 = No gingivitis 1 = Slight inflmmtion slight redness ut no leeding on proing 2 = Mild inflmmtion slight redness nd swelling, with delyed leeding on gentle proing of the gingivl sulcus 3 = Moderte inflmmtion the gingiv is red nd swollen nd leeds on gentle proing of the sulcus 4 = Severe inflmmtion the gingiv is red or reddish-lue, the gingivl mrgin is swollen, nd there is tendency to spontneous hemorrhge or profuse hemorrhge on proing nd/or ulcertions long the gingivl mrgin Clcultions A totl tooth score for ech tooth ws otined y dding together the scores from ech of the three sites. The tooth scores from ll teeth scored were then verged to otin men whole mouth score for ech dog. Tle 3: Plque Index A Quigley nd Hein index (1962) s modified y Turesky, Gilmore nd Glickmn (1970) ws used. Plque ws disclosed y pplying Red Cote dentl disclosing solution (1.5% D&C Red No. 28; John Butler Compny, Chicgo, IL, USA) to the uccl surfce of ech tooth nd immeditely rinsing with wter. The gingivl nd coronl hlves for ech tooth were scored for coverge nd intensity. Criteri Coverge Intensity 0 = No oservle plque 1 = Light pink to light red 1 = 1-24% coverge 2 = Moderte red 2 = 25-49% coverge 3 = Hevy drk red 3 = 50-74% coverge 4 = % coverge Clcultions The coverge ws multiplied y the intensity fctor to give gingivl nd occlusl score for ech tooth. The gingivl nd occlusl vlues for ech tooth were dded together to otin tooth totl. The score for ech dog ws the men score for ll teeth scored.

5 5 Tle 4: Clculus Index The Wrrick nd Gorrel (1997) method ws used. The disclosed plque ws removed with toothrush nd the teeth were rinsed nd ir-dried. Ech verticl third (mesil, uccl, distl) of the uccl surfce of ech tooth ws scored for coverge nd thickness. Criteri Coverge Thickness 0 = No oservle clculus 1 = Light <0.5mm 1 = 1-24% coverge 2 = Moderte mm 2 = 25-49% coverge 3 = Hevy >1.0mm 3 = 50-74% coverge 4 = % coverge Clcultions The coverge score ws multiplied y the thickness score for ech tooth surfce. The tooth score ws the sum of the scores for ech of the three tooth surfces. The sum of the teeth scores ws verged to otin whole mouth men clculus score for ech niml. Chewing Mesurements Dogs were filmed eting dentl chews three times per ech week during ech Test Phse. An electronic timer ws used to record the time it took ech dog to consume the whole chew, strting from the first ite until the chew ws finished. The numer of gnwing ites executed on the left nd right side of the mouth nd other ites were recorded using Lortory Counter (Cly Adms, Prsippny, NJ, USA) while reviewing the video recordings. Gnwing ites were identified s ites used to sever piece from the whole chew. Often, the chew ws plced to the ck of the mouth in the molr region for this gnwing motion. Other ites were ny ite tht ws not gnw ite. Totl ites were clculted y dding together gnws nd other ites. Texture Anlysis Texture nlysis ws crried out using n XHDi Texture Anlyser (Stle Micro Systems, Surrey, UK). A penetrtion test entiled pushing proe of 6mm dimeter into the product t speed of 1mm/sec, nd mesuring the force encountered. A frcture wedge test entiled pushing V-shped wedge into the product, gin t speed of 1mm/sec, nd mesuring the force encountered. Sttisticl Anlyses Repeted mesures nlysis of vrince ws used to determine significnt differences in the dentl scores for Chews A nd B nd the reference diet. Two-tiled pired t-tests were used to estimte significnt differences in chewing ehviours for Chew A nd Chew B. Person correltions determined significnt reltionships etween two vriles. All lph levels were set t α=0.05. Results Both chews were effective in significntly reducing the ccumultion of plque (p=0.003, pn 2 =0.42) nd clculus (p=0.008, pn 2 =0.35) s compred to the Reference Diet (Figure 1). Gingivitis did not significntly differ during the seline tooth rushing phses (p=0.668), nd there ws lso no significnt difference in gingivitis scores etween oth chews nd the reference diet (p=0.110). In ddition, there ws no significnt difference in gingivitis scores when compring the three pre-test tooth rushing phses nd the two Chews (p=0.286). Dogs

6 Numer of Gnws or Bites Dentl Score 6 hd less plque nd gingivitis when fed Chew B thn Chew A, ut this difference ws not significnt. 12 Chew A 10 Chew B Reference Diet Gingivitis Plque Clculus Mens within columns for ech dentl score not shring common superscript letter differ significntly (p<0.05). Figure 1: Gingivitis, plque, nd clculus scores for Chew A nd Chew B, nd the Reference Diet. Dt shown re group mens (±SEM) of whole mouth scores for ll dogs (n=12) Chew A Chew B Gnw Left Gnw Right Totl Gnws Other Bites Totl Bites Mens within columns for ech chewing mesure not shring common superscript letter differ significntly (p<0.05). Figure 2: Men numer of gnws nd ites required to consume Chew A nd Chew B. Totl gnws is the sum of left nd right gnws, while totl ites includes left gnws, right gnws, nd other ites. Dt shown re group mens (±SEM) for ll dogs (n=12).

7 7 Chew B took significntly more time to consume thn Chew A (p=0.001). Chew B lso required more gnws (p=0.001) s well s more other ites (p=0.001) nd totl ites (p=0.001) to consume compred to Chew A (Figure 2). The ite rte (ites/minutes) did not differ etween Chew A nd Chew B (p=0.627). Chew B required more gnws on the left (p=0.001) nd right side (p=0.001) to consume compred to Chew A. Overll, dogs did not show preference for gnwing on the left or right side for either chew s indicted y the left nd right gnws in Figure 2. However, some dogs did show n individul preference for one side. Tle 5 shows side preferences for ech dog for oth chews. A singulr indiction of side preference ws determined y sutrcting the numer of gnws on the right side from the numer of gnws on the left ll divided y totl gnws. Eleven dogs were consistent in their side preference for oth chews. One dog switched his side preference; Pogo gnwed more on the left side for Chew A nd the right side for Chew B. Figure 3 presents two dogs ech gnwing on different side of the mouth. Tle 5: Side preference s determined y the men percentge of gnws, left side minus the right side, for ech dog nd Chew. A positive vlue indictes dog tht gnws more on the left side wheres negtive vlue indictes dog tht gnws more on the right side. For instnce, Chrlie gnwed 38.7% more on his right side thn his left side for Chew A. Dog Chew A Chew B Preference 1 Jckie Left 2 Bndit Left 8 Toy Left 9 Blckey Left 12 Re Left 5 Pogo Left, Right 3 Snoop Right 4 Chrlie Right 6 Tim Right 7 Penny Right 10 Smudge Right 11 Perdy Right Despite the significnt increses in chewing etween Chew A nd Chew B, there were no significnt correltions etween totl gnws or totl ites nd ny dentl score (gingivitis, plque, clculus) for either Chew. There were lso no correltions found etween gnws on the left or right side nd ny of the dentl scores for the respective side.

8 8 Figure 3. Tim (on left) gnws with his right side while Pogo gnws with his left. The texture of the chews ws significntly different s confirmed y texture nlysis. Fifteen smples of ech chew were sujected to texture nlysis using the 6mm proe penetrtion nd the frcture wedge tests outlined in the Methods. Figure 4 shows typicl force/time plots for the two chews from the penetrtion test, while Figure 5 shows similr plots using the frcture wedge test. It cn e seen in oth cses tht the pek forces nd res under the curve re significntly lrger for the tougher chew B. Tle 6 displys men key texture prmeter vlues cross the fifteen smples of ech chew. Figure 4: Penetrtion test for Chew A nd Chew B.

9 9 Figure 5: Frction wedge test for Chew A nd Chew B. Tle 6: Men texture prmeter vlues for Chew A nd Chew B (n=15). Penetrtion Test Frcture Wedge Test Chew A Chew B Chew A Chew B Are Under Curve (kg mm) Pek Force (kg) Discussion Both dentl hygiene chews were effective in reducing plque ccumultion nd the severity of gingivitis s compred to the stndrd diet, concurring with previous reserch (Gorrel & Bierer, 1999; Gorrel & Rwlings, 1996; Gorrel et l., 1999; Rwlings et l., 1998). The effectiveness of oth Chews ws equl to the effect of tooth rushing on gingivitis. Therefore, for those non-complint owners tht do not rush their dogs teeth dily (Miller & Hrvey, 1994), dily provision of dentl chew would still mintin gingivl helth. Rwlings et l. (1998) noted tht the physicl rsiveness of their dentl chew, rther thn the chemicl ctivity of chlorhexidine, might hve hd the greter impct on orl helth in their study. The current study tested the physicl ttriute toughness, which ws hypothesized to increse chewing, thus improving orl helth. Although Chew B required significntly more ites nd time to consume s compred to Chew A, there ws no significnt difference in ny dentl mesure (gingivitis, plque, clculus) etween the two chews.

10 10 It hs een found tht soft chewing is etter thn no chewing (Egelerg, 1965) nd tht chewing hrd diet reduces plque ccumultion nd the severity of gingivitis more so thn chewing soft diet (Egelerg, 1965). It is surprising then tht the incresed chewing with Chew B did not significntly improve dentl helth. There my e correltion etween chewing nd dentl deposit removl; however, current dentl helth ssessment methods my not e dequtely sensitive to indicte significnt difference etween dentl chews. Both chews were identicl, except tht Chew B hd incresed fire content resulting in greter toughness. Possily, different ingredient tht increses toughness would hve greter impct on dentl helth. Or, it my e tht Chew B ws too tough requiring more prehensile qulity to grsp the teeth on the initil ite nd on retrction. The higher inclusion rte of the fire ingredient in Chew B resulted in different texture, indicted y the greter rigidity of Chew B s compred with the flexiility of Chew A. It is likely tht the rsive ction ginst the tooth surfce ws ltered y this chnge in texture. It ppers tht the softer Chew A ws in fct more effective t clensing the teeth on per ite sis, nd tht Chew B, y comprison, required mny more ites to hve n equivlent impct on dentl helth. Therefore, lrger Chew A, rther thn chew with greter toughness, should e tested to determine the effect of incresed chewing of the sme mteril on orl helth. Erlier studies hve found n improvement in orl helth with the dily ddition of orl hygiene chews to the diet, ut do not report the numer of ites necessry to consume the chews. However, one study did note the time required to consume the current study s Chew A. On verge, it took 2 minutes to consume Chew A with some dogs consuming the chew much fster (ie 44 seconds) (Brown, McGenity, & Servet, 2004). The time required to consume the chews in the present study rnged from 44 seconds (Chew A) to 4.5 minutes (Chew B). These short consumption times my led the oserver to elieve tht the chew ws not effective when the dog swllowed it so quickly. However, these short-lived chews do require numerous ites to consume: numer of ites rnged from 92 (Chew A) to 530 ites (Chew B). By comprison, the Reference Diet required, on verge, etween 269 nd 827 ites to consume. The current study is the first to document the numer of ites in ddition to the time required to consume dentl hygiene chew. While consumption times my e misleding in their revity, the numer of ites required to consume chew offers different perspective nd illumintes the physicl mechnism, chewing, y which these dentl hygiene chews work. References Brown, W. Y. & McGenity, P. (2005). Effective periodontl disese control using dentl hygiene chews. Journl of Veterinry Dentistry, 22(1), Brown, W. Y., McGenity, P., & Servet, E. (2004) Short nd long-term effects of feeding dily orl hygiene chew on cnine dentl deposits. Wlthm Veterinry Focus. April supplement. Colmery, B., III, & Frost, P. (1986). Periodontl disese: Etiology nd pthogenesis. The Veterinry Clinics of North Americ: Smll Animl Prctice, 16(5), DuPont, G. A. (1998). Prevention of periodontl disese. Veterinry Clinics of North Americ: Smll Animl Prctice, 28(5), Egelerg, J. (1965). Locl effects of diet on plque formtion nd development of gingivitis in dogs. I. Effects of hrd nd soft diets. Odontologisk Revy, 16,

11 Egelerg, J. (1965). Locl effects of diet on plque formtion nd gingivitis development in dogs. III. Effect of frequency of mels nd tue feeding. Odontologisk Revy, 16, Gorrel, C. (1998). Periodontl disese nd diet in domestic pets. Journl of Nutrition, 128, 2712S-2714S. Gorrel, C. (2001). The effects of diet on periodontl disese. Pper presented t the World Smll Animl Veterinry Assocition World Conference, Vncouver, Cnd. Gorrel, C., & Bierer, T. L. (1999). Long term effects of dentl hygiene chew on the periodontl helth of dogs. Journl of Veterinry Dentistry, 16(3), Gorrel, C., & Rwlings, J. M. (1996). The role of 'dentl hygiene chew' in mintining periodontl helth in dogs. Journl of Veterinry Dentistry, 13(1), Gorrel, C., & Roinson, J. (1995). Periodontl therpy nd extrction technique. In D. A. Crossley & S. Penmn (Eds.), Mnul of Smll Animl Dentistry (2nd ed., pp ). Cheltenhm, UK: British Smll Animl Veterinry Assocition. Gorrel, C., Wrrick, J., & Bierer, T. L. (1999). Effect of new dentl hygiene chew on periodontl helth in dogs. Journl of Veterinry Dentistry, 16(2), Hrvey, C. E. (1998). Periodontl disese in dogs: Etiopthogensis, prevlence, nd significnce. Veterinry Clinics of North Americ: Smll Animl Prctice, 28(5), Hennet, P. R. (1995). Periodontl disese nd orl microiology. In D. A. Crossley & S. Penmn (Eds.), Mnul of Smll Animl Dentistry (pp ). UK: British Smll Animl Veterinry Assocition. Lindhe, J. (1989). Dentl plque nd dentl clculus. In Textook of Clinicl Periodontology (2nd ed., pp ). Copenhgen: Munksgrd. Lindhe, J., Hmp, S.-E., & Löe, H. (1975). Plque induced periodontl disese in egle dogs. A 4-yer clinicl, roentgenogrphicl nd histometricl study. Journl of Periodontl Reserch, 10(5), Löe, H. (1967). The gingivl index, the plque index nd the retention index systems. Journl of Periodontology, 38(Supplement), Lund, E. M., Armstrong, P. J., Kirk, C. A., Kolr, L. M., & Klusner, J. S. (1999). Helth sttus nd popultion chrcteristics of dogs nd cts exmined t privte veterinry prctices in the United Sttes. Journl of the Americn Veterinry Medicl Assocition, 214(9), Miller, B. R., & Hrvey, C. E. (1994). Complince with orl hygiene recommendtions following periodontl tretment in client-owned dogs. Journl of Veterinry Dentistry, 11(1), Quigley, G. A., & Hein, J. W. (1962). Comprtive clensing efficiency of mnul nd power rushing. Journl of the Americn Dentl Assocition, 65, Rwlings, J. M., Gorrel, C., & Mrkwell, P. J. (1998). Effect on cnine orl helth of dding chlorhexidine to dentl hygiene chew. Journl of Veterinry Dentistry, 15(3), Turesky, S., Gilmore, N. D., & Glickmn, I. (1970). Reduced plque formtion y the chloromethyl nlogue of vitmin C. Journl of Periodontology, 41(1), Wde, A. B. (1971). Effect on dentl plque of chewing pples. Dentl Prctitioner, 21, Wrrick, J., & Gorrel, C. (1997). A more sensitive method of scoring clculus. Pper presented t the 11th Annul Veterinry Dentl Forum, Denver, CO, USA. 11

Optimisation of diets for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) broodstock: effect of arachidonic acid on egg & larval quality

Optimisation of diets for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) broodstock: effect of arachidonic acid on egg & larval quality Optimistion of diets for Atlntic cod (Gdus morhu) roodstock: effect of rchidonic cid on egg & lrvl qulity Dr Gordon Bell, Ms. An Blnco, Dr Bill Roy, Dr Derek Roertson, Dr Jim Henderson nd Mr Richrd Prickett,

More information

EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT COPPER SOURCES AS A GROWTH PROMOTER IN SWINE FINISHING DIETS 1

EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT COPPER SOURCES AS A GROWTH PROMOTER IN SWINE FINISHING DIETS 1 Swine Dy 2001 Contents EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT COPPER SOURCES AS A GROWTH PROMOTER IN SWINE FINISHING DIETS 1 C. W. Hstd, S. S. Dritz 2, J. L. Nelssen, M. D. Tokch, nd R. D. Goodbnd Summry Two trils were

More information

THE EVALUATION OF DEHULLED CANOLA MEAL IN THE DIETS OF GROWING AND FINISHING PIGS

THE EVALUATION OF DEHULLED CANOLA MEAL IN THE DIETS OF GROWING AND FINISHING PIGS THE EVALUATION OF DEHULLED CANOLA MEAL IN THE DIETS OF GROWING AND FINISHING PIGS THE EVALUATION OF DEHULLED CANOLA MEAL IN THE DIETS OF GROWING AND FINISHING PIGS John F. Ptience nd Doug Gillis SUMMARY

More information

Clinical Study Report Synopsis Drug Substance Naloxegol Study Code D3820C00018 Edition Number 1 Date 01 February 2013 EudraCT Number

Clinical Study Report Synopsis Drug Substance Naloxegol Study Code D3820C00018 Edition Number 1 Date 01 February 2013 EudraCT Number EudrCT Number 2012-001531-31 A Phse I, Rndomised, Open-lbel, 3-wy Cross-over Study in Helthy Volunteers to Demonstrte the Bioequivlence of the Nloxegol 25 mg Commercil nd Phse III Formultions nd to Assess

More information

EFFECTS OF INGREDIENT AND WHOLE DIET IRRADIATION ON NURSERY PIG PERFORMANCE

EFFECTS OF INGREDIENT AND WHOLE DIET IRRADIATION ON NURSERY PIG PERFORMANCE Swine Dy 21 EFFECTS OF INGREDIENT AND WHOLE DIET IRRADIATION ON NURSERY PIG PERFORMANCE J. M. DeRouchey, M. D. Tokch, J. L. Nelssen, R. D. Goodbnd, S. S. Dritz 1, J. C. Woodworth, M. J. Webster, B. W.

More information

PNEUMOVAX 23 is recommended by the CDC for all your appropriate adult patients at increased risk for pneumococcal disease 1,2 :

PNEUMOVAX 23 is recommended by the CDC for all your appropriate adult patients at increased risk for pneumococcal disease 1,2 : PNEUMOVAX 23 is recommended y the CDC for ll your pproprite dult ptients t incresed risk for pneumococcl disese 1,2 : Adults ged

More information

EFFECTS OF AN ACUTE ENTERIC DISEASE CHALLENGE ON IGF-1 AND IGFBP-3 GENE EXPRESSION IN PORCINE SKELETAL MUSCLE

EFFECTS OF AN ACUTE ENTERIC DISEASE CHALLENGE ON IGF-1 AND IGFBP-3 GENE EXPRESSION IN PORCINE SKELETAL MUSCLE Swine Dy 22 Contents EFFECTS OF AN ACUTE ENTERIC DISEASE CHALLENGE ON IGF-1 AND IGFBP-3 GENE EXPRESSION IN PORCINE SKELETAL MUSCLE B. J. Johnson, J. P. Kyser, J. D. Dunn, A. T. Wyln, S. S. Dritz 1, J.

More information

Roughage Type & Level & Grain Processing Interactions with Distiller s s Grains Diets. Matt May High Plains Bio Fuels Co-Product Nutrition Conference

Roughage Type & Level & Grain Processing Interactions with Distiller s s Grains Diets. Matt May High Plains Bio Fuels Co-Product Nutrition Conference Roughge Type & Level & Grin Processing Interctions with Distiller s s Grins Diets Mtt My High Plins Bio Fuels Co-Product Nutrition Conference Why do we flke grin? Stem-flked corn (SFC) vs. dry-rolled rolled

More information

EFFECT OF DIETARY ENZYME ON PERFORMANCE OF WEANLING PIGS

EFFECT OF DIETARY ENZYME ON PERFORMANCE OF WEANLING PIGS EFFECT OF DIETARY ENZYME ON PERFORMANCE OF WEANLING PIGS Finl report sumitted to Dniso Animl Nutrition E. vn Heugten nd B. Frederik North Crolin Stte University, Deprtment of Animl Siene Summry The urrent

More information

The effect of encapsulated butyric acid and zinc on performance, gut integrity and meat quality in male broiler chickens 1

The effect of encapsulated butyric acid and zinc on performance, gut integrity and meat quality in male broiler chickens 1 The effect of encpsulted utyric cid nd zinc on performnce, gut integrity nd met qulity in mle roiler chickens 1 Astrct This study evluted the impct of encpsulted utyric cid nd zinc (ButiPEARL Z) on performnce

More information

Using Paclobutrazol to Suppress Inflorescence Height of Potted Phalaenopsis Orchids

Using Paclobutrazol to Suppress Inflorescence Height of Potted Phalaenopsis Orchids Using Pcloutrzol to Suppress Inflorescence Height of Potted Phlenopsis Orchids A REPORT SUBMITTED TO FINE AMERICAS Linsey Newton nd Erik Runkle Deprtment of Horticulture Spring 28 Using Pcloutrzol to Suppress

More information

The Effects of High-Oil Corn or Typical Corn with or without Supplemental Fat on Diet Digestibility in Finishing Steers

The Effects of High-Oil Corn or Typical Corn with or without Supplemental Fat on Diet Digestibility in Finishing Steers Beef Reserch Report, 2000 Animl Science Reserch Reports 2001 The Effects of High-Oil Corn or Typicl Corn with or without Supplementl Ft on Diet Digestibility in Finishing Steers Crig R. Belknp Iow Stte

More information

Meat and Food Safety. B.A. Crow, M.E. Dikeman, L.C. Hollis, R.A. Phebus, A.N. Ray, T.A. Houser, and J.P. Grobbel

Meat and Food Safety. B.A. Crow, M.E. Dikeman, L.C. Hollis, R.A. Phebus, A.N. Ray, T.A. Houser, and J.P. Grobbel Met nd Food Sfety Needle-Free Injection Enhncement of Beef Strip Loins with Phosphte nd Slt Hs Potentil to Improve Yield, Tenderness, nd Juiciness ut Hrm Texture nd Flvor B.A. Crow, M.E. Dikemn, L.C. Hollis,

More information

USE OF SORGHUM-BASED DISTILLERS GRAINS IN DIETS FOR NURSERY AND FINISHING PIGS

USE OF SORGHUM-BASED DISTILLERS GRAINS IN DIETS FOR NURSERY AND FINISHING PIGS Swine Dy 1996 USE OF SORGHUM-BASED DISTILLERS GRAINS IN DIETS FOR NURSERY AND FINISHING PIGS B. W. Senne, J. D. Hncock, I. Mvromichlis, S. L. Johnston, P. S. Sorrell, I. H. Kim, nd R. H. Hines Summry Two

More information

SYNOPSIS Final Abbreviated Clinical Study Report for Study CA ABBREVIATED REPORT

SYNOPSIS Final Abbreviated Clinical Study Report for Study CA ABBREVIATED REPORT Finl Arevited Clinicl Study Report Nme of Sponsor/Compny: Bristol-Myers Squi Ipilimum Individul Study Tle Referring to the Dossier (For Ntionl Authority Use Only) Nme of Finished Product: Yervoy Nme of

More information

Products for weaners Benzoic acid or the combination of lactic acid and formic acid

Products for weaners Benzoic acid or the combination of lactic acid and formic acid Products for weners Benzoic cid or the comintion of lctic cid nd formic cid Tril report no.: 490 Novemer, 000 Hnne Mrio, Lrs Egelund Olsen, Bent Borg Jensen 1 nd Nuri Miquel 1 The Ntionl Committee for

More information

Consumer perceptions of meat quality and shelf-life in commercially raised broilers compared to organic free range broilers

Consumer perceptions of meat quality and shelf-life in commercially raised broilers compared to organic free range broilers Consumer perceptions of met qulity nd shelf-life in commercilly rised roilers compred to orgnic free rnge roilers C.Z. ALVARADO 1 *, E. WENGER 2 nd S. F. O KEEFE 3 1 Texs Tech University, Box 42141 Luock,

More information

Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Quarterly Report July September 2018

Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Quarterly Report July September 2018 Invsive Pneumococcl Disese Qurterly Report July Septemer Introduction Since 17 Octoer 2008, invsive pneumococcl disese (IPD) hs een notifile to the locl Medicl Officer of Helth under the Helth Act 1956.

More information

Effect of orthodontic treatment on oral health related quality of life

Effect of orthodontic treatment on oral health related quality of life Originl Article Effect of orthodontic tretment on orl helth relted qulity of life Dniel Feu ; Jose Augusto M. Miguel ; Roger K. Celeste c ; Brnc Helois Oliveir d ABSTRACT Ojective: To ssess chnges in orl

More information

Bioactive milk components to secure growth and gut development in preterm pigs ESTER ARÉVALO SUREDA PIGUTNET FA1401 STSM

Bioactive milk components to secure growth and gut development in preterm pigs ESTER ARÉVALO SUREDA PIGUTNET FA1401 STSM Bioctive milk components to secure growth nd gut development in preterm pigs ESTER ARÉVALO SUREDA PIGUTNET FA1401 STSM STSM Pigutnet FA1401 STSM 03/Septemer 30/Novemer/2017 (3 months) Host: Home: Thoms

More information

Effect of supplemental fat from dried distillers grains with solubles or corn oil on cow performance, IGF-1, GH, and NEFA concentrations 1

Effect of supplemental fat from dried distillers grains with solubles or corn oil on cow performance, IGF-1, GH, and NEFA concentrations 1 Effect of supplementl ft from dried distillers grins with solules or corn oil on cow performnce, IGF-1, GH, nd NEFA concentrtions 1 Aigil Brtosh 2, Cody Wright 3, Aimee Wertz-Lutz 4, nd George Perry 5

More information

Soybean Hulls as an Alternative Feed for Horses

Soybean Hulls as an Alternative Feed for Horses Animl Industry Report AS 650 ASL R1931 2004 Soyben Hulls s n Alterntive Feed for Horses Josie Booth Iow Stte University Howrd Tyler Iow Stte University Peggy Miller-Auwerd Iow Stte University Jenette Moore

More information

Extraction and Some Functional Properties of Protein Extract from Rice Bran

Extraction and Some Functional Properties of Protein Extract from Rice Bran Ksetsrt J. (Nt. Sci.) 40 : 209-214 (2006) Extrction nd Some Functionl Properties of Protein Extrct from Rice Brn Chockchi Theerkulkit*, Siree Chiseri nd Siriwt Mongkolknchnsiri ABSTRACT Rice brn protein

More information

Study of Stress Distribution in the Tibia During Stance Phase Running Using the Finite Element Method

Study of Stress Distribution in the Tibia During Stance Phase Running Using the Finite Element Method Ksetsrt J. (Nt. Sci.) 48 : 729-739 (2014) Study of Stress Distriution in the Tii During Stnce Phse Running Using the Finite Element Method Thepwchr Ruchirh 1, Tumrong Puttpitukporn 1, * nd Siriporn Ssimontonkul

More information

PROVEN ANTICOCCIDIAL IN NEW FORMULATION

PROVEN ANTICOCCIDIAL IN NEW FORMULATION PROVEN ANTICOCCIDIAL IN NEW FORMULATION Coxidin 100 microgrnulte A coccidiosttic dditive for roilers, chickens rered for lying nd turkeys Contins 100 g of monensin sodium per kg Aville s homogenous grnules

More information

Health-Related Quality of Life and Symptoms of Depression in Extremely Obese Persons Seeking Bariatric Surgery

Health-Related Quality of Life and Symptoms of Depression in Extremely Obese Persons Seeking Bariatric Surgery Oesity Surgery, 15, 3-39 Helth-Relted Qulity of Life nd Symptoms of Depression in Extremely Oese Persons Seeking Britric Surgery Anthony N. Frictore, PhD; Thoms A. Wdden, PhD; Dvid B. Srwer, PhD; Myles

More information

Intraarch and Interarch Relationships of the Anterior Teeth and Periodontal Conditions

Intraarch and Interarch Relationships of the Anterior Teeth and Periodontal Conditions Originl Article Intrrch nd Interrch Reltionships of the Anterior Teeth nd Periodontl Conditions Pp Ibrhim Ngom ; Flou Digne b ; Henri Michel Benoist c ; Fn Thim d ABSTRACT This study ws undertken to investigte

More information

Single-Molecule Studies of Unlabelled Full-Length p53 Protein Binding to DNA

Single-Molecule Studies of Unlabelled Full-Length p53 Protein Binding to DNA Single-Molecule Studies of Unlbelled Full-Length p53 Protein Binding to DNA Philipp Nuttll, 1 Kidn Lee, 2 Pietro Ciccrell, 3 Mrco Crminti, 3 Giorgio Ferrri, 3 Ki- Bum Kim, 2 Tim Albrecht 1* 1 Imperil College

More information

CheckMate 153: Randomized Results of Continuous vs 1-Year Fixed-Duration Nivolumab in Patients With Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

CheckMate 153: Randomized Results of Continuous vs 1-Year Fixed-Duration Nivolumab in Patients With Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer CheckMte 53: Rndomized Results of Continuous vs -Yer Fixed-Durtion Nivolumb in Ptients With Advnced Non-Smll Cell Lung Cncer Abstrct 297O Spigel DR, McCleod M, Hussein MA, Wterhouse DM, Einhorn L, Horn

More information

A FACTORIAL STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF β CYCLODEXTRIN AND POLOXAMER 407 ON THE SOLUBILITY AND DISSOLUTION RATE OF PIROXICAM

A FACTORIAL STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF β CYCLODEXTRIN AND POLOXAMER 407 ON THE SOLUBILITY AND DISSOLUTION RATE OF PIROXICAM IJRPC 20, (3) Chowdry et l. ISSN: 223 278 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PHARMACY AND CHEMISTRY Aville online t www.ijrpc.com Reserch Article A FACTORIAL STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF β CYCLODEXTRIN AND

More information

Effects of physical exercise on working memory and prefrontal cortex function in post-stroke patients

Effects of physical exercise on working memory and prefrontal cortex function in post-stroke patients Effects of physicl exercise on working memory nd prefrontl cortex function in post-stroke ptients M Moriy, C Aoki, K Sktni Grdute School of Helth Sciences Reserch, Mjor of Physicl Therpy, TeikyoHeisei

More information

The Ever Changing World of Feed Additives in The Poultry Industry

The Ever Changing World of Feed Additives in The Poultry Industry The Ever Chnging World of Feed Additives in The Poultry Industry B. S. Lumpkins nd G.F. Mthis Southern Poultry Reserch Inc. Athens, GA, USA Outline Southern Poultry Reserch Impct of ethnol production of

More information

Geographical influence on digit ratio (2D:4D): a case study of Andoni and Ikwerre ethnic groups in Niger delta, Nigeria.

Geographical influence on digit ratio (2D:4D): a case study of Andoni and Ikwerre ethnic groups in Niger delta, Nigeria. Journl of Applied Biosciences 27: 1736-1741 ISSN 1997 5902 Geogrphicl influence on digit rtio (2D:4D): cse study of Andoni nd Ikwerre ethnic groups in Niger delt, Nigeri. Gwunirem, Isrel U 1 nd Ihemelndu,

More information

Effect of linear and random non-linear programming on environmental pollution caused by broiler production

Effect of linear and random non-linear programming on environmental pollution caused by broiler production Journl of Novel Applied Sciences Aville online t www.jnsci.org 24 JNAS Journl-24-3-/43-434 ISSN 2322-549 24 JNAS Effect of liner nd rndom non-liner progrmming on environmentl pollution cused y roiler production

More information

Bright Futures Medical Screening Reference Table 2 to 5 Day (First Week) Visit

Bright Futures Medical Screening Reference Table 2 to 5 Day (First Week) Visit Bright Futures Medicl Reference Tle 2 to 5 Dy (First Week) Visit Universl Action Metolic nd Verify documenttion of neworn metolic screening results, pproprite rescreening, nd needed follow-up. Document

More information

Check your understanding 3

Check your understanding 3 1 Wht is the difference etween pssive trnsport nd ctive trnsport? Pssive trnsport is the movement of prticles not requiring energy. Movement of prticles in ctive trnsport uses energy. 2 A gs tp in the

More information

THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT STIMULI ON MEAGRE (Argyrosomus regius) FEEDING BEHAVIOUR.

THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT STIMULI ON MEAGRE (Argyrosomus regius) FEEDING BEHAVIOUR. THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT STIMULI ON MEGRE (rgyrosomus regius) FEEDING EHVIOUR. Ionnis E. Ppdkis, Nikos Ppndroulkis, lkioni Sfendourki, Veronic Cmporesi 3, Mnolis Vsilkis, Constntinos C. Mylons Institute

More information

The Effect of Substituting Sugar with Artificial. Sweeteners on the Texture and Palatability of Pancakes

The Effect of Substituting Sugar with Artificial. Sweeteners on the Texture and Palatability of Pancakes The Effect of Sustituting Sugr with Artificil NUTR 453 Sweeteners on the Texture nd Pltility of Pnckes Jmie Wldron, Rquel Reyes, nd Reecc Legi 1 I. Astrct The effects of replcing sugr with Stevi nd Splend

More information

INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT STRAINS AND WAYS OF INOCULATION ON THE RABBIT S RESPONSE TO EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION WITH PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA

INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT STRAINS AND WAYS OF INOCULATION ON THE RABBIT S RESPONSE TO EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION WITH PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA Pthology nd Hygiene INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT STRAINS AND WAYS OF INOCULATION ON THE RABBIT S RESPONSE TO EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION WITH PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA Kulcsár G. 1, Fáián K. 1 *, Brn T. 1, Virág Gy.

More information

The Effects of Small Sized Rice Bowl on Carbohydrate Intake and Dietary Patterns in Women with Type 2 Diabetes

The Effects of Small Sized Rice Bowl on Carbohydrate Intake and Dietary Patterns in Women with Type 2 Diabetes Originl Article doi: 10.4093/kdj.2010.34.3.166 pissn 1976-9180 eissn 2093-2650 The Effects of Smll Sized Rice Bowl on Crbohydrte Intke nd Dietry Ptterns in Women with Type 2 Dibetes Hee-Jung Ahn 1, *,

More information

Input from external experts and manufacturer on the 2 nd draft project plan Stool DNA testing for early detection of colorectal cancer

Input from external experts and manufacturer on the 2 nd draft project plan Stool DNA testing for early detection of colorectal cancer Input externl experts nd mnufcturer on the 2 nd drft project pln Stool DNA testing for erly detection of colorectl cncer (Project ID:OTJA10) All s nd uthor s replies on the 2nd drft project pln Stool DNA

More information

Assessment of Depression in Multiple Sclerosis. Validity of Including Somatic Items on the Beck Depression Inventory II

Assessment of Depression in Multiple Sclerosis. Validity of Including Somatic Items on the Beck Depression Inventory II Assessment of Depression in Multiple Sclerosis Vlidity of Including Somtic Items on the Beck Depression Inventory II Peggy Crwford, PhD; Noh J. Webster, MA Signs nd symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS)

More information

Original Article INTRODUCTION. Korean Diabetes J 2010;34: doi: /kdj pissn eissn

Original Article INTRODUCTION. Korean Diabetes J 2010;34: doi: /kdj pissn eissn Originl Article doi: 1.493/kdj.21.34.6.34 pissn 1976-918 eissn 293-265 The Smll Rice Bowl-Bsed Mel Pln ws Effective t Reducing Dietry Energy Intke, Body Weight, nd Blood Glucose Levels in Koren Women with

More information

Introduction. Won-Ho Ha 1, Jae-Hyun Ahn 1, A-Ram You 1, Ji-Hye Kim 1, Min-Jeong Cho 2, Seung-Chul Shin 3

Introduction. Won-Ho Ha 1, Jae-Hyun Ahn 1, A-Ram You 1, Ji-Hye Kim 1, Min-Jeong Cho 2, Seung-Chul Shin 3 Interntionl Journl of Clinicl Preventive Dentistry Volume 9, Number 4, December 2013 The Interdentl Clensing, Stin Removing nd Clculus Deposit Inhibition Effect of Toothpste Contining Tetrsodium Pyrophosphte

More information

Debra A. Ignaut, R.N., B.S., C.D.E., and Haoda Fu, Ph.D.

Debra A. Ignaut, R.N., B.S., C.D.E., and Haoda Fu, Ph.D. Journl of Dietes Science nd Technology Volume 6, Issue 2, Mrch 2012 Dietes Technology Society TECHNOLOGY REPORT Comprison of Insulin Diluent Lekge Postinjection Using Two Different Needle Lengths nd Injection

More information

A Study of Serological Markers of Hepatitis B and C Viruses in Istanbul, Turkey

A Study of Serological Markers of Hepatitis B and C Viruses in Istanbul, Turkey Originl Pper Med Princ Prct 2003;12:184 188 DOI: 10.1159/000070757 Received: Decemer 15, 2001 Revised: Decemer 21, 2002 A Study of Serologicl Mrkers of Heptitis B nd C Viruses in Istnul, Turkey S. Erden

More information

The effect of the dentifrice on gingivitis and dental plaque: A 6 week clinical study in India

The effect of the dentifrice on gingivitis and dental plaque: A 6 week clinical study in India jiphd R AQ 0 0 The effect of the dentifrice on gingivitis nd dentl plque: A week clinicl study in Indi K. V. V. Prsd, I. Anupm, N. Ro, P. K. Sreenivsn, R. Subrmnym, R. D. Kulkrni Deprtment of Public Helth

More information

Comparison of three simple methods for the

Comparison of three simple methods for the J. clin. Pth. (1967), 2, 5 Comprison of three simple methods for the ssessment of 'free' thyroid hormone T. M. D. GIMLETTE1 From the Rdio-Isotope Lbortory, St. Thoms's Hospitl, London SYNOPSIS A dilysis

More information

Efficacy of Pembrolizumab in Patients With Advanced Melanoma With Stable Brain Metastases at Baseline: A Pooled Retrospective Analysis

Efficacy of Pembrolizumab in Patients With Advanced Melanoma With Stable Brain Metastases at Baseline: A Pooled Retrospective Analysis Efficcy of Pembrolizumb in Ptients With Advnced Melnom With Stble Brin Metstses t Bseline: A Pooled Retrospective Anlysis Abstrct 1248PD Hmid O, Ribs A, Dud A, Butler MO, Crlino MS, Hwu WJ, Long GV, Ancell

More information

ENERGY CONTENT OF BARLEY

ENERGY CONTENT OF BARLEY ENERGY CONTENT OF BARLEY VARIATION IN THE DIETARY ENERGY CONTENT OF BARLEY Shwn Firbirn, John Ptience, Hnk Clssen nd Ruurd Zijlstr SUMMARY Formultion of commercil pig diets requires n incresing degree

More information

Replacing Fish Meal with Soybean Meal and Brewer s Grains with Yeast in Diets for Australian Red Claw Crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus

Replacing Fish Meal with Soybean Meal and Brewer s Grains with Yeast in Diets for Australian Red Claw Crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus Replcing Fish Mel with Soyben Mel nd Brewer s Grins with Yest in Diets for Austrlin Red Clw Cryfish, Cherx qudricrintus Lur A. Muzinic*, Kenneth R. Thompson, & Crl D. Webster Introduction Soyben mel (SBM)

More information

Reducing the Risk. Logic Model

Reducing the Risk. Logic Model Reducing the Risk Logic Model ETR (Eduction, Trining nd Reserch) is nonprofit orgniztion committed to providing science-bsed innovtive solutions in helth nd eduction designed to chieve trnsformtive chnge

More information

WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee (509) ext. 265;

WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee (509) ext. 265; FINAL REPORT WTFRC Project # AH-1-5 WSU Project # 13C-355-3 Project title: PI: Orgniztion: Coopertors: of Sunburn in Apples with RAYNOX Lrry Schrder, Horticulturist WSU Tree Fruit Reserch nd Extension

More information

XII. HIV/AIDS. Knowledge about HIV Transmission and Misconceptions about HIV

XII. HIV/AIDS. Knowledge about HIV Transmission and Misconceptions about HIV XII. HIV/AIDS Knowledge bout HIV Trnsmission nd Misconceptions bout HIV One of the most importnt prerequisites for reducing the rte of HIV infection is ccurte knowledge of how HIV is trnsmitted nd strtegies

More information

Choice Feeding of Two Different Broiler Strains Using Diets with Constant Energy Level 1

Choice Feeding of Two Different Broiler Strains Using Diets with Constant Energy Level 1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 7 (8): 726-737, 2008 ISSN 1682-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2008 Choice Feeding of Two Different Broiler Strins Using Diets with Constnt Energy Level

More information

Mecadox. Improves pig performance in a wide range of health and growing conditions. (Carbadox) Talk With a Phibro Expert:

Mecadox. Improves pig performance in a wide range of health and growing conditions. (Carbadox) Talk With a Phibro Expert: SWINE (Crbdox) Improves pig performnce in wide rnge of helth nd growing conditions The Advntge Over the yers, medicted feed dditive hs proven to be cost-effective mngement tool for improving pig performnce

More information

Association between orthodontic treatment and periodontal diseases: Results from a national survey

Association between orthodontic treatment and periodontal diseases: Results from a national survey Originl Article Assocition between orthodontic tretment nd periodontl diseses: Results from ntionl survey Hye-Young Sim ; Hee-Sun Kim b ; D-Un Jung b ; Ho Lee b ; Jeong-Woo Lee c ; Kyungdo Hn d ; Kyoung-In

More information

The Acute Time Course of Concurrent Activation Potentiation

The Acute Time Course of Concurrent Activation Potentiation Mrquette University e-publictions@mrquette Exercise Science Fculty Reserch nd Publictions Exercise Science, Deprtment of 1-1-2010 The Acute Time Course of Concurrent Activtion Potentition Luke Grceu Mrquette

More information

N. J. Boddicker*, D. J. Garrick*, R. R. R. Rowland, J. K. Lunney, J. M. Reecy* and J. C. M. Dekkers* Summary. Introduction. doi: /age.

N. J. Boddicker*, D. J. Garrick*, R. R. R. Rowland, J. K. Lunney, J. M. Reecy* and J. C. M. Dekkers* Summary. Introduction. doi: /age. Vlidtion nd further chrcteriztion of mjor quntittive trit locus ssocited with host response to experimentl infection with porcine reproductive nd respirtory syndrome virus N. J. Boddicker*, D. J. Grrick*,

More information

Feeding state and age dependent changes in melaninconcentrating hormone expression in the hypothalamus of broiler chickens

Feeding state and age dependent changes in melaninconcentrating hormone expression in the hypothalamus of broiler chickens Supplementry Mterils Epub: No 2017_23 Vol. 65, 2018 https://doi.org/10.183/bp.2017_23 Regulr pper Feeding stte nd ge dependent chnges in melninconcentrting hormone expression in the hypothlmus of broiler

More information

3. DRINKING WATER INTAKE BACKGROUND KEY GENERAL POPULATION STUDIES ON DRINKING WATER INTAKE RELEVANT GENERAL POPULATION

3. DRINKING WATER INTAKE BACKGROUND KEY GENERAL POPULATION STUDIES ON DRINKING WATER INTAKE RELEVANT GENERAL POPULATION 3. DRINKING WATER INTAKE...1 3.1. BACKGROUND...1 3.2. KEY GENERAL POPULATION STUDIES ON DRINKING WATER INTAKE 1 3.3. RELEVANT GENERAL POPULATION STUDIES ON DRINKING WATER INTAKE...9 3.4. PREGNANT AND LACTATING

More information

Abstract ABSTRACT #69. Abstract. Introduction & Methods. Methods & Results. Results. Results & Conclusions

Abstract ABSTRACT #69. Abstract. Introduction & Methods. Methods & Results. Results. Results & Conclusions Effects of dietry β-glucn on Growth Performnce, Dirrhe, nd Gut Permeility of Wening Pigs Experimentlly Infected with Pthogenic E. coli Kwngwook Kim, Amy Ehrlich, Vivin Perng, Jennifer Chse, Helen Ryould,

More information

Effects of Intraruminal Saliva Flow on Feed Intake in Goats Fed on Alfalfa Hay Cubes

Effects of Intraruminal Saliva Flow on Feed Intake in Goats Fed on Alfalfa Hay Cubes 1738 Effects of Intrruminl Sliv Flow on Feed Intke in Gots Fed on Alflf Hy Cues Ktsunori Sungw*, Yoshifumi Nktsu, Yoriko Nishikuo, Tkeshi Ooshiro, Kout Nitou nd Itsuki Ngmine Fculty of Agriculture, University

More information

Treatment of Generalised Aggressive Periodontitis: A 4-year Follow-up Case Report

Treatment of Generalised Aggressive Periodontitis: A 4-year Follow-up Case Report Tretment of Generlised Aggressive Periodontitis: A 4-yer Follow-up Cse Report Rui Fng LU 1, Li XU 1, Hun Xin MENG 1, Xing Hui FENG 1, Ki Ning LIU 1 Aggressive periodontitis comprises group of rre, often

More information

Effect of Aqueous Extract of Carica papaya Dry Root Powder on Lactation of Albino Rats

Effect of Aqueous Extract of Carica papaya Dry Root Powder on Lactation of Albino Rats Effect of Aqueous Extrct of Cric ppy Dry Root Powder on Lcttion of Alino Rts G. Tosswnchuntr nd S. Aritjt Deprtment of Biology Fculty of Science Ching Mi University Ching Mi 50200 Thilnd Keywords: mmmry

More information

Response of Commercial Egg-Type Pullets to Diets Varying in Protein and Energy Content in Arid Hot Climate

Response of Commercial Egg-Type Pullets to Diets Varying in Protein and Energy Content in Arid Hot Climate Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 8 (9): 90-98, 2009 ISSN 682-8356 sin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2009 Response of Commercil Egg-Type Pullets to Diets Vrying in Protein nd Energy Content in

More information

Nonpharmacologic Interventions for Treatment-Resistant Depression in Adults Executive Summary

Nonpharmacologic Interventions for Treatment-Resistant Depression in Adults Executive Summary Comprtive Effectiveness Review Numer 33 Effective Helth Cre Progrm Nonphrmcologic Interventions for Tretment-Resistnt Depression in Adults Executive Summry Bckground Mjor depressive disorder (MDD) is common

More information

Ibrahim, I. Hamid Animal Production Research Center-Khartoum North, Sudan

Ibrahim, I. Hamid Animal Production Research Center-Khartoum North, Sudan Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 13 (8): 484-488, 2014 ISSN 1682-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2014 Investigtions into the Addition of Herl Methionine (Phytonin) As Sustitute of Synthetic

More information

A Long-term Study on the Expansion Effects of the Cervical-pull Facebow With and Without Rapid Maxillary Expansion

A Long-term Study on the Expansion Effects of the Cervical-pull Facebow With and Without Rapid Maxillary Expansion Originl Article A Long-term Study on the Expnsion Effects of the Cervicl-pull Fcebow With nd Without Rpid Mxillry Expnsion Frederick A. Fenderson, DDS, MS ; Jmes A. McNmr Jr, DDS, PhD b ; Tizino Bccetti,

More information

2. Hubs and authorities, a more detailed evaluation of the importance of Web pages using a variant of

2. Hubs and authorities, a more detailed evaluation of the importance of Web pages using a variant of 5 Web Serch Outline: 1. Pge rnk, for discovering the most ëimportnt" pges on the Web, s used in Google. 2. Hubs nd uthorities, more detiled evlution of the importnce of Web pges using vrint of the eigenvector

More information

Non-invasive Diagnosis of Liver Clinical Condition by Real-time Tissue Elastography and Shear Wave Measurement : Get More Accessible by One Probe

Non-invasive Diagnosis of Liver Clinical Condition by Real-time Tissue Elastography and Shear Wave Measurement : Get More Accessible by One Probe XXXXXXXXXX Non-invsive Dignosis of Liver Clinicl Condition y Rel-time Tissue Elstogrphy nd Sher Wve Mesurement : Get More Accessile y One Proe Norihis Yd Mstoshi Kudo Deprtment of Gstroenterology nd Heptology,

More information

Abstract. Background. Aim. Patients and Methods. Patients. Study Design

Abstract. Background. Aim. Patients and Methods. Patients. Study Design Impct of the Use of Drugs nd Substitution Tretments on the Antivirl Tretment of Chronic Heptitis C: Anlysis of Complince, Virologicl Response nd Qulity of Life (CHEOBS). Melin, 1 J.-. Lng, D. Ouzn, 3 M.

More information

The Journal of Physiology

The Journal of Physiology J Physiol 595.13 (2017) pp 4379 4398 4379 Impct of perintl exposure to sucrose or high fructose corn syrup (HFCS-55) on diposity nd heptic lipid composition in rt offspring Crl R. Toop 1, Beverly S. Muhlhusler

More information

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined by a group

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined by a group ORIGINAL ARTICLE Prevlence of Metolic Syndrome in Lrge Integrted Helth Cre System in North Crolin Rohn Mhleshwrkr, Yhenneko J. Tylor, Melnie D. Spencer, Svet Mohnn ckground Metolic syndrome (MetS) is cluster

More information

Analysis of alternatives for insulinizing patients to achieve glycemic control and avoid accompanying risks of hypoglycemia

Analysis of alternatives for insulinizing patients to achieve glycemic control and avoid accompanying risks of hypoglycemia 284 Anlysis of lterntives for izing ptients to chieve glycemic control nd void ccompnying risks of hypoglycemi JIALIN GAO 1,2*, QIANYIN XIONG 1,2*, JUN MIAO 1*, YAO ZHANG 2,3, LIBING XIA 1, MEIQIN LU 1,

More information

Introduction. In developing countries, children s weight gain commonly falters in relation to reference data

Introduction. In developing countries, children s weight gain commonly falters in relation to reference data nd feeding of complementry foods ffects mel-specific food consumption nd mel durtion y helthy, rest fed Bngldeshi children M. Munirul Islm 1, Thmeed Ahmed 1, Jnet M. Peerson 2, M. Aid Hossin Mollh 3, Mkhdum

More information

Impact of Pharmacist Intervention on Diabetes Patients in an Ambulatory Setting

Impact of Pharmacist Intervention on Diabetes Patients in an Ambulatory Setting Impct of Phrmcist Intervention on Dibetes Ptients in n Ambultory Setting Julie Stding, PhrmD, CDE, Jmie Herrmnn, PhrmD, Ryn Wlters, MS, Chris Destche, PhrmD, nd Aln Chock, PhrmD Dibetes is the seventh-leding

More information

Severe Gummy Smile with Class II Malocclusion Treated with LeFort I Osteotomy Combined with Horseshoe Osteotomy and Intraoral Vertical Ramus

Severe Gummy Smile with Class II Malocclusion Treated with LeFort I Osteotomy Combined with Horseshoe Osteotomy and Intraoral Vertical Ramus 2013 67 1 5560 Severe Gummy Smile with Clss II Mlocclusion Treted with LeFort I Osteotomy Comined with Horseshoe Osteotomy nd Introrl Verticl Rmus Osteotomy * 56 Shimo et l. Act Med. Okym Vol. 67, No.

More information

P AND K IN POTATOES. Donald A Horneck Oregon State University Extension Service

P AND K IN POTATOES. Donald A Horneck Oregon State University Extension Service P AND K IN POTATOES Donld A Hornek Oregon Stte University Extension Servie INTRODUCTION Phosphorous nd potssium re importnt to grow high yielding nd qulity pottoes. Muh of the northwest hs hd trditionlly

More information

ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION. Exercise and Weight Loss Reduce Blood Pressure in Men and Women With Mild Hypertension

ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION. Exercise and Weight Loss Reduce Blood Pressure in Men and Women With Mild Hypertension ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION Exercise nd Weight Loss Reduce Blood Pressure in Men nd Women With Mild Hypertension Effects on Crdiovsculr, Metolic, nd Hemodynmic Functioning Jmes A. Blumenthl, PhD; Andrew Sherwood,

More information

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Prentl doi:.8/nture57 Figure S HPMECs LM Cells Cell lines VEGF (ng/ml) Prentl 7. +/-. LM 7. +/-.99 LM 7. +/-.99 Fold COX induction 5 VEGF: - + + + Bevcizum: - - 5 (µg/ml) Reltive MMP LM mock COX MMP LM+

More information

Nicholas James Boddicker Iowa State University. Dorian J. Garrick Iowa State University, Raymond Rowland Kansas State University

Nicholas James Boddicker Iowa State University. Dorian J. Garrick Iowa State University, Raymond Rowland Kansas State University Animl Science Pulictions Animl Science 2-2014 Vlidtion nd Further Chrcteriztion of Mjor Quntittive Trit Locus Associted with Host Response to Experimentl Infection with Porcine Reproductive nd Respirtory

More information

Water fl uoridation and dental caries in 5- and 12-year-old children from Canterbury and Wellington

Water fl uoridation and dental caries in 5- and 12-year-old children from Canterbury and Wellington 18 10 NEW ZEALAND DENTAL JOURNAL MARCH 004 Wter fl uoridtion nd dentl cries in 5- nd 1-yer-old children from Cnterbury nd Wellington MARTIN LEE AND PETER J DENNISON New Zelnd Dentl Journl 100, No. 1: 10-15;

More information

Metabolic Syndrome and Health-related Quality of Life in Obese Individuals Seeking Weight Reduction

Metabolic Syndrome and Health-related Quality of Life in Obese Individuals Seeking Weight Reduction Metbolic Syndrome nd Helth-relted Qulity of Life in Obese Individuls Seeking Weight Reduction Adm Gilden Tsi 1, Thoms A. Wdden 1, Dvid B. Srwer 1, Robert I. Berkowitz 1, Leslie G. Womble 1, Louise A. Hesson

More information

Occlusal Status in Asian Male Adults:

Occlusal Status in Asian Male Adults: Originl Article Occlusl Sttus in Asin Mle Adults: Prevlence nd Ethnic Vrition Jen Soh ; Andrew Sndhm ; Yiong Huk Chn c Astrct: The purpose of this study ws to determine the occlusl sttus in young Asin

More information

AR Rice Performance Trials (ARPT) Color as a Quality Indicator. Functional Property Analyses. Cause of Chalkiness in Rice Kernels

AR Rice Performance Trials (ARPT) Color as a Quality Indicator. Functional Property Analyses. Cause of Chalkiness in Rice Kernels Chlk, Color, n Milling Qulity Trens in AR Rice Performnce Tril Dt Srh Lnning, Rusty Butist, Terry Sieenmorgen, Pul Counce, n Amogh Amrekr 1 Inustry Allince Meeting Center for Excellence in Poultry Science

More information

Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Quarterly Report. July September 2017

Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Quarterly Report. July September 2017 Invsive Pneumococcl Disese Qurterly Report July September 2017 Prepred s prt of Ministry of Helth contrct for scientific services by Rebekh Roos Helen Heffernn October 2017 Acknowledgements This report

More information

Supplementary Online Content

Supplementary Online Content Supplementry Online Content Zulmn DM, Pl Chee C, Ezeji-Okoye SC, et l. Effect of n intensive outptient progrm to ugment primry cre for high-need Veterns Affirs ptients: rndomized clinicl tril. JAMA Intern

More information

Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy predicts regression of echocardiographic left ventricular mass: the LIFE study

Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy predicts regression of echocardiographic left ventricular mass: the LIFE study (2004) 18, 403 409 & 2004 Nture Pulishing Group All rights reserved 0950-9240/04 $30.00 www.nture.com/jhh ORIGINAL ARTICLE Regression of electrocrdiogrphic left ventriculr hypertrophy predicts regression

More information

Staffing Model for Dental Wellness and Readiness

Staffing Model for Dental Wellness and Readiness MILITARY MEDICINE, 169, 8:604, 2004 Stffing Model for Dentl Wellness nd Rediness Gurntor: LTC Jeffrey Chffin, DC USA Contributors: COL Lrry G. Rothfuss, DC USA* ; LCDR Scott A. Johnson, NC USN* ; MAJ Stephen

More information

Dietary Sodium Intake in People with Diabetes in Korea: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 2008 to 2010

Dietary Sodium Intake in People with Diabetes in Korea: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 2008 to 2010 Originl Article Epidemiology Dietes Met J 2016;40:290-296 http://dx.doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2016.40.4.290 pissn 2233-6079 eissn 2233-6087 DIABETES & METABOLISM JOURNAL Dietry Sodium Intke in People with Dietes

More information

Changes in Occlusal Relationships in Mixed Dentition Patients Treated with Rapid Maxillary Expansion

Changes in Occlusal Relationships in Mixed Dentition Patients Treated with Rapid Maxillary Expansion Originl Article Chnges in Occlusl Reltionships in Mixed Dentition Ptients Treted with Rpid Mxillry Expnsion A Prospective Clinicl Study Jmes A. McNmr,Jr ; Luren M. Sigler b ; Lorenzo Frnchi c ; Susn S.

More information

Appendix J Environmental Justice Populations

Appendix J Environmental Justice Populations Appendix J Environmentl Justice s [This pge intentionlly left blnk] Tble of Contents REFERENCES...J-2 Pge LIST OF TABLES Pge Tble J-1: Demogrphic Overview of Bruinsburg Site Project Are... J-3 Tble J-2:

More information

Original Article. T Akter 1, N Islam 2, MA Hoque 3, S Khanam 4, HA khan 5, BK Saha 6. Abstract:

Original Article. T Akter 1, N Islam 2, MA Hoque 3, S Khanam 4, HA khan 5, BK Saha 6. Abstract: Fridpur Med. Coll. J. 214;9(2):61-67 Originl Article Nebuliztion by Isotonic Mgnesium Sulphte Solution with Provide Erly nd Better Response s Compred to Conventionl Approch ( Plus Norml Sline) in Acute

More information

Preservative Resistance in Yeast Species

Preservative Resistance in Yeast Species APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Nov. 1989, p. 2995-2999 Vol. 55, No. 11 99-224/89/112995-5$2./ Copyright 1989, Americn Society for Microbiology Reltionships mong Cell Size, Membrne Permebility,

More information

URINARY incontinence is an important and common

URINARY incontinence is an important and common Urinry incontinence in older people in the community: neglected problem? Helen Stoddrt, Jenny Donovn, Elise Whitley, Deborh Shrp nd In Hrvey SUMMARY Bckground: The prevlence nd impct of urinry incontinence

More information

Effect of kazunoko lipid on the concentrations of plasma glucose and lipids and liver lipids in mice

Effect of kazunoko lipid on the concentrations of plasma glucose and lipids and liver lipids in mice Effect of kzunoko lipid on the concentrtions of plsm glucose nd lipids nd liver lipids in mice Ntionl Food Reserch Institute Tomoyuki Higuchi, Nouy Shiri nd Hirmitsu Suzuki INTRODUCTION Kzunoko, which

More information

Amino Acid Density and L-Threonine Responses in Ross Broilers 1,2

Amino Acid Density and L-Threonine Responses in Ross Broilers 1,2 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science (): 8-6, 00 ISSN 68-86 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 00 Amino Acid Density nd L-Threonine Responses in Ross Broilers, M.T. Kidd, W.S. Virden, A. Corzo, W.A.

More information

Sterolsland the Production of Oospores by Phytophthova cactovum

Sterolsland the Production of Oospores by Phytophthova cactovum Journl of Generl Microiology (I972), 72, 321-327 Printed in Gret Britin 321 Sterolslnd the Production of Oospores y Phytophthov cctovum By C. G. ELLIOTT Deprtment of Botny, The University of Glsgow, Glsgow,

More information