Among all organisms, humans are : Archaea... Bacteria... Eukaryotes... Viruses... Among eukaryotes, humans are : Protists... Plants... Animals...

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1 Among all organisms, Archaea..... Bacteria Eukaryotes... Viruses... Campbell & Reece, page 679 Among eukaryotes, Protists..... Plants Animals..... Fungi. Campbell & Reece, page 4

2 Among animals, Sponges..... Molluscs Vertebrates..... Arthropods. Campbell & Reece, page 679 Among vertebrates, Amphibians... Amniotes Jawless fishes... Ray-finned fishes Campbell & Reece, page 684

3 The Amniote Egg Among amniotes, Birds.... Crocodilians.... Mammals... Lizards/snakes. Campbell & Reece, page 694

4 Among mammals, carnivores.... primates.... rodents... Insectivores. Campbell & Reece, page 694 Among primates, Prosimians.. New World Monkeys.. Old World Monkeys. Apes Campbell & Reece, page 78-79

5 Hominoid (ape) Evolution Pictured here is an evolutionary tree, or phylogeny, showing the relationships among modern-day hominoids. This tree is based on molecular data. In the last 2 years, DNA and protein sequence data have clearly shown that our closest relatives are the chimpanzees (genus Pan). The arrows indicate the age of each evolutionary divergence e.g., the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees diverged from the ancestor of gorillas approximately 6 million years ago. The arrow on the upper right indicates the last common ancestor of modern humans. This ancestor lived about, years ago ( kya). kya 6 mya 2 mya mya mya Campbell & Reece, page 2

6 The Taxa A gorilla, m. B human child C chimp, f. D E F A. afarensis human male neanderthal Character Definition & Coding Cranial Capacity CHARACTER: Cranial capacity The volume of the braincase. This measurement provides a crude approximation of overall brain size, but it does not directly measure intelligence or cognitive abilities. An endocast a mold made from the braincase is more informative. It reveals the shape of the brain and whether specific lobes associated with human traits (e.g., speech) are present. braincase value for the character; cc = cubic centimeter) 2- cc -2 cc to character state) Taxa Exhibiting State

7 Character Definition & Coding Canine Diastema CHARACTER: Canine diastema A conspicuous toothless gap in front of each of the two canine teeth in the upper jaw. [note: The front four teeth in the upper jaw are the incisors. Immediately behind the incisors, there is a single canine tooth on the left side and a single canine on the right side.] diastema canine value of the character) to each character state) Taxa exhibiting each state present absent Character Definition & Coding Brow Ridges CHARACTER: Brow ridges Prominent bony ridges above the eyes. brow ridge value of the character) to each character state) Taxa exhibiting each state present absent

8 Character Definition & Coding Angle of Foramen Magnum CHARACTER: Angle of foramen magnum relative to the maxilla. The foramen magnum is the big hole that admits the spinal cord into the skull. The maxilla is the upper jaw bone, which bears the upper teeth. This character describes the angle at which a plane extending from the maxilla would intersect a plane extending from the foramen magnum. value of the character) to each character state) 9 foramen magnum maxilla Taxa exhibiting each state Obtuse angle (>9 ) Accute angle (<9 ) Character Definition & Coding Saggital Crest CHARACTER: Saggital Crest A ridge of bone found along the top of of cranium at the midline. PICTURE saggital crest value of the character) to each character state) Taxa exhibiting each state present absent

9 Character Definition & Coding Dental Arcade CHARACTER: Dental Arcade In a view of the chewing surfaces of the upper or lower dentition, are the teeth arranged in U-shaped arc or a parabolic arc. Specifically, are the most posterior pair of teeth more distant from each other than the 6th most posterior pair of teeth. PICTURE U-shaped parabolic value of the character) to each character state) Taxa exhibiting each state present absent Character Matrix anc A B C D E F Cranial capacity Canine Diastema Angle of Foramen Magnum Saggital crest Brow ridges Dentition Arc Record all character states for all six characters and all six taxa in this table. The ancestor (anc) displays the state for all six characters.

10 Pairwise Distance Matrix Taxon anc A B C D E F A B C D E F 2 2 Calculate the character distances among all pairs of taxa.

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