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1 52-58 /1386 /4 9 / *** ** ** 1 * - *** - ** *. 86/8/20 : 86/4/27 : : :.. (GHQ) 65 : 65 (DAS-26) 26.. (GHQ-28). : 2/9-16/06) 6/82 (OR = 6/82 CI/ 95. 0/44.(P<0/001) : 26.. : (4 3 2) (5 4 3) (Cognitive vulnerability). (6) (Dysfunctional attitude) : (Vulnerability).(1) 1 E.mail: a_ebrahimi@med.mui.ac.ir : - - : 52

2 ..(7) 12 DAS.(12) DAS 5-HT2. 5-HT.(13) - (15 14).(15) (9). DAS.. (Risk factor).(7) -.(7) ( ).(8) (Cognitive style questionnaire=csq) ( ).(9) (Maladaptive cognitive patterns=mcps). ) (8) (.(11 10).(8) DAS 53

3 1386 /4 9 / (7) Oliver. DAS ( ) 82.. :(GHQ-28) ( (16) 0/91.(17) 0/58 0/72. DAS-26. : /27±5/04 ) ( DSM-IV-TR (Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental (disorders 4th ed. text rev. ) ( -1 :..(DAS-26) r=0/92 r=0/97 (General health questionnaire) GHQ-28. r=0/56 26 DAS-26 54

4 0/68 0/86 0/82 0/93 0/93 25 (DAS-26) 1/034 4/78 3/7 1/9 1/6.(1 ).. : GHQ-28 DAS-26. :1 0/80 0/908 0/907 0/96 0/96 0/55 0/81 0/82 0/90 0/89 0/95 (CI) 1/01-1/05 1/37-1/88 1/54-2/34 2/18-6/14 2/60-8/78 (P<0/01 r=0/49) (P<0/01 r=0/38) (P<0/01 r=0/44) ( ). DAS-26 (OR) 1/034 1/6 1/9 3/7 4/78 0/007 0/08 0/10 0/26 0/31 0/034 0/47 0/64 1/30 1/56 6/82.(2 ) [OR =6/82 (0/95 CI 2/9-16/06] (P<0/05 r=0/20) (P<0/01 r=0/36) :2 7/4±5/7 10/2±4/2 9/4±4/8 7/5±5/6 111/6±17/7 (DAS>82) DAS 2/4±3/8 6/3±3/7 5/65±4/8 5/6±4/6 53/5±12/41 (DAS<82) DAS. :DAS-. " ± " - 55

5 1386 /4 9 / DAS-26 β=0/448.(β=0/448 t=5/6 P<0/001) (BDI-II) Oliver. (7) DAS. (12) (GHQ-28). 4 (- ). 6/82 DAS -.. (18) ( )..(7) Oliver DAS-26. ) DAS-26 (GHQ F=32/2 df =128 1 P<0/001).(R=0/ 448 R 2 =0/201 : (GHQ-28 ) DAS-26 GHQ-28. DAS-26. DAS-26. (82 ) 6/8 DAS-26. Weich DAS. (12) (6) Lam. 56

6 ... :.. DAS 26. DAS (13 12). DAS : 1. Lam D. A cognitive theory of depression. In: Checkley S. The management of depression. Oxford: Blackwell; p: Dent J, Teasdale JD. Negative cognition and the persistence of depression. J Abnorm Psychol Feb; 97(1): Peselow ED, Robins C, Block P, Barouche F, Fieve RR. Dysfunctional attitudes in depressed patients before and after clinical treatment and in normal control subjects. Am J Psychiatry Apr; 147(4): Scott J, Williams JM, Brittlebank A, Ferrier IN. The relationship between premorbid neuroticism, cognitive dysfunction and persistence of depression: a 1-year follow-up. J Affect Disord Mar; 33(3): Lewinsohn PM, Joiner TE Jr, Rohde P. Evaluation of cognitive diathesis-stress models in predicting major depressive disorder in adolescents. J Abnorm Psychol May; 110(2): Lam DH, Green B, Power MJ, Checkley S. Dependency, matching adversities, length of survival and relapse in major depression. J Affect Disord Apr; 37(2-3): Oliver JM, Murphy SL, Ferland DR, Ross MJ. Contributions of the cognitive style questionnaire and the dysfunctional attitude scale to measuring cognitive vulnerability to depression. Cognit Ther Res. 2007; 31(1): Alloy LB, Abramson LY, Hogan ME, Whitehouse WG, Rose DT, Robinson MS, et al. The temple-wisconsin cognitive vulnerability to depression project: lifetime history of axis I psychopathology in individuals at high and low cognitive risk for depression. J Abnorm Psychol Aug; 109(3):

7 1386 /4 9 / 9. Weissman AN, Beck AT. Development and validation of the dysfunctional attitude scale. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the association for the advancement of behavior therapy. Chicago: IL Haeffel GJ, Abramson LY, Voelz ZR, Metalsky GI, Halberstadt L, Benjamin M, et al. Cognitive vulnerability to depression and lifetime history of axis I psychopathology: a comparison of negative cognitive styles (CSQ) and dysfunctional attitudes (DAS). J Cognit Psychother. 2003; 17(1): Hankin BL, Abramson LY, Miller N, Haeffel GJ. Cognitive vulnerability-stress theories of depression: examining affective specificity in the prediction of depression versus anxiety in three prospective studies. Cognit Ther Res. 2004; 28(3): Weich S, Churchill R, Lewis G. Dysfunctional attitudes and the common mental disorders in primary care. J Affect Disord Aug; 75(3): Meyer JH, McMain S, Kennedy SH, Korman L, Brown GM, DaSilva JN, et al. Dysfunctional attitudes and 5-HT2 receptors during depression and self-harm. Am J Psychiatry Jan; 160(1): D Alessandro DU, Burton KD. Development and validation of the dysfunctional attitudes scale for children: tests of Beck s cognitive diathesis-stress theory of depression, of its causal mediation component, and of developmental effects. Cognit Ther Res. 2006; 30(3): (MBCT) :(1) : Molina JD, Andrade-Rosa C, Gonzalez-Parra S, Blasco-Fontecilla H, Real MA, Pintor C. The factor structure of the general health questionnaire (GHQ): a scaled version for general practice in Spain. Eur Psychiatry Oct; 21(7): Molavi H. Validation, factor structure and reliability of the Farsi version of general health questionnaire-28 on Iranian students. Pak J Psychol Res. 2002; 17(3): Abela JR, D'Alessandro DU. Beck's cognitive theory of depression: a test of the diathesisstress and causal mediation components. Br J Clin Psychol Jun; 41(Pt 2):