Which psych disorders are MOST inheritable? Which psych disorders are LEAST inheritable?

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1 Which psych disorders are MOST inheritable? Which psych disorders are LEAST inheritable?

2 Risk increases if family member has disorder Twin studies data estimated heritability of major depression at 37 percent Linkage analysis points to chromosome neighborhood Many genes work together and produce interacting small effects that increase risk for depression

3 Major Depressive Disorder characterized by extreme and persistent feelings of despondency, worthlessness, and hopelessness, combined with lethargy and a lack of interest in and enjoyment of most activities. Emotional Behavioral Physical Cognitive Symptoms Feelings Dejected Changes Difficulty of thinking, facial sadness, appetite expression concentrating, resulting hopelessness, and helplessness, Makes significant remembering less weight eye guilt, contact; loss emptiness or eyes gain or worthlessness downcast Insomnia, Global negativity early morning and pessimism awakening, or Feeling Smiles oversleeping Suicidal less emotionally thoughts often or disconnected preoccupation with from Slowed Vague death others but movements, chronic aches speech and and pains Turning gestures Diminished away sexual from interest other people Tearfulness Loss of physical or spontaneous and mental episodes energy of Global crying feelings of anxiety Loss Restlessness, of interest fidgety or pleasure activity in usual activities, including sex Withdrawal from social activities Comstock/ Thinkstock

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5 Trends to consider: Widespread? Sex-linked? Related to work, other social pressures?

6 How might the way a depression-prone person processes a romantic breakup vary from more successful coping?

7 Explanatory style and depression: After a negative experience, a depression-prone person may respond with a negative explanatory style.

8 What does Breel describe as the difference between sadness and depression? Why was the phrase I suffer from depression important to Breel? ` How did Breel describe his experience with the mental illness stigma? What positive effects has Breel found in his struggle with depression?

9 Understanding Mood Disorders The Biopsychosocial Model: Can you predict the biological, social-cultural, and psychological influences that will be cited as influential toward a depressed mood?

10 The vicious cycle of depressed thinking Therapists recognize this cycle, and they work to help depressed people break out of it. Each of the bottom three points offers an exit to work toward: 2. Reverse self-blame and a negative outlook. 3. Turn attention outward. 4. Engage in more pleasant activities and more competent behavior.

11 The depressed brain Brain activity slows during depression Left frontal lobe less active Scarcity of norepinephrine and serotonin Depressive disorders and bipolar disorder run in families. Heritability estimated at 37 percent; linkage analysis suggests many genes work together to produce a mosaic of small effect which interact with other factors and increase risk. There isn t one single gene we can identify as responsible for bipolar disorder

12 Bipolar Disorder Comstock/ Thinkstock Characterized by a person alternating between the despondency and lethargy of depression and a state of extreme euphoria, excitement, physical energy, wild optimism, and rapid thoughts and speech (mania)

13 Mood Disorders Most people have an occasional mood swing, but a mood disorder involves significant and persistent disruptions in mood or emotions that cause impaired cognitive, behavioral, and physical functioning. Cycles of Mood Disorders Manic Depressed Weeks Bipolar Major Depression Seasonal Affect Disorder: involves significant feelings of sadness that occur during the winter months.

14 Bipolar I Disorder defined by manic episodes that last at least 7 days, or by manic symptoms that are so severe that the person needs immediate hospital care. Usually, depressive episodes occur as well, typically lasting at least 2 weeks. Episodes of depression with mixed features (having depression and manic symptoms at the same time) are also possible. Bipolar II Disorder defined by a pattern of depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes, but not the full-blown manic episodes described above. Cyclothymic Disorder (also called cyclothymia) defined by numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms as well numerous periods of depressive symptoms lasting for at least 2 years (1 year in children and adolescents). However, the symptoms do not meet the diagnostic requirements for a hypomanic episode and a depressive episode.

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16 How do Major Depressive Disorder, Persistent Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder differ? Major Depressive Disorder An ongoing state of hopelessness and lethargy Persistent Depressive Disorder A person experiences milder depressive feelings Bipolar Disorder A person alternates between depression and overexcited hyperactivity