EMOTIONAL CASCADES AND UNDERSTANDING THE CHAOS AND COMPLEXITY OF BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER. Edward A. Selby, Ph.D.

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1 EMOTIONAL CASCADES AND UNDERSTANDING THE CHAOS AND COMPLEXITY OF BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER Edward A. Selby, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Department of Psychology Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Families for Borderline Personality Disorder Research Investigator Brain and Behavior Research Foundation

2 Borderline Personality Disorder TURBULENT EMOTIONS DYSREGULATED BEHAVIORS SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR/SELF-INJURY STORMY RELATIONSHIPS

3 Vulnerability Genetic Biological Social/Familial? Emotional Mechanisms! Psychopathology Borderline Personality Disorder Self-Injury/Suicide Eating Disordered Behavior

4 Emotional Cascades

5 Emotion Rumination Physical Sensations Increased Emotional Intensity EMOTIONAL CASCADE Behavioral Dysregulation

6 Emotion Rumination Physical Sensations Increased Emotional Intensity RELIEF EMOTIONAL CASCADE Behavioral Dysregulation

7 Rumination Induction Negative Emotion Baseline Post-Induction BPD Group Control Selby et al. (2009) J ABNORMAL PSY

8 Rumination Induction p<.05 η^2 =.12 Negative Emotion Baseline Post-Induction BPD Group Control Selby et al. (2009) J ABNORMAL PSY

9 Do Emotional Cascades Predict Future Dysregulated Behaviors?

10 Experience Sampling

11 Number Reported % Sample Reporting Behavior

12 Predictive Validity Signal 2 Signal 1 γ =.18* High Lagγ =.20* Rumination X High Lag- Negative γ =.=17* Emotion Selby & Joiner, 2013, PDTRT Immediate Future Dysregulated Behavior

13 3-Way Interaction Predicting Occurrence of a Dysregulated Behavior Selby & Joiner, 2013, PDTRT

14 Instability of Rumination Stable Unstable

15 Butterfly Effect Concept form Chaos Theory More precisely known as, Sensitive Dependence on Initial Conditions Easier to think of as a Compounding effect Even small differences can lead to very extreme differences

16

17 Butterfly Effect Concept form Chaos Theory More precisely known as, Sensitive Dependence on Initial Conditions Even small differences can lead to very extreme differences Easier to think of as a Compounding effect In some people, we see an extremely strong and sensitive connection between negative thought and negative emotion, particularly those with BPD

18 Butterfly Effect in Emotional Cascades Signal 1 Signal 2 Lag-Rumination Lag-Negative Emotion 2-3 Hours Later Rumination Negative Emotion Selby et al., in press, Journal of Personality

19 Rumination Effects 20" 18" Momentary*Nega-ve*Emo-on* 16" 14" 12" 10" 8" Fixed"Lag"Rumina8on" Random"Effect">"Upper"Bound" Random"Effect">"Lower"Bound" 6" 4" 5" 6" 7" 8" 9" 10" 11" 12" 13" 14" 15" 16" 17" 18" 19" 20" 21" 22" 23" 24" 25" 26" 27" 28" 29" 30" 31" 32" 33" 34" 35" 36" 37" 38" 39" 40" Lag*Rumina-on* 40" 36" 32" Momentary*Rumina.on* 28" 24" 20" 16" Fixed"Lag4Rumina9on" Random"Effect"4"Upper"Bound" Random"Effect"4"Lower"Bound" 12" 8" 4" 5" 6" 7" 8" 9" 10" 11" 12" 13" 14" 15" 16" 17" 18" 19" 20" 21" 22" 23" 24" 25" 26" 27" 28" 29" 30" 31" 32" 33" 34" 35" 36" 37" 38" 39" 40" Lag*Rumina.on* Selby et al., in press, Journal of Personality

20 Negative Emotion Effects 40" 36" 32" Momentary*Rumina.on* 28" 24" 20" 16" Fixed"Lag"Nega5ve"Emo5on" Random"Effect"?"Upper"Bound" Random"Effect"?"Lower"Bound" 12" 8" 4" 5" 6" 7" 8" 9" 10" 11" 12" 13" 14" 15" 16" 17" 18" 19" 20" Lag*Nega.ve*Emo.on* 20" 18" Momentary*Nega-ve*Emo-on* 16" 14" 12" 10" 8" Fixed"Lag"Nega5ve"Emo5on" Random"Effect"?"Upper"Bound" Random"Effect"?"Lower"Bound" 6" 4" 5" 6" 7" 8" 9" 10" 11" 12" 13" 14" 15" 16" 17" 18" 19" 20" Lag*Nega-ve*Emo-on* Selby et al., in press, Journal of Personality

21 Butterfly Effect in Emotional Cascades Signal 1 Signal 2 Lag-Rumination Lag-Negative Emotion 2-3 Hours Later Dysregulated Behaviors Selby et al., in press, Journal of Personality

22 Dysregulated Behaviors 1.8" 1.6" 1.4" Impulsive*Behaviors* 1.2" 1" 0.8" 0.6" Fixed"Lag"Rumina9on" Random"Effect"?"Upper"Bound" Random"Effect"?"Lower"Bound" 0.4" 0.2" 0" 5" 6" 7" 8" 9" 10" 11" 12" 13" 14" 15" 16" 17" 18" 19" 20" 21" 22" 23" 24" 25" 26" 27" 28" 29" 30" 31" 32" 33" 34" 35" 36" 37" 38" 39" 40" Lag*Rumina4on* 3" 2.5" Impulsive*Behaviors* 2" 1.5" 1" Fixed"Lag"Nega6ve"Emo6on" 0.5" 0" 5" 6" 7" 8" 9" 10" 11" 12" 13" 14" 15" 16" 17" 18" 19" 20" Lag*Nega3ve*Emo3on* Selby et al., in press, Journal of Personality

23 Take Away Demonstrated the Butterfly Effect with Emotional Cascades This same effect predicted dysregulated behaviors Dysregulated behavior may serve as an attractor point toward which dysregulated behaviors are drawn as emotional cascades progress

24

25 Emergence

26 Emergence

27 The Emotional Cascade Model SELBY & JOINER (2009) REV OF GEN PSY

28 The Emotional Cascade Model SELBY & JOINER (2009) REV OF GEN PSY

29 The Emotional Cascade Model SELBY & JOINER (2009) REV OF GEN PSY

30 The Emotional Cascade Model SELBY & JOINER (2009) REV OF GEN PSY

31 The Emotional Cascade Model SELBY & JOINER (2009) REV OF GEN PSY

32 The Emotional Cascade Model SELBY & JOINER (2009) REV OF GEN PSY

33 The Emotional Cascade Model SELBY & JOINER (2009) REV OF GEN PSY

34 The Emotional Cascade Model SELBY & JOINER (2009) REV OF GEN PSY

35 Treatment Implications

36 Dialectical Behavior Therapy

37 Mindfulness

38 Activities

39 Clinical Applications: Sleep Poor Sleep Quality (Selby, 2013, JCCP) BPD symptoms predict problems with insomnia (initial, middle, and terminal) beyond relevant Axis I disorders Potentially due to rumination/emotional cascades? Nightmares During ESM those with BPD reported more nightmares (Selby, Ribeiro, & Joiner, 2013, Dreaming) No(BPD(Diagnosis( BPD(Diagnosis( 4" 4" Nightly(Nightmares( 3" 2" 1" Low"NEM" High"NEM" 3" 2" 1" Low"NEM" High"NEM" 0" Low" High" Rumina0on" Rumina0on" 0" Low" Rumina0on" High" Rumina0on"

40 What Can Family Members Do? 1) Understand the emotion process of BPD Knowing what is going on reduces negative reactivity and improves empathy, even in challenging situations Even being able to give a process a name, such as emotional cascade can help 2) Help your loved one distract when upset Work with them to come up with activities that they enjoy and are willing to do when distressed Develop a coping card of distracting activities, it is easy to forget strategies when you are distressed 3) Try not to get frustrated When we get frustrated, which can be easy at times, that can feed into the emotion dysregulation process Building emotion regulation skills takes time!

41 Contact: Website: Funding Acknowledgements: Brain and Behavior Research Foundation (NARSAD) Families for Borderline Personality Disorder Research National Institute of Mental Health Neil S. Jacobson Award for Outstanding and Innovative Clinical Research

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