ABACAVIR HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION

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1 ABACAVIR HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION Abacavir is a component of Ziagen, Trizivir, Kivexa and Triumeq Version 2.0, March 2016 In the EU, this medicinal product (Triumeq) is subject to additional monitoring CRO/HIV/0003/14(1)a HIV-14/2/2017-EEDU SAMO ZA ZDRAVSTVENE RADNIKE

2 Slide Contents CONTENT SLIDES Aim of Abacavir Hypersensitivity Reaction programme 3 Key Risk Minimisation Points 4-5 Diagnosis of Abacavir Hypersensitivity Reaction 6-11 Pharmacogenetic testing Management of Abacavir Hypersensitivity Reaction Further resources 22 Model hypersensitivity Case Studies

3 Aim The Abacavir Hypersensitivity Reaction (ABC HSR) educational programme is a global risk minimisation measure that has the following aims: Maintaining low morbidity and mortality from ABC HSR in general, and to minimise the risk of ABC rechallenge in patients with clinically suspected HSR, regardless of HLA-B*5701 status. Increase understanding and awareness of ABC HSR by Healthcare professionals (HCPs) and expand on the information already included in the product labels. 3

4 Key Risk Minimisation Points: Abacavir Hypersensitivity Reaction (HSR) Abacavir is associated with a risk for hypersensitivity reactions (HSR) characterised by fever and/or rash with other symptoms indicating multiorgan involvement. Symptoms usually appear within the first 6 weeks although the reaction may occur at any time during therapy. Risk of abacavir HSR is higher for patients who test positive for the HLA- B*5701 allele. However, abacavir HSRs have been reported at a lower frequency in patients who do not carry this allele. Abacavir should never be initiated in patients with a positive HLA-B*5701 status, nor in patients with a negative HLA-B*5701 status who had a suspected abacavir HSR on a previous abacavir-containing regimen. 4

5 Key Risk Minimisation Points: Abacavir Hypersensitivity (HSR) - continued Abacavir must be stopped without delay, even in the absence of the HLA- B*5701 allele, if an HSR is suspected. Delay in stopping treatment with abacavir after the onset of hypersensitivity may result in an immediate and life-threatening reaction. After stopping abacavir for a suspected HSR, any product containing abacavir must never be re-initiated. Restarting abacavir following a suspected HSR can result in a return of symptoms within hours which is more severe than on initial presentation and may include life-threatening hypotension and death. Rechallenge can result in a more rapid and severe reaction, which can be fatal. Rechallenge is contraindicated 5

6 DIAGNOSIS OF ABACAVIR HYPERSENSITIVITY 6

7 Abacavir Hypersensitivity Reaction Idiosyncratic reaction Approximate reporting rate in clinical trials 1% in trials that excluded subjects testing positive for the HLA-B*5701 allele 1 5% in trials where HLA B*5701 screening was not performed 2 Clinically well characterised 3 Most HSR include fever and/or rash Other symptoms include respiratory, gastrointestinal and constitutional symptoms such as lethargy and malaise. Multiple symptoms are typical in most cases of hypersensitivity 1. Calculated from published data for four Marketing Authorisation Holder clinical trials: Post F et al. JAIDS. 2010;55 (1):9-57, Young B et al. AIDS. 2008;22(13): , Wohl DA et al. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e96187, Walmsley SL et al. N Engl J Med. 2013; 369(19): Cutrell et al. Ann Pharmacother. 2004;38: Hernandez et al. Abstract presented at: 15th International AIDS Conference; July 11-16, 2004; Bangkok, Thailand. Note: Symptomatology was evaluated from clinical trials where HLA B*5701 screening was not performed 7

8 Abacavir Hypersensitivity Reaction - Continued Symptoms usually appear within first 6 weeks of starting abacavir 1 Median time to onset of 11 days However, reactions can occur at any time during therapy Diagnosis is complicated by Variable presentation with nonspecific symptoms Concomitant use of other antiretroviral medications with overlapping adverse event profiles Symptoms improve on cessation of abacavir 1. Hetherington et al. Clin Ther. 2001;23: Note: Data for time to onset was evaluated from clinical trials where HLA B*5701 screening was not performed 8

9 Hypersensitivity Symptoms Reported With a Frequency 10% Patients, % % of patients have a fever, a rash, or both Hetherington et al. Clin Ther. 2001;23: Note: Symptomatology was evaluated from clinical trials where HLA B*5701 screening was not performed 9

10 Additional Physical and Laboratory Findings Physical findings Lymphadenopathy Mucous membrane lesions (pharyngitis, conjunctivitis) Possible laboratory abnormalities Haematological: lymphopaenia and thrombocytopaenia Chest x-ray normal or diffuse bilateral or lobular infiltrates Elevated liver enzymes (AST/ALT) Increased serum creatinine and creatinine phosphokinase AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase. Hetherington et al. Clin Ther. 2001;23:

11 Hypersensitivity Reaction Warning Card GDS/EU SmPC Patients should contact their physician immediately for advice on whether they should stop taking abacavir if: 1. They develop a skin rash; OR 2. They develop 1 or more symptom from at least 2 of the following groups Fever Shortness of breath, sore throat or cough Nausea or vomiting or diarrhoea or or abdominal pain Extreme tiredness or achiness or generally ill feeling 11

12 PHARMACOGENETIC TESTING 12

13 Pharmacogenetic Risk Factor for Abacavir HSR HLA-B*5701 allele is more common among patients who have a suspected HSR to abacavir compared with those who do not. No other pharmacogenetic markers have been found that identify patients at risk of abacavir HSR. Prospective pharmacogenetic screening for HLA-B*5701 can be used to identify patients at high risk for abacavir HSR. HLA-B*5701 is not always present in people who have a suspected abacavir HSR Therefore, clinical diagnosis of suspected HSR to abacavir remains the basis for clinical decision making HLA-B*5701 screening for risk of abacavir HSR should never be substituted for appropriate clinical vigilance and patient management in individuals receiving abacavir 13

14 Recommendations for HLA-B*5701 Screening Before initiating treatment with abacavir, screening for HLA-B*5701 should be performed. Screening is also recommended prior to re-initiation of abacavir in patients of unknown HLA-B*5701 status who have previously tolerated abacavir. HLA-B*5701 status must always be documented and explained to the patient prior to initiating therapy. Results of pharmacogenetic tests for risk of abacavir HSR should never be used to support a drug rechallenge decision after a suspected HSR HLA-B*5701 testing must not be used as a diagnostic test after a patient has started treatment with abacavir 14

15 Supporting study data for HLA B*5701 screening PREDICT-1 (CNA106030): pivotal, double blinded, randomised clinical trial to establish the effectiveness of the HLA-B*5701 allele as a predictive marker for abacavir (ABC) hypersensitivity reaction (HSR) 1 1,956 ABC naive subjects randomised 1:1 in a double blinded fashion to: Arm A) Retrospective HLA B*5701 testing after starting ABC therapy (Controls) Arm B) Prospective HLA-B*5701 screening; positive patients excluded pre- ABC therapy Retrospective epicutaneous patch testing (EPT) in all cases of clinically suspected ABC HSR ABC HSR 2 Arm A Arm B p value OR (95% CI) 3 Clinically Suspected 7.8% (66/847) 3.4% (27/803) < ( ) Immunologically (EPT) Confirmed 2.7% (23/842) 0.0% (0/802) < ( ) Estimated that 48% - 61% of patients with HLA B*5701 will develop HSR on ABCcontaining therapy vs. 0% to 4% of patients who do not have the allele 1. Mallal et al. N Engl J Med. 2008:358; Intention-to-treat evaluable population. 3. Odds ratio (OR); Confidence interval (CI); Prospective screen versus control adjusted for actual strata of race, ART status, introduction of NNRTI, and concurrent PI use. 15

16 Supporting study data for HLA B*5701 screening SHAPE (ABC107442): a retrospective case-control study to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of the HLA-B*5701 allele in self-reported White and Black subjects with and without suspected ABC HSR, using EPT to supplement clinical diagnosis of abacavir hypersensitivity 1 Conclusions 100% sensitivity of HLA-B*5701 in white and black subjects with EPT confirmed ABC HSR Lower sensitivity of HLA-B*5701 screening observed when ABC HSR was defined by clinical diagnosis alone Not all HLA-B*5701 positive subjects had a positive EPT test result Prospective HLA-B*5701 screening may reduce ABC HSR rates in white and black subjects The presence of the HLA-B*5701 allele is associated with increased risk of ABC HSR, regardless of race Data from PREDICT-1 and SHAPE do not support the use of skin patch testing in routine clinical practice 1. Saag et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:

17 Supporting study data for HLA B*5701 screening A limitation from PREDICT-1: Investigators were blinded to subjects HLA B*5701 status during the study, which would not be the case in clinical practice Recent marketing authorisation holder (MAH) trials, which prospectively screened for the HLA-B*5701 allele and excluded subjects testing positive, more accurately reflect experience and reporting rates in clinical practice MAH Sponsored Clinical Trials with prospective HLA-B*5701 screening ABC- containing treatment group HSR Reporting Rate % (n/n) ASSERT (CNA109586) 1 ABC/3TC + EFV 3.1 (6/192) ARIES (EPZ108859) 2 ABC/3TC + ATV+ RTV 1 (4/491) ASSURE (EPZ113734) 3 ABC/3TC + ATV <1 (1/199) SINGLE (ING114467) 4 ABC/3TC + DTG <1 (1/414) Total 1 (12/1320) ABC/3TC = KIVEXA; ATV = atazanvir; DTG = dolutegravir; EFV = efavirenz; RTV = ritonavir. 1. Post F et al. JAIDS. 2010;55 (1): Young B et al. AIDS. 2008;22(13): Wohl DA et al. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e Walmsley SL et al. N Engl J Med. 2013; 369(19):

18 MANAGEMENT OF ABACAVIR HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION 18

19 Counseling the Patient Patients must be made aware of the possibility of a hypersensitivity reaction to abacavir that may result in a life-threatening reaction or death, and that the risk of a hypersensitivity reaction is increased if they are HLA-B*5701 positive. Each patient should be reminded to read the Package Leaflet included in the abacavir pack. They should be reminded of the importance of removing the Alert Card included in the pack, and keeping it with them at all times. In order to avoid restarting abacavir, patients who have experienced a hypersensitivity reaction should be asked to return the remaining abacavir tablets or oral solution to the pharmacy. 19

20 Clinical Management of Abacavir Hypersensitivity Regardless of HLA-B*5701 status, patients who are diagnosed with a hypersensitivity reaction MUST discontinue abacavir immediately. Abacavir must be permanently discontinued if hypersensitivity cannot be ruled out. Delay in stopping treatment with abacavir after the onset of hypersensitivity may result in an immediate and life-threatening reaction. Regardless of HLA-B*5701 status, abacavir or any medicinal product containing abacavir, MUST NEVER be restarted in patients who have stopped therapy due to a hypersensitivity reaction. Following discontinuation of abacavir, the symptoms of the reaction should be treated according to local standard of care 20

21 Clinical Management of Abacavir HSR Restarting Abacavir Abacavir or any medicinal product containing abacavir, MUST NEVER be restarted in patients who have stopped therapy due to HSR. Restarting abacavir following HSR results in a prompt return of symptoms within hours and this recurrence is usually more severe than on initial presentation, and may include life-threatening hypotension and death. If abacavir therapy is stopped for reasons other than suspected HSR Screening for carriage of the HLA B*5701 allele is recommended prior to re-initiation of abacavir in patients of unknown HLA-B*5701 status who have previously tolerated abacavir. Re-initiation of abacavir in such patients who test positive for the HLA-B*5701 allele is contraindicated. Rarely, patients who have stopped abacavir for reasons other than symptoms of HSR have also experienced life-threatening reactions within hours of re- initiating abacavir therapy. Restarting abacavir in such patients must be done in a setting where medical assistance is readily available. 21

22 Further resources Before prescribing abacavir-containing medicines (Ziagen, Kivexa, Trizivir or Triumeq), please refer to the local country label Healthcare providers are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions to GlaxoSmithKline, ViiV Healthcare Ltd or your local regulatory authority 22

23 MODEL CASE STUDIES ON HYPERSENSITIVITY 23

24 Case Presentation #1 A 46-year-old woman, newly diagnosed with HIV infection, initiated therapy with abacavir, lamivudine, and efavirenz HLA-B*5701 status unknown On day 8 of therapy, her physician noted a mild pruritic rash on her neck and trunk The patient was afebrile, had no gastrointestinal symptoms, and felt well She did not have any muscle or joint aches, respiratory symptoms, or tenderness or swelling of the lymph nodes She had not taken any other medications Differential diagnoses include A reaction to efavirenz Abacavir hypersensitivity Immune reconstitution syndrome 24

25 Case Presentation #1 (cont) Course of action Patient has a single mild symptom, so closely monitor for resolution or progression before making a decision - Review symptoms of hypersensitivity - Instruct patient to continue all medications and immediately contact physician if other symptoms develop - Re-evaluate patient after 24 hours Follow-up Patient continued all medications Rash improved over the next 4 days with no further symptoms Conclusion Patient had a transient efavirenz-related rash (i.e. not a hypersensitivity reaction) 25

26 Case Presentation #1: Alternative Scenario After noticing the rash 3 days before, the patient discontinued all medications; the rash has since resolved Course of action Permanently discontinue abacavir: Although the reaction may have been an efavirenz rash, by stopping all drugs it is no longer possible to differentially diagnose an abacavir hypersensitivity reaction without exposing the patient to the risk of rechallenge 26

27 Case Presentation #1: Summary A single symptom is not sufficient for a diagnosis of hypersensitivity Drug interruption after a single symptom should be avoided - Resolution of symptom off-drug makes a differential diagnosis impossible However, if abacavir is interrupted, it should not be restarted - Resolution of symptom may represent aborted evolution of a multisymptom hypersensitivity reaction - Reinitiation puts the patient at risk for a rechallenge reaction - Abacavir should be retrieved from patient to avoid the risk of rechallenge Take a careful history, and review for other symptoms Continue to monitor the patient Avoid corticosteroids in case they mask the development of additional symptoms Use antihistamines if necessary for the patient s comfort 27

28 Case Presentation #2 29-year-old male with a history of HSV and syphilis Newly diagnosed with HIV, low CD4 (<200 cells/mm 3 ), and high viral load Negative screening result for HLA-B*5701 Initiated abacavir, lamivudine, and lopinavir/r Concomitant medications Valacyclovir (chronic medication) initiated before antiretroviral therapy Co-trimoxazole initiated with antiretrovirals HSV, herpes simplex virus. 28

29 Case Presentation #2 (cont) Day 8: Patient noted myalgias and low-grade fever peaking at 37.8 C Day 9: Patient noted faint rash with low-grade fever peaking at 39 C approximately 9 hours after morning dose Day 10: Patient experienced same symptoms at the same time after morning dose, but fever peaked at 38 C with fewer myalgias Day 11: Patient was evaluated in clinic Temperature 37 C Generalised fine urticarial rash Asymptomatic 29

30 Case Presentation #2 (cont) Course of action Symptoms appear to have been resolving each day despite continued abacavir dosing over several days Symptom resolution and the patient s negative HLA-B*5701 screening status suggest another aetiology Continue abacavir dosing with close monitoring and discontinue co-trimoxazole Follow-up Co-trimoxazole is stopped on day 11; subject is seen in the clinic on days 12 and 13, and symptoms continue to decline in severity Patient is given topical steroids and antihistamines for the rash By day 15, rash and myalgias have resolved and patient remains afebrile on abacavir, lamivudine, and lopinavir/r Conclusion Hypersensitivity to Co-trimoxazole 30

31 Case Presentation #2: Alternative Scenario Patient is seen on days 12 and 13; symptoms continue but do not increase or decrease in severity Patient is given topical steroids and antihistamines for the rash By day 15, rash is resolving but myalgias continue; patient complains of malaise Course of action Permanently discontinue abacavir if no other cause of the patient s symptoms is identified; in this case, abacavir hypersensitivity cannot be definitively ruled out 31

32 Case Presentation #2: Summary Consider other causes for rash and fever when patient is taking concurrent medications known to be associated with these symptoms or with allergies, particularly if screening suggests a low risk of abacavir hypersensitivity However, a negative HLA-B*5701 screen does not definitively rule out the possibility of a hypersensitivity reaction If a diagnosis of abacavir hypersensitivity cannot be excluded, then abacavir must be permanently discontinued, regardless of the results of any test 32

33 Case Presentation #3 45-year-old male initiated treatment with abacavir, lamivudine, and boosted fosamprenavir HLA-B*5701 status unknown Day 5: Onset of vomiting Day 6: Onset of diarrhoea; nausea worsens with more frequent vomiting Day 7: Development of fever to 39 C and general weakness; gastrointestinal symptoms continue without further increase in severity; careful search revealed no rash 33

34 Case Presentation #3 (cont) Course of action Permanently discontinue abacavir - Cumulative, multiorgan symptomatic onset indicates a high probability of a developing abacavir hypersensitivity reaction Follow-up Within 24 hours of abacavir discontinuation, patient is afebrile and gastrointestinal symptoms are resolving Conclusion Patient experienced abacavir hypersensitivity 34

35 Case Presentation #3: Summary Rash is very common in abacavir hypersensitivity; however, just as rash alone would not be sufficient for a diagnosis of a hypersensitivity reaction, neither is the absence of rash a reason to exclude a diagnosis of hypersensitivity in the presence of other consistent symptoms; rash may occur late or even after discontinuation of abacavir Other features point towards the diagnosis of a hypersensitivity syndrome Patient developed multiorgan involvement, including constitutional and gastrointestinal symptoms Even in the absence of a rash, patient s symptoms point to a possible diagnosis of abacavir hypersensitivity Symptoms did not all appear at once but in a stepwise manner 35

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37 Dodatne informacije Sastavni dio ovog edukacijskog materijala predstavljaju odobreni Sažeci opisa svojstava lijekova Ziagen, Kivexa i Triumeq, koji su dostupni na web stranicama HALMED-a: sukladno Pravilniku o načinu oglašavanja o lijekovima. Prije propisivanja lijeka molimo pročitajte zadnji odobreni Sažetak opisa svojstva lijeka i Uputu o lijeku kojeg propisujete. *Trizivir trenutno nije dostupan na tržištu RH Želimo Vas podsjetiti na obavezu prijavljivanja nuspojava Agenciji za lijekove i medicinske proizvode sukladno Zakonu o lijekovima i Pravilniku o farmakovigilanciji. Prijave je moguće poslati poštom (Ksaverska cesta 4, Zagreb), telefaksom (01/ ) ili elektronskom poštom u Word formatu (nuspojave@halmed.hr). Također, nuspojave možete prijaviti i Vašem lokalnom GlaxoSmithKline uredu: GlaxoSmithKline d.o.o., Ulica Damira Tomljanovića Gavrana 15, Zagreb; Tel. 01/

38 Skraćeni sažetak opisa svojstava lijeka Ziagen Ziagen (abakavir) 300 mg filmom obložene tablete. Indikacije Ziagen je indiciran u liječenju odraslih osoba, adolescenata i djece s infekcijom virusom HIV-a kao dio kombinacijske antiretrovirusne terapije. Prije započinjanja liječenja abakavirom, za svakog bolesnika zaraženog virusom HIV-a, bez obzira na rasno podrijetlo, treba odrediti je li nositelj alela HLA-B*5701. Abakavir se ne smije primijeniti u bolesnika koji su nositelji alela HLA-B*5701. Doziranje i način primjene Ziagen treba propisivati liječnik koji ima iskustva u liječenju HIV infekcije. Ziagen se može uzimati sa ili bez hrane. Tablete se treba progutati cijele bez prethodnog drobljenja. Odrasli, adolescenti i djeca (TT najmanje 25 kg): Preporučena doza lijeka Ziagen je 600 mg na dan, primijenjeno kao 300 mg (jedna tableta) dvaput na dan ili 600 mg (dvije tablete) jedanput na dan. Doziranje u djece se preporučuje prema tjelesnoj težini: Djeca TT od 20 kg do <25 kg: Preporučena doza je 450 mg na dan. Može se primijeniti kao 150 mg (pola tablete) ujutro i 300 mg (jedna cijela tableta) navečer ili kao 450 mg (jedna i pol tableta) jedanput na dan. Djeca tjelesne težine od 14 do <20 kg: Preporučena doza je 300 mg na dan. Može se primijeniti kao 150 mg (pola tablete) dvaput na dan ili kao 300 mg (jedna cijela tableta) jedanput na dan. Djeca mlađa od 3 mjeseca: Kliničko iskustvo s primjenom lijeka u djece mlađe od 3 mjeseca je ograničeno i nedostatno za davanje specifičnih preporuka za doziranje. Bolesnici koji prelaze s režima doziranja dvaput na dan na režim doziranja jedanput na dan trebaju uzeti preporučenu dozu za primjenu jedanput na dan približno 12 sati nakon posljednje doze koja se primjenjuje dvaput na dan, a zatim nastaviti uzimati preporučenu dozu za primjenu jedanput na dan približno svaka 24 sata. Pri povratku na režim doziranja dvaput na dan, bolesnik treba uzeti preporučenu dozu za primjenu dvaput na dan približno 24 sata nakon posljednje doze koja se primjenjuje jedanput na dan. Oštećenje bubrega Nije potrebno prilagođavati dozu lijeka Ziagen u bolesnika s poremećajem funkcije bubrega. Međutim, treba izbjegavati primjenu u bolesnika s krajnjim stadijem bubrežne bolesti Oštećenje jetre Ne može se dati konačna preporuka za doziranje u bolesnika s blagim oštećenjem jetre Nema kliničkih podataka za bolesnike s umjerenim ili teškim oštećenjem jetre, stoga se primjena abakavira ne preporučuje osim ako se procijeni da je neophodna. Starije osobe Farmakokinetički podaci u bolesnika starijih od 65 godina trenutno nisu dostupni. Kontraindikacije Preosjetljivost na abakavir ili neku od pomoćnih tvari. Posebna upozorenja i mjere opreza pri uporabi Reakcije preosjetljivosti Abakavir se povezuje s rizikom od reakcija preosjetljivosti, koje karakteriziraju vrućica i/ili osip praćeni drugim simptomima koji upućuju na zahvaćenost većeg broja organa. Rizik je visok u bolesnika s pozitivnim nalazom na alel HLA-B*5701. Smjernice: Status HLA-B*5701 mora se uvijek dokumentirati prije početka liječenja. Liječenje lijekom Ziagen ne smije se nikada započeti u bolesnika s pozitivnim HLA-B*5701 statusom, niti u bolesnika s negativnim HLA-B*5701 statusom za koje se sumnja da su imali reakciju preosjetljivosti na lijek koji je sadržavao abakavir (npr. Kivexa, Trizivir, Triumeq). Liječenje lijekom Ziagen mora se bez odlaganja prekinuti, čak i u odsustvu alela HLA-B*5701, ako se posumnja na reakciju preosjetljivosti. Nakon prekida liječenja lijekom Ziagen zbog suspektne reakcije preosjetljivosti, nikada se ne smije ponovno započeti liječenje lijekom Ziagen niti bilo kojim drugim lijekom koji sadrži abakavir (npr. Kivexa, Trizivir, Triumeq). Za Klinički opis reakcije preosjetljivosti na abakavir molimo pročitajte cjelokupni Sažetak opisa svojstava lijeka i priloženi edukacijski materijal. Poremećaj funkcije mitohondrija nakon izloženosti in utero; Postoje izvješća o poremećaju funkcije mitohondrija kod HIV-negativne dojenčadi koja je bila in utero i/ili postnatalno izložena analozima nukleozida; ova izvješća su se pretežno odnosila na liječenje režimima koji su sadržavali zidovudin. Glavne zabilježene nuspojave su hematološki poremećaji (anemija, neutropenija) i metabolički poremećaji (hiperlaktatemija, hiperlipazemija). Tjelesna težina i metabolički parametri Povećanje TT i povišene razine lipida i glukoze u krvi mogu se pojaviti tijekom antiretrovirusne terapije. Pankreatitis Zabilježen je pankreatitis, ali nije sigurna uzročna povezanost s liječenjem abakavirom. Liječenje kombinacijom tri nukleozida U bolesnika s velikim brojem kopija virusa (> kopija/ml) treba posebno razmotriti mogućnost izbora trostruke terapije (abakavir, lamivudin i zidovudin). Bolest jetre Ziagen se ne preporučuje u bolesnika s umjerenim ili teškim oštećenjem jetre. Bolesnici s istodobnom kroničnom infekcijom virusom hepatitisa B ili C Bolesnici koji su kronični nositelji virusa hepatitisa B ili C i koji su na kombinacijskoj antiretrovirusnoj terapiji imaju povećan rizik od nastupa ozbiljnih i potencijalno fatalnih jetrenih nuspojava. Bolest bubrega Ziagen ne treba davati bolesnicima s krajnjim stadijem bubrežne bolesti. Sindrom imunološke reaktivacije U bolesnika zaraženih virusom HIV koji u trenutku započinjanja kombinacijskog antiretrovirusnog liječenja imaju teški imunološki deficit, može se razviti upalna reakcija na asimptomatske ili rezidualne oportunističke patogene, te izazvati ozbiljna klinička stanja ili pogoršanje simptoma. Osteonekroza Zabilježeni su slučajevi osteonekroze, osobito u bolesnika s uznapredovalom HIV infekcijom i/ili onih koji su dugo vremena izloženi CART-u. Oportunističke infekcije Bolesnici koji uzimaju Ziagen ili bilo koju drugu antiretrovirusnu terapiju, mogu i dalje razvijati oportunističke infekcije i druge komplikacije HIV infekcije. Prijenos virusa HIV Iako je dokazano da učinkovita virusna supresija antiretrovirusnom terapijom značajno smanjuje rizik od prijenosa bolesti spolnim putem, ne može se isključiti rezidualni rizik. Infarkt miokarda Opservacijske studije su pokazale povezanost infarkta miokarda s uporabom abakavira. Sveukupno su dostupni podaci iz opservacijskih kohorti i randomiziranih ispitivanja pokazali određenu razinu nedosljednosti, pa se uzročna povezanost između liječenja abakavirom i rizika od infarkta miokarda ne može ni potvrditi ni opovrgnuti. Česte nuspojave anoreksija, glavobolja, mučnina, povraćanje, proljev, osip (bez sistemskih simptoma), vrućica, letargija, umor. Nositelj odobrenja za stavljanje lijeka u promet ViiV Healthcare UK Limited, 980 Great West Road, Brentford, Middlesex, TW8 9GS, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo; Lokalni predstavnik nositelja odobrenja: GlaxoSmithKline d.o.o., Ul. Damira Tomljanovića Gavrana 15, Zagreb, Hrvatska. Način izdavanja lijeka: na recept. Broj odobrenja za stavljanje lijeka u promet EU/1/99/112/001 Datum revizije teksta: 07/2016 Detaljnije informacije o ovom lijeku dostupne su na internetskoj stranici Europske agencije za lijekove 38

39 Skraćeni sažetak opisa svojstava lijeka Kivexa Kivexa 600 mg/300 mg filmom obložene tablete. Jedna filmom obložena tableta sadrži 600 mg abakavira i 300 mg lamivudina. Indikacije Kivexa je indicirana za liječenje infekcije virusom humane imunodeficijencije (HIV) u odraslih, adolescenata i djece tjelesne težine od najmanje 25 kg kao dio kombinacijske antiretrovirusne terapije. Prije započinjanja liječenja abakavirom, za svakog bolesnika zaraženog virusom HIV-a, bez obzira na rasno podrijetlo, mora se odrediti je li nositelj alela HLA-B*5701. Abakavir se ne smije primijeniti u bolesnika koji su nositelji alela HLA-B*5701. Doziranje i način primjene Terapiju mora propisati liječnik s iskustvom u liječenju HIV infekcije. Odrasli, adolescenti i djeca tjelesne težine od najmanje 25 kg: Preporučena doza lijeka Kivexa je jedna tableta jedanput na dan. Djeca tjelesne težine manje od 25 kg: Kivexa se ne smije primijeniti u djece tjelesne težine manje od 25 kg jer je kombinacija doza u jednoj tableti fiksna i ne može se smanjiti. Starije osobe: Trenutno nema dostupnih farmakokinetičkih podataka za bolesnike starije od 65 godina. Oštećenje bubrega: Ne preporučuje se primjena lijeka Kivexa u bolesnika s klirensom kreatinina <50 ml/min jer se ne može provesti potrebna prilagodba doze. Oštećenje jetre: Nema kliničkih podataka za bolesnike s umjerenim ili teškim oštećenjem jetre, stoga se ne preporučuje primjena lijeka Kivexa osim ako se procijeni da je neophodna. Bolesnike s blagim oštećenjem jetre koji koriste abakavir (Child-Pugh vrijednosti 5-6) potrebno je pažljivo pratiti. Pedijatrijska populacija: Sigurnost i djelotvornost lijeka Kivexa u djece tjelesne težine manje od 25 kg nisu još ustanovljene. Način primjene Peroralna primjena. Kivexa se može uzimati s hranom ili bez nje. Kontraindikacije Preosjetljivost na djelatne tvari ili neku od pomoćnih tvari. Posebna upozorenja i mjere opreza pri uporabi Reakcije preosjetljivosti Abakavir se povezuje s rizikom od reakcija preosjetljivosti, koje karakteriziraju vrućica i/ili osip praćeni drugim simptomima koji upućuju na zahvaćenost većeg broja organa. Rizik je visok u bolesnika s pozitivnim nalazom na alel HLA-B*5701. Smjernice: Status HLA-B*5701 mora se uvijek dokumentirati prije početka liječenja. Liječenje lijekom Kivexa ne smije se nikada započeti u bolesnika s pozitivnim HLA-B*5701 statusom, niti u bolesnika s negativnim HLA-B*5701 statusom za koje se sumnja da su imali reakciju preosjetljivosti na lijek koji je sadržavao abakavir (Ziagen, Trizivir, Triumeq). Liječenje lijekom Kivexa mora se bez odlaganja prekinuti, čak i u odsustvu alela HLA-B*5701, ako se posumnja na reakciju preosjetljivosti. Nakon prekida liječenja lijekom Kivexa zbog suspektne reakcije preosjetljivosti, nikada se ne smije ponovno započeti liječenje lijekom Kivexa niti bilo kojim drugim lijekom koji sadrži abakavir (Ziagen, Trizivir, Triumeq). Za Klinički opis reakcije preosjetljivosti na abakavir molimo pročitajte cjelokupni Sažetak opisa svojstava lijeka i priloženi edukacijski materijal. Tjelesna težina i metabolički parametri Povećanje tjelesne težine i povišene razine lipida i glukoze u krvi mogu se pojaviti tijekom antiretrovirusne terapije. Pankreatitis Zabilježen je pankreatitis, ali nije sigurna uzročna povezanost s liječenjem lamivudinom i abakavirom. Rizik od izostanka virološkog odgovora Liječenje kombinacijom tri nukleozida: Pri kombiniranoj primjeni abakavira i lamivudina s tenofovir dizoproksilfumaratom jedanput na dan, zabilježena je visoka stopa izostanka virološkog odgovora te nastup rezistencije u ranoj fazi liječenja. Bolest jetre Kivexa se ne preporučuje u bolesnika s umjerenim ili teškim oštećenjem jetre. Bolesnici s istodobnom kroničnom infekcijom virusom hepatitisa B ili C Bolesnici s kroničnim hepatitisom B ili C koji su na kombiniranoj antiretrovirusnoj terapiji imaju povećani rizik od nastupa teških i potencijalno fatalnih nuspojava jetre. Ako se lamivudin istodobno koristi za liječenje infekcije HIV-om i virusom hepatitisa B (HBV), dodatne informacije o uporabi lamivudina u liječenju hepatitisa B dostupne su u Sažetku opisa svojstava lijeka za lijekove koji sadrže lamivudin i indicirani su za liječenje HBV-a. Poremećaj funkcije mitohondrija nakon izložnosti in utero Postoje izvješća o poremećaju funkcije mitohondrija kod HIV- negativne dojenčadi koja je bila in utero i/ili postnatalno izložena analozima nukleozida; ova izvješća su se pretežno odnosila na liječenje režimima koji su sadržavali zidovudin. Glavne zabilježene nuspojave su hematološki poremećaji (anemija, neutropenija) i metabolički poremećaji (hiperlaktatemija, hiperlipazemija). Sindrom imunološke reaktivacije U bolesnika zaraženih virusom HIV-a, koji u trenutku započinjanja kombiniranog antiretrovirusnog liječenja imaju teški imunološki deficit, može se razviti upalna reakcija na asimptomatske ili rezidualne oportunističke patogene te izazvati ozbiljna klinička stanja ili pogoršanje simptoma. Osteonekroza Zabilježeni su slučajevi osteonekroze, osobito u bolesnika s uznapredovalom HIV infekcijom i/ili onih koji su dugo vremena izloženi kombiniranom antiretrovirusnom liječenju. Oportunističke infekcije Bolesnici koji uzimaju lijek Kivexa ili bilo koju drugu antiretrovirusnu terapiju, mogu i dalje razvijati oportunističke infekcije i druge komplikacije HIV infekcije. Infarkt miokarda Opservacijske studije su pokazale povezanost infarkta miokarda s uporabom abakavira. Dostupni su podaci iz opservacijskih kohorti i randomiziranih ispitivanja pokazali određenu razinu nedosljednosti, pa se uzročna povezanost između liječenja abakavirom i rizika od infarkta miokarda ne može ni potvrditi ni opovrgnuti. Česte nuspojave preosjetljivost, anoreksija, glavobolja, mučnina, povraćanje, proljev, bol u abdomenu, vrućica, letargija, osip, kašalj, nazalni simptomi, alopecija, artralgija, mišićni simptomi. Nositelj odobrenja za stavljanje lijeka u promet ViiV Healthcare UK Limited, 980 Great West Road, Brentford, Middlesex, TW8 9GS, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo; Lokalni predstavnik nositelja odobrenja: GlaxoSmithKline d.o.o., Ul. Damira Tomljanovića Gavrana 15, Zagreb, Hrvatska. Način izdavanja lijeka: na recept. Brojevi odobrenja za stavljanje lijeka u promet EU/1/04/298/002, EU/1/04/298/003. Datum revizije teksta: 07/2016 Detaljnije informacije o ovom lijeku dostupne su na internetskoj stranici Europske agencije za lijekove 39

40 Skraćeni sažetak opisa svojstava lijeka Triumeq Triumeq 50 mg/600 mg/300 mg Jedna filmom obložena tableta sadrži 50 mg dolutegravira, 600 mg abakavira i 300 mg lamivudina. Indikacije: Triumeq je indiciran za liječenje odraslih osoba i adolescenata starijih od 12 godina i tjelesne težine najmanje 40 kg, zaraženih virusom humane imunodeficijencije. Prije početka liječenja lijekovima koji sadrže abakavir, za svakog bolesnika s HIV infekcijom, bez obzira na rasno podrijetlo, potrebno je odrediti je li nositelj alela HLA-B*5701. Abakavir se ne smije primjenjivati u bolesnika za koje se zna da su nositelji alela HLA-B*5701. Doziranje i način primjene: Terapiju treba propisati liječnik s iskustvom u liječenju HIV infekcije. Odrasli i adolescenti (TT najmanje 40 kg) Preporučena doza lijeka Triumeq u odraslih i adolescenata je jedna tableta jedanput na dan. Triumeq se ne smije primjenjivati u odraslih i adolescenata tjelesne težine manje od 40 kg jer je kombinacija doza u tableti fiksna i ne može se smanjiti. Propuštene doze Ako bolesnik propusti dozu lijeka Triumeq, bolesnik mora uzeti Triumeq što je prije moguće, pod uvjetom da je do sljedeće doze preostalo još najmanje 4 sata. Ako je do sljedeće doze preostalo manje od 4 sata, bolesnik ne smije uzeti propuštenu dozu, nego samo nastaviti s primjenom prema uobičajenom rasporedu. Starije osobe Postoje ograničeni podaci o primjeni dolutegravira, abakavira i lamivudina u bolesnika u dobi od 65 iliviše godina. Oštećenje bubrežne funkcije Ne preporučuje se primjena lijeka Triumeq u bolesnika s klirensom kreatinina <50 ml/min. Oštećenje jetrene funkcije Nema kliničkih podataka za bolesnike s umjerenim ili teškim oštećenjem jetre. Primjena lijeka Triumeq ne preporučuje osim ako se procijeni da je neophodna. Način primjene Peroralna primjena. Triumeq se može uzimati s hranom ili bez nje. Kontraindikacije Preosjetljivost na dolutegravir, abakavir, lamivudin ili neku od pomoćnih tvari. Posebna upozorenja i mjere opreza pri uporabi Prijenos HIV-a: Iako je dokazano da učinkovita virusna supresija antiretrovirusnom terapijom značajno smanjuje rizik od prijenosa bolesti spolnim putem, ne može se isključiti rezidualni rizik. Reakcije preosjetljivosti: Abakavir i dolutegravir povezuju se s rizikom od reakcija preosjetljivosti te dijele neke zajedničke značajke, poput vrućice i/ili osipa praćenih drugim simptomima koji upućuju na zahvaćenost većeg broja organa. Rizik od pojave reakcija preosjetljivosti na abakavir je visok u bolesnika s pozitivnim nalazom na alel HLA-B*5701. Liječenje lijekom Triumeq mora se bez odlaganja prekinuti, čak i u odsustvu alela HLA-B*5701, ako se posumnja na reakciju preosjetljivosti. Nakon prekida liječenja lijekom Triumeq zbog suspektne reakcije preosjetljivosti, nikada se ne smije ponovno započeti liječenje lijekom Triumeq niti bilo kojim drugim lijekom koji sadrži abakavir ili dolutegravir. Ponovna reakcija obično je još teža nego prvotna, a može uključivati po život opasnu hipotenziju i smrt. Za Klinički opis reakcije preosjetljivosti na abakavir molimo pročitajte cjelokupni Sažetak opisa svojstava lijeka i priloženi edukacijski materijal. Tjelesna težina i metabolički parametri Povećanje tjelesne težine i povišene razine lipida i glukoze u krvi mogu se pojaviti tijekom antiretrovirusne terapije. Bolesti jetre Ne preporučuje se primjena lijeka Triumeq u bolesnika s umjerenim do teškim oštećenjem jetrene funkcije. Bolesnici s kroničnim hepatitisom B ili C: Bolesnici s kroničnim hepatitisom B ili C koji se liječe kombiniranom antiretrovirusnom terapijom izloženi su povećanom riziku od teških jetrenih nuspojava s mogućim smrtnim ishodom. U slučaju istodobne antiretrovirusne terapije za hepatitis B ili C, pročitajte odgovarajuće informacije o lijeku i za te lijekove. Sindrom imunološke reaktivacije: U bolesnika s HIV infekcijom i teškom imunodeficijencijom u trenutku uvođenja kombinirane antiretrovirusne terapije može se razviti upalna reakcija na asimptomatske ili rezidualne oportunističke patogene te uzrokovati ozbiljna klinička stanja ili pogoršanje simptoma. Mitohondrijska disfunkcija Nukleozidni i nukleotidni analozi mogu u različitom stupnju utjecati na mitohondrijsku funkciju što je najizraženije prilikom primjene stavudina, didanozina i zidovudina. Infarkt miokarda Opservacijska ispitivanja ukazala su na povezanost između infarkta miokarda i primjene abakavira. Sveukupno su dostupni podaci iz opservacijskih kohorti i randomiziranih ispitivanja pokazali određenu razinu nedosljednosti, pa se uzročna povezanost između liječenja abakavirom i rizika od infarkta miokarda ne može ni potvrditi ni opovrgnuti. Osteonekroza Slučajevi osteonekroze prijavljeni su osobito u bolesnika s uznapredovalom HIV bolešću i/ili u bolesnika dugotrajno izloženih kombiniranoj antiretrovirusnoj terapiji. Oportunističke infekcije: Bolesnike se mora upozoriti da Triumeq ili bilo koja druga antiretrovirusna terapija ne može izliječiti HIV infekciju, zbog čega se i dalje mogu javljati oportunističke infekcije i druge komplikacije povezane s HIV infekcijom. Rezistencija na lijek Budući da preporučena doza dolutegravira za bolesnike s rezistencijom na inhibitore integraze iznosi 50 mg dvaput na dan, primjena lijeka Triumeq ne preporučuje se u bolesnika s rezistencijom na inhibitore integraze Vrlo česte nuspojave: nesanica, glavobolja, mučnina, proljev, umor. Česte nuspojave: preosjetljivost, anoreksija, neuobičajeni snovi, depresija, noćne more, poremećaj spavanja, omaglica, somnolencija, letargija, kašalj, nosni simptomi, povraćanje, flatulencija, bol u abdomenu, bol u gornjem dijelu abdomena, distenzija abdomena, nelagoda u abdomenu, gastroezofagealna refluksna bolest, dispepsija, osip, pruritus, alopecija, artralgija, mišićni poremećaji, astenija, vrućica, malaksalost, povišene vrijednosti kreatin fosfokinaze, povišene vrijednosti ALT-a/AST-a. Nositelj odobrenja za stavljanje lijeka u promet: ViiV Healthcare, UK Limited, 980 Great West Road, Brentford, Middlesex, TW8 9GS, Velika Britanija. Lokalni predstavnik nositelja odobrenja: GlaxoSmithKline d.o.o., Ul. Damira Tomljanovića Gavrana 15, Zagreb, Hrvatska. Način izdavanja lijeka: na recept. Brojevi odobrenja za stavljanje lijeka u promet: EU/1/14/940/001, EU/1/14/940/002. Datum revizije teksta: 01/2017. Detaljnije informacije o ovom lijeku dostupne su na web stranici Europske agencije za lijekove: 40

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