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1 The Integumentary System

2 The Skin Structure two primary layers called epidermis and dermis Epidermis Outermost and thinnest primary layer of skin Composed of several layers of stratified squamous epithelium 2

3 3

4 The Skin Structure Epidermis Stratum germinativum innermost (deepest) layer of cells continually reproduce new cells move toward the surface Sometimes called the pigment layer Pigment cells called melanocytes Produce the brown pigment melanin 4

5 The Skin Keratin- tough, waterproof protein Fill cells as they move toward surface Flake off at surface Stratum corneum outermost layer of keratin-filled cells 5

6 The Skin Structure Epidermis Skin color changes Pink flush indicates increased blood volume or increased blood oxygen Cyanosis bluish gray color indicates decreased blood oxygen level Vitiligo patchy light skin areas resulting from acquired loss of epidermal melanocytes (Figure 6-4) 6

7 The Skin mask of pregnancy - Increased skin pigmentation caused by hormonal changes in pregnant women Freckles small, flat macules common normal skin pigment variation 7

8 The Skin Dermal-epidermal junction specialized area of contact between the epidermis and dermis sometimes described as spot welds provide support for epidermis weakened or destroyed junctions can cause blisters 8

9 The Skin Structure Dermis Deeper and thicker of the two primary skin layers Composed largely of connective tissue Upper area of dermis characterized by parallel rows of peglike dermal papillae 9

10 Thick skin has parallel friction ridges and no hairs Thin skin has irregular, shallow grooves and hair Deeper area of dermis filled with network of tough collagenous and stretchable elastic fibers 10

11 11

12 The Skin Structure Dermis Number of elastic fibers decreases with age and contributes to wrinkle formation Striae stretch marks ; elongated marks caused by overstretching of skin 12

13 The Skin Structure Dermis contains nerve endings muscle fibers hair follicles sweat and sebaceous glands many blood vessels 13

14 Birthmarks malformation of dermal blood vessels»strawberry hemangioma»port-wine stain»stork bite 14

15 15

16 The Skin Appendages of the skin Hair Hair follicle - epidermal tubelike structure from which hair grows Hair papilla- cap-shaped cluster of cells from which hair growth begins 16

17 17

18 The Skin Appendages of the skin Hair Hair root-hidden in follicle Hair shaft- visible part of hair Alopecia (Figure 6-8) hair loss Arrector pili specialized smooth muscle produces goose pimples causes hair to stand up straight 18

19 19

20 The Skin Appendages of the skin Receptors Specialized nerve endings Make it possible for skin to act as a sense organ Meissner (tactile) corpuscle capable of detecting light touch Lamellar (Pacini) corpuscle capable of detecting pressure 20

21 The Skin Nails Produced by epidermal cells Cover terminal ends of fingers and toes Nail bed may change color with change in blood flow Nail body- visible part Root -lies in a groove, hidden by cuticle Lunula -crescent-shaped area nearest root 21

22 22

23 The Skin Nails Normal variations in nail structure Longitudinal ridges in light-skinned individuals Pigmented bands in dark-skinned individuals Abnormal variations in nail structure Onycholysis separation of nail from nail bed Pitting common in psoriasis 23

24 24

25 The Skin Skin glands two main types Sweat, or sudoriferous Sebaceous 25

26 The Skin Skin glands Sweat, or sudoriferous, glands Eccrine sweat gland Most numerous and widespread of the sweat glands Produce perspiration or sweat, flows out through pores (openings) on skin surface Function throughout life Assist in body heat regulation 26

27 The Skin Skin glands Sweat or sudoriferous glands Apocrine sweat glands Found primarily in axilla and around genitalia Secrete a thicker, milky secretion, different from eccrine perspiration Breakdown of secretion by skin bacteria produces odor 27

28 The Skin Skin glands Sebaceous glands Secrete oil or sebum for hair and skin Secretion increases during adolescence Amount of secretion regulated by sex hormones Sebum in sebaceous gland ducts may darken to form a blackhead Acne vulgaris inflammation of sebaceous gland ducts 28

29 29

30 Functions of the Skin Protection first line of defense Against infection by microbes Against ultraviolet rays from sun Against harmful chemicals Against cuts and tears Bruising can cause discoloration as blood released from damaged vessels breaks down Skin grafts may be needed to replace skin destroyed by disease or trauma 30

31 31

32 32

33 Functions of the Skin Temperature regulation Skin can release almost 3000 calories of body heat per day Mechanisms of temperature regulation Regulation of sweat secretion Regulation of flow of blood close to the body surface 33

34 Functions of the Skin Sense organ activity Receptors serve as receivers for the body, keeping it informed of changes in its environment Skin can detect sensations of light touch, pressure, pain, heat, and cold 34

35 Skin Cancer Three common types Squamous cell carcinoma the most common type, characterized by hard, raised tumors Basal cell carcinoma characterized by papules with a central crater; rarely spreads Melanoma malignancy in a nevus (mole); the most serious type 35

36 Skin Cancer The most important causative factor in common skin cancers is exposure to sunlight Kaposi sarcoma, characterized by purple lesions, is associated with AIDS and other immune deficiencies 36

37 37

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