Integumentary System. 2/20/02 S. Davenport 1

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1 Integumentary System 2/20/02 S. Davenport 1

2 Functions of Skin Protection Temperature regulation Sensation Excretion Vitamin D production 2/20/02 S. Davenport 2

3 Protection A Barrier Three types of barriers: (1) physical As a physical barrier, it presents a continuous epithelial membrane covered with dead keratinized cells (stratum corneum). (2) chemical A chemical barrier is formed by the production of acidic (low ph) secretions produced by the oil (sebaceous) glands. Low ph inhibits the growth of many bacteria. (3) immunological. Animmunological barrier is produced by the presence of cells (Langerhans cells and macrophages) which function in immune surveillance and disposal of bacteria and viruses. 2/20/02 S. Davenport 3

4 Temperature Regulation Both sweating and blood flow are under control of autonomic (sympathetic) nervous system Sweating Evaporation of water transfers heat away from body Blood flow Dilation of dermal blood vessels increases dermal blood flow and permits radiant cooling Constriction of dermal blood vessels decreases dermal blood flow and retains heat in core of body 2/20/02 S. Davenport 4

5 Sensation Skin houses numerous receptors (part of the nervous system) which function in the perception of external stimuli Receptors include Pain - free nerve endings Pressure - (Meissner s corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles Mechanoreceptors - root hair plexuses Temperature - free nerve endings 2/20/02 S. Davenport 5

6 Excretion Some metabolic wastes, electrolytes, and water are lost by sweating (sweat, or sudoriferous, glands). 2/20/02 S. Davenport 6

7 Production of vitamin D In the presence of sunlight a sterol (related to cholesterol) is converted to vitamin D 3 (cholecalciferol) which plays a role in the intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate. 2/20/02 S. Davenport 7

8 Structure Consists of two regions Epidermis Stratified squamous, keratinized Nonvascular Dermis Dense irregular connective tissue (mostly) Highly vascular Highly innervated Region between epidermis and dermis (dermal papilla) produces maximal contact/adhesion and surface texture (fingerprints) Separation of epidermis and dermis by fluid filled pocket is a blister. Hypodermis (subcutaneous) Mostly areolar and adipose tissue 2/20/02 S. Davenport 8

9 Structure Two regions 1) Epidermis Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale (germinativum) 2) Dermis Papillary layer Reticular layer Hypodermis (subcutaneous) Region of areolar/adipose underlying the skin 2/20/02 S. Davenport 9

10 Epidermis Consists of distinctive layers Stratum germinativum Mitotic area (new cells pushed upward) Melanocytes are distributed in this area. Stratum spinosum Layer of spiny cells Langerhans cells provide immune surveillance Granules of melanin (from melanocytes) function in protection from ultraviolet exposure Stratum granulosum Cells form granules filled with substances which contribute to keratinization and waterproofing 2/20/02 S. Davenport 10

11 Epidermis Layers continued Stratum lucidum Seen in thick skin as several layers of clear cells Cells begin to die Materials in granules are released Stratum corneum Outermost layer of dead cells Provides waterproofing and protection against abrasion 2/20/02 S. Davenport 11

12 Melanocytes Skin Color Produce a pigment called melanin Racial differences due to amount and type of melanin Carotene Yellow-orange pigment (characteristic of carrots) Accumulates in stratum corneum and hypodermis (fat) Hemoglobin Seen in dermal capillaries gives skin a crimson-red color. Especially expressed in lightly pigmented individuals (Causasian). Other factors include Cyanosis, Erythema, Pallor, Jaundice 2/20/02 S. Davenport 12

13 Dermis Divided into two layers (1) papillary layer Thin layer consisting mostly of loose connective tissue Forms projections called dermal papillae (2) the reticular layer. Consists mostly of dense irregular connective tissue. Structures located in the dermis include blood vessels, nerves, receptors, sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. 2/20/02 S. Davenport 13

14 Dermal Structures 2/20/02 S. Davenport 14

15 Dermal Receptors Meissners corpuscle Touch (light) receptor Pacinian corpuscle Pressure receptor Root hair plexus Mechanoreceptor Free nerve endings Pain Temperature 2/20/02 S. Davenport 15

16 Temperature Regulation - Eccrine Sweat (sudoriferous) glands Eccrine glands are common Open to pores at surface of skin (palms, forehead,) Control of sympathetic nervous system (ANS) 2/20/02 S. Davenport 16

17 Apocrine and Blood Vessels Apocrine glands Open to pores at hair follicles at axilla and analgenital areas Ceruminous glands are modified apocrine glands which produce cerumen (ear wax) Mammary glands are modified apocrine glands which produce milk Blood vessels Sympathetic control (ANS) regulates vasoconstriction and vasodilatation 2/20/02 S. Davenport 17

18 Hair Epidermal derivative (enfolding occurs at about 4 months) Hair growth Matrix region of growh Dermal papilla is extension of dermis into bulb of hair to supply blood vessesls to matrix. Cyclic; determines length Color mostly due to distribution of melanin Follicles usually associated with sebaceous gland and arrector pili Hair organized into cuticle, cortex, and medulla. 2/20/02 S. Davenport 18

19 Sebaceous Glands Oil Glands Located on all of body surfaces except palms and soles Glands open both directly onto surface and into hair follicles Secretion is called sebum Lubricates and softens both hair and cornified cells of skin 2/20/02 S. Davenport 19

20 Nails Growth occurs at the nail root Epidermal fold Nail body covers the nail bed. Nail body slips over the nail bed as the nail grows outward 2/20/02 S. Davenport 20

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