Skin is a complex organ, but by understanding its structure and function it becomes easier to create skin that is Reborn Beautiful.

Transcription

1 SKIN SCIENCE

2 Skin is a complex organ, but by understanding its structure and function it becomes easier to create skin that is Reborn Beautiful. Dr. Des Fernandes Copyright 2016 Environ Skin Care (Pty) Limited. All material and/or images contained herein are subject to copyright and remain the property of Environ Skin Care (Pty) Ltd. This material and/ or images may not be reproduced, copied or disseminated in any form or by any means, whether electronic, mechanical or otherwise without permission in writing from Environ Skin Care (Pty) Ltd.

3 table of CONTENTS WHAT ARE MY EXPECTATIONS OF THIS SESSION? LEARNING OUTCOMES TOPIC 1: SKIN PHYSIOLOGY - SKIN FUNCTIONS TOPIC 2: SKIN ANATOMY - SKIN LAYERS TOPIC 3: SKIN ANATOMY - SKIN CELLS TOPIC 4: SKIN TYPES TOPIC 5: SKIN CONDITIONS SKIN SCIENCE 3

4 What are my expectations OF THIS SESSION? NOTES 4 LEARNER WORKBOOK

5 INTRODUCTION Welcome to the Environ Education Journey. Brand Story Beautiful Science Step into Retail THE ENVIRON BRAND STORY SKIN SCIENCE ENVIRON SCIENCE ESSENTIAL SKIN CARE SPECIALIST SKIN CARE PERFECTING SKIN CARE Step up into Professional CONSULTATION IONZYME DF TECHNOLOGY COOL PEEL TECHNOLOGY NEEDLING LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of the session, you will be able to: Explain the natural functions of the skin Describe how Environ enhances the effects of the natural functions of the skin Identify the layers and main cells of the skin Describe the functions of the layers and main cells of the skin Explain the difference between a skin type and a skin condition Recognize the different skin types Recommend Environ for the appearance of each skin type Recognize the main skin conditions Describe the characteristics and causes of each skin condition Recommend Environ for the appearance of each skin condition SKIN SCIENCE 5

6 Topic 1 SKIN PHYSIOLOGY - SKIN FUNCTIONS SECTION 1: THE NATURAL FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN MAIN SKIN FACTS The skin is the outer covering of the body and is the largest organ of the human body. ACTIVITY weighs more than 3 kilograms. is thickest on the back and thinnest on the eyelids. THE NATURAL FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN Protection Sensation Heat regulation Secretion Synthesis of vitamin D 6 LEARNER WORKBOOK

7 Identify the function of the skin that matches each of the examples below. The receptors allow you to feel touch and pain. When you exercise, you sweat and your face goes red. When you are cold, heat is trapped inside your body. Chemical absorption is prevented. Sebum forms an important part of the acid mantle of the skin and keeps the skin moist. A crucial nutrient is created to decrease risk of bone disease and depression. FACTORS THAT WORK AGAINST THE SKIN S NATURAL FUNCTIONS Pollution Exposure to sun Stress Over-exfoliation Regular use of a sunbed and sun tanning SKIN SCIENCE 7

8 SECTION 2: HOW ENVIRON ENHANCES THE EFFECTS OF THE NATURAL FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN HOW ENVIRON WORKS WITH THE EFFECTS OF THE SKIN S NATURAL FUNCTIONS Through beautiful science, Environ products have the ability to enhance the effects of the natural functions of the skin, in the following ways: The appearance of the skin s health and integrity is maintained through the right levels of vitamin A. As all people everywhere suffer from a localized vitamin A deficiency, the appearance of the skin should first be normalized by restoring the benefits of this deficiency. - The cornerstone ingredient of Environ is vitamin A. Coarse, granular facial scrubs work against the skin s natural protective function, as they thin and irritate the protective waterproofing barrier of the skin. - Environ does not manufacture or recommend using coarse, granular facial scrubs. Instead, the products contain essential nutrients that enhance the benefits of the skin s protective function and promotes the effects of a healthy-looking, waterproof barrier. NOTES 8 LEARNER WORKBOOK

9 Topic 2 SKIN ANATOMY - SKIN LAYERS SECTION 1: THE LAYERS OF THE SKIN The previous topic focused on the functions of the skin. We now look at the skin s anatomy and how the layers and cells of the skin are structured. Write down a key function of each layer of the skin. ACTIVITY A CROSS-SECTION OF THE SKIN Epidermis Hair shaft Dermal papillae Dermis 0 mm 0.2 mm 1 mm Blood vessels Subcutaneous Sweat gland Hair follicle Sebaceous and root gland The scale indicates the thickness of the skin. DID YOU KNOW... UV-A rays can pass right through the epidermis and penetrate about 1mm deep into the dermis, damaging all the cells as they move through the layers. SKIN SCIENCE 9

10 SECTION 2: THE FUNCTIONS OF THE LAYERS OF THE EPIDERMIS THE LAYERS FOUND IN THE EPIDERMIS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS 0 mm Stratum corneum 0.02 mm Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum germinativum 0.2 mm 1 mm Stratum germinativum: Growth and differentiation The cells originate and grow from the active, living layer. Stratum spinosum: Where keratinisation starts Cells in this layer change in metabolism and shape. Stratum granulosum: Waterproofing barrier The stratum granulosum develops the most important waterproofing compounds of the skin. 10 LEARNER WORKBOOK

11 Stratum corneum: Protection The stratum corneum keeps moisture in the skin and prevents chemicals and bacteria from penetrating the skin. DID YOU KNOW... The stratum corneum is 0.02mm thick and is the skin s only protection against harmful environmental conditions. It is easy to remove this layer by simply scratching the skin as it is thinner than a standard piece of paper. This exposes the cells below stratum corneum to damage. NOTES SKIN SCIENCE 11

12 Topic 3 SKIN ANATOMY - SKIN CELLS SECTION 1: THE MAIN CELLS FOUND IN THE SKIN THE MAIN CELLS FOUND IN THE EPIDERMIS Melanocyte with melanin granules Langerhans cells Keratinocyte 12 LEARNER WORKBOOK

13 SECTION 2: THE FUNCTIONS OF THE MAIN SKIN CELLS Write down one or more key function(s) of each of these main skin cells. ACTIVITY THE FUNCTIONS OF THE MAIN SKIN CELLS Langerhans cells Keratinocytes Melanocytes HOW THE SKIN TANS Melanocytes produce the pigment melanin when exposed to UV light. Melanin is mainly responsible for the colour of skin and how the skin tans. Melanin absorbs UV light, thereby protecting the DNA of skin cells, which results in a tan. A tan is a scar due to the over-production of melanin as a protective mechanism. Any change in a person s skin colour indicates DNA damage. As there is less melanin in lighter skin, the DNA of the skin is at greater risk, and can suffer damage that could result in skin cancer. Darker skins can still suffer DNA damage, although the risk is less because there is more melanin in darker skin. SKIN SCIENCE 13

14 DID YOU KNOW... Not everyone s skin tans in the same way. Fitzpatrick Skin Types model The Fitzpatrick Skin Types model allows you to classify a skin type and determine how the skin will tan SUNBURN TAN EYE COLOUR light light darker darker dark dark SKIN COLOUR very pale pale not so pale olive brown very dark HAIR COLOUR red/blonde blonde light brown dark dark dark Very pale skin that always burns, but never tans. Pale skin that usually burns, but tans with difficulty. Not so pale, darker skin that sometimes burns slightly, but has an average tan. Olive skin that rarely burns, but tans with ease. Brown skin that does not burn, but tans. Very dark skin that never burns, but tans. 14 LEARNER WORKBOOK

15 Topic 4 SKIN TYPES SECTION 1: THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A SKIN TYPE AND SKIN CONDITION THE MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SKIN TYPES AND SKIN CONDITIONS Skin types Skin type is determined by genetic factors that affect your skin colour and texture. Your skin type can be classified as oily, normal or dry. It is possible to have more than one skin type, which is commonly known as combination skin. Skin conditions Your skin condition varies over time because of external and internal factors. Internal factors that can determine your skin condition include the natural aging process, hormones, and stress. External factors that can determine your skin condition include diet, climate and your daily skin care routine. NOTE: The skin condition is often the client s main skin concern. SKIN SCIENCE 15

16 SECTION 2: THE DIFFERENT SKIN TYPES Indicate where you think your skin lies on the skin type scale. OILY NORMAL DRY ACTIVITY MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH SKIN TYPE Write down some of the characteristics of your skin, relating to: Appearance Texture Secretion 16 LEARNER WORKBOOK

17 SECTION 3: RECOMMENDING ENVIRON FOR THE APPEARANCE OF EACH SKIN TYPE Normal, healthy-looking skin has the right levels of vitamin A. If your skin is dry or oily it may be a sign of a vitamin A deficiency. The only way to restore the vitamin A deficiency in the skin is through topical application of vitamin A. This is the reason why Environ s skin care philosophy is built on normalizing the appearance of the skin through the extraordinary ability of vitamin A to help rehabilitate, regenerate and restore the appearance of unhealthy-looking skin. A Unhealthylooking skin VITAMIN A NORMALIZE Healthylooking skin NOTES SKIN SCIENCE 17

18 Topic 5 SKIN CONDITIONS ACTIVITY SECTION 1: THE FIVE MAIN SKIN CONDITIONS HOW TO IDENTIFY A SKIN CONDITION When assessing the skin for a skin condition one should look at the skin s appearance, texture and secretion. Redness (Vascular Appearance Pigmentation Sallowness conditions - irregular blood flow Excess that is visible) Texture Wrinkling and fine lines keratinization (thicker texture) Rough or uneven skin Weakened Secretion Low levels of moisture Greasiness Breakouts or congestion skin surface (impaired acid mantle) 18 LEARNER WORKBOOK

19 THE FIVE MAIN SKIN CONDITIONS Identify the five main skin conditions. SKIN SCIENCE 19

20 SECTION 2: THE CHARACTERISTICS AND CAUSES OF EACH SKIN CONDITION Icon Ageing Name Aging skin Characteristics Appearance Sun damage Texture Thinning texture Laxity Wrinkles and fine lines Secretion Decreased moisture Intrinsic Causes Extrinsic Natural process of aging Sun exposure Smoking Pollution and toxins THE CAUSES OF AGING SKIN Intrinsic The natural process of aging: As all people age, their skin naturally starts to lose its immunity and ability to protect itself from the sun and environmental 20 LEARNER WORKBOOK

21 influences. The cell regenerating process is slowed down and the skin s surface becomes thinner and struggles to hold moisture. Extrinsic Sun exposure: Sun damage is an ever-present cause of many skin concerns and eventual conditions. When it comes to aging and specifically wrinkles, the sun is to blame for up to 90% of the unwanted lines on the skin. The sun s exposure and vitamin D paradox, as discussed previously in the Vitamin A module: Vitamin D is only created through exposure to the sun (UV-B) and is necessary to prevent certain cancers and to keep bones strong and healthy. At the same time, too much sun (UV-A) exposure destroys levels of vitamin D in the skin. The ideal then is to only expose your skin to the sun for no more than 20 minutes each day. It is, however, more important to protect your skin against sun damage, by replacing the vitamins that are damaged by exposure to sunlight. UV-A rays are the main culprits in aging caused by sun damage. While UV-B rays only penetrate the epidermis, UV-A rays penetrate right through the epidermis into the dermis and destroy cells as they go. Smoking: Smoking is another cause of premature aging as it causes damage to the collagen in the skin and leaves distinct lines around the mouth. Pollution and toxins: Pollution and toxins in the environment destroy essential vitamins in the skin and cause aging. SKIN SCIENCE 21

22 Icon Name Dehydrated Dehydrated skin Characteristics Appearance Texture Fine cracks Flaking Rough texture Dryness Secretion Intrinsic Low levels of oil Decreased moisture Causes Extrinsic Natural process of aging Sun exposure Lack of essential fatty acids and water Certain medications Excessive alcohol Weather extremes 22 LEARNER WORKBOOK

23 THE CAUSES OF DEHYDRATED SKIN Intrinsic The natural process of aging: Your skin loses its elasticity resulting in skin feeling tight. The sebaceous glands that secrete oil to lubricate the skin become less active. Extrinsic Lifestyle factors: If the body does not receive enough essential fatty acids, the skin can start to itch, dry out and feel scaly. A general lack of water in the body can lead to dehydrated skin. Too much alcohol and the regular use of certain medications can also lead to dehydrated skin. Environmental stressors: Weather extremes paired with sun exposure causes the skin to lose moisture, resulting in skin feeling tight. Cold winds and the air from air conditioning units dry out the skin. SKIN SCIENCE 23

24 Icon Name Sensitive skin Characteristics Appearance Texture Redness Rashes Uneven texture Itchy areas Secretion Compromised skin barrier Intrinsic Causes Extrinsic Genetic predisposition Inflammation Sun exposure Impaired acid mantle Weather extremes Pollution and toxins 24 LEARNER WORKBOOK

25 THE CAUSES OF SENSITIVE SKIN Intrinsic Genetics: In some cases, the cause of sensitivity can be directly linked to a genetic predisposition for sensitive skin. Extrinsic Physical triggers: There are many reasons why the skin becomes inflamed and sensitive. Most often, inflammation of the skin is caused by physical triggers that include sunlight, cold, heat, various chemicals and pollution that compromise the stratum corneum and the acid mantle. When the stratum corneum is healthy and intact the skin is at a low risk of sensitivity. Q Q: I am not sure if I have an allergy or a sensitivity to an ingredient. How will I know for sure? A: In general, sensitivity reactions are localized and may take some time to develop. Allergic reactions develop soon after the product containing the allergen is applied, and tends to manifest on all the areas of application. A SKIN SCIENCE 25

26 Icon Name Pigmented Pigmented skin Characteristics Appearance Uneven skin tone Texture Normal texture Secretion Normal secretion Intrinsic Causes Extrinsic Hormonal changes Genetic predisposition Sun exposure 26 LEARNER WORKBOOK

27 THE CAUSES OF PIGMENTED SKIN Intrinsic Hormonal changes: Melasma is a specific kind of hyperpigmentation that is caused mainly by hormonal changes and often follows pregnancy. Genetic predisposition: Abnormal or excessive pigmentation occurs when there is an increase in melanin production. This can happen because of too much sun exposure, although genes can also be an intrinsic factor that can cause abnormal pigmentation. It is one of the most challenging skin conditions to treat. Extrinsic Sun exposure: Exposure to UV light stimulates the formation of melanin, which is the molecule responsible for the skin s colour. Melanocytes produce and distribute melanin. Melanin is transported through the dendrites of the melanocytes to the keratinocytes that eventually contain the melanin. SKIN SCIENCE 27

28 Icon Name Blemish-prone skin Characteristics Appearance Sallow appearance Texture Uneven texture Hyper keratinization Secretion Excess sebum Intrinsic Causes Extrinsic Genetic predisposition Hormonal changes Stress Diet Physical factors like touching, squeezing or picking Environmental factors 28 LEARNER WORKBOOK

29 THE CAUSES OF BLEMISH-PRONE SKIN Blemishes or problem skin starts in the area surrounding the hairs that grow from the skin, known as the pilosebaceous follicle. These follicles become plugged with oil and dead skin cells, eventually leading to congestion and breakouts. Further causes of congestion and breakouts include: Intrinsic Hormonal changes: Androgens increase during puberty causing enlarged sebaceous glands, making more sebum. Pregnancy/ hormonal medications/polycystic Ovarian syndrome can also cause blemishes in the skin. Stress: Stress stimulates the release of certain hormones that cause more sebaceous secretions. Extrinsic Diet: Certain dietary factors such as diary products and carbohydrates can cause blemishes. Physical factors: Physical factors such as touching, squeezing and picking at blemishes may spread the infection making breakouts worse. Environmental factors: Environmental factors that include humidity and pollution as well as cortisone and a lack of certain B vitamins can worsen problem skin. SKIN SCIENCE 29

30 SECTION 3: RECOMMENDING ENVIRON FOR THE APPEARANCE OF EACH SKIN CONDITION ENVIRON SKIN CARE PRESCRIPTION³ We follow the three steps in the Environ Skin Care Prescription³ technique when addressing the appearance of skin conditions. First Then Normalize for healthy-looking skin with vitamin A Recommend the suitable Range within Essential skin care for the skin type. Target with confidence Recommend the suitable Range within Specialist skin care for the skin condition. Lastly Perfect and enhance the look of the skin Recommend the Range within Perfecting skin care. 30 LEARNER WORKBOOK

31 First Normalize the look of the skin ESSENTIAL SKIN CARE SPECIALIST SKIN CARE PERFECTING SKIN CARE Lastly Perfect and enhance the appearance of the skin Youth EssentiA Skin EssentiA Sun Care Body Pharma Focus Care Youth+ Focus Care Moisture+ Focus Care Comfort+ Focus Care Radiance+ Focus Care Clarity+ Focus Care Skin Tech+ Then Target with confidence Even More Aging skin Dehydrated skin Sensitive skin Pigmented skin Blemish-prone skin SKIN SCIENCE 31

32 NOTES 32 LEARNER WORKBOOK