The Renal System. David Carroll
|
|
- Steven Hicks
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The Renal System David Carroll
2 Learning Objectives What you need to pass your exam Anatomy Physiology Pharmacology Pathophysiology
3 Renal Anatomy
4
5
6 Renal Anatomy Each kidney has outer cortex and inner medulla. Urine is formed within functional subunits known as nephrons.
7
8
9
10 Renal Anatomy Each kidney has outer cortex and inner medulla. Urine is formed within functional subunits known as nephrons. Each nephron contains a glomerulus, consisting of a tuft of capillaries with an afferent and efferent arteriole. The glomerulus is surrounded by epithelium of the Bowman s capsule. Glomerulus and Bowman s capsule form renal corpuscle.
11 Renal Anatomy This initial filtrate is then modified by a variety of secretory and reabsorptive processes as it passes through: 1. Proximal convoluted tubule 2. Loop of Henle 3. Distal convoluted tubule 4. Collecting duct The glomeruli and convoluted tubules lie within outer cortex and loop of Henle and collecting duct extend into medullary region. End product, urine, is delivered via renal pelvis to ureter.
12
13
14
15
16 What does the kidney do? Removal of waste products Maintenance of fluids & electrolytes Acid-base balance
17 What does the kidney do? Endocrine functions: 1. Blood pressure Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system 2. Haemoglobin Erythropoeitin 3. Calcium & phosphate Vitamin D activation
18 The Nephron Functional unit of the kidney (1,000,000) Responsible for urine formation Made up of: - Glomerulus - Afferent and Efferent arterioles - Proximal Tubule - Loop of Henle - Distal Tubule - Collecting Duct
19 Functions of the Nephron Filtration Reabsorption Secretion Excretion
20 Filtration Kidneys alone receive approximately 25% of cardiac output (sv X hr) Cells, proteins, and other large molecules are filtered out of the glomerulus (driven by Starling forces) by a process of ultrafiltration, leaving an ultrafiltrate that resembles plasma (except that the ultrafiltrate has negligible plasma proteins) to enter Bowman's space.
21
22
23 Reabsorption Active Transport (requires ATP) Na+, K+ ATP pumps Passive Transport Na+ symporters (glucose, amino acids, etc) Na+ antiporters (H+) Ion channels Osmosis
24
25 Reabsorption Proximal tubule - reabsorbs 65 % of filtered Na+ as well as Cl-, Ca2+, PO4, HCO % of H20. Glucose, carbohydrates, amino acids, and small proteins are also reabsorbed here Loop of Henle - reabsorbs 25% of filtered Na+. Descending loop impermeable to only water. Distal tubule - reabsorbs 10% of filtered Na+ and reabsorbs HCO3- Collecting duct - reabsorbs the remaining 2% of Na+ only if the hormone aldosterone is present. H20 depending on hormone ADH
26 Secretion Proximal tubule uric acid, bile salts, metabolites, some drugs, some creatinine Distal tubule Most active secretion takes place here including organic acids, K+, H+ and drugs
27 Regulation of Fluids & Electrolytes Fluid balance is the concept of homeostasis, that the amount of fluid lost is equal to the amount taken in. Euvolaemia is the state of normal body fluid volume. The major source of fluid loss is urine. Fluid loss is regulated in the kidney hormonally. Largely through RAAS and ADH.
28 Regulation of Fluids & Electrolytes Na + in particular is the major driving force of fluid shifts in the body it maintains ECF volume. Therefore it is hugely important to maintain an appropriate Na + balance. 99% of Na + filtered in the glomerulus is reabsorbed. Transport proteins in the renal tubule mediate Na + reabsorption. Na + concentration gradient along the tubule allows sodium to move into tubule cells. The gradient is maintained by the Na + / K + ATPase pump.
29
30
31 Renin Secreted in response to renal hypoperfusion from juxta-glomerular apparatus macula densa Converts of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I Direct Effects Vasodilatation of afferent arteriole Direct Na + loss
32
33
34
35 Aldosterone High [K+] or low [Na+] stimulates the secretion of aldosterone from adrenal cortex Acts on DCT causing reabsorption of Na + & water increasing ECF and increases blood pressure Final [K+] controlled in collecting duct by aldosterone, when aldosterone is absent, no K+ is excreted in the urine (Only means by which K+ is secreted) Since water is passively reabsorbed down the osmotic gradient generated by Na+ transport, water reabsorption is also affected. This means that while it affects ECF volume it has little effect on ECF [Na+], since reabsorbed Na+ is followed by a proportionate amount of water.
36
37
38
39 Anti - Diuretic Hormone Secreted from posterior pituitary Secretion is if: 1. osmolality (ECF) 2. volume 3. atrial pressure Promotes water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct Also known as vasopressin a direct vasoconstrictor
40 Acid Base Regulation H + levels are regulated through two buffering systems: Chemical buffers binds to H + e.g. Bicarbonate buffering system Physiological buffer controls excretion of acids or bases (kidneys) or volatile acids (lungs) Bicarbonate buffering system: CO 2 + H 2 O H 2 CO 3 H + + HCO 3 - The kidney acts as a physiological buffer: When ph is low excess H + ions are secreted in the tubules via the Na + /H + exchanger and more bicarbonate is reabsorbed. When ph is high less bicarbonate is reabsorbed.
41 Assessment of renal function Measure waste products of protein metabolism - Measurement of plasma [urea] and [creatinine] Creatinine clearance = UV/P U=urinary [creatinine] V= urinary output in 24 hours P= plasma [creatinine]
42 Glomerular Filtration Rate Normal values are: ml/min ml/min In clinical practice an estimated GFR (egfr) is provided based on: - Plasma [creatinine] - Age - Gender - Ethnicity
43 Renal Pharmacology
44
45 Loop Diuretics MOA: Na/K/2Cl co-transporter blocker Indications: oedema e.g. HF, resistant hypertension Cautions: can worsen gout, diabetes Contra-indications: hypok+, anuria Side effects: postural hypotension, hypok+, hypona+, hypomg+
46
47 Thiazide Diuretics MOA: inhibit Na reabsorption in DCT Indications: Hypertension, heart failure Cautions: can worsen gout, diabetes NOT IN PREGNANCY Side effects: postural hypotension, hypok+, hypona+, hypomg+, hyperca2+, gout (hyperuricaemia)
48
49
50 Potassium Sparing MOA: aldosterone receptor antagonist Indications: oedema/ascites from liver cirrhosis, heart failure, primary hyperaldosteronism Cautions: look out for hyperk+ Contra-indications: hyperk+, Addison s disease Side effects: gynacomastia, testicular atrophy, menstrual disorders, alopecia, hirsutism
51
52 Drugs that make kidneys sad Should be avoided in renal failure e.g. NSAIDs, ACE-I, ARBs, aminoglycosides, large doses of penicillins, ciclophosphamide, ciclosporine A, gold, penicillamine What are the general principles of prescribing in renal failure? Reduced dose and/or increase the dosage interval according to renal function, especially with drugs which have a small therapeutic index Base changes on measures of renal function i.e. glomerular filtration rate, serum creatinine Use plasma levels if possible digoxin, gentamicin, ciclosporin. Avoid drugs which are nephrotoxic
53 Pathophysiology
54 Urinary Tract Infections Causes: Typically E. Coli (also Proteus, Klebsiella, Staph e.g. epidermidis) Risk Factors: Gender (ascending infectionshorter urethra in females) Stasis of urine (eg renal calculi, reflux, tumours) Medical plastic (catheters) P/C: Symptoms: Lower UTI (cystitis & urtheritis)- frequency, urgency, dysuria Upper UTI (pyelonephritis)- as above plus fever, loin pain, rigors Ix: Pre-treatment MSSU for microscopy & culture. Urine dipstick May need structural /functional imaging to rule of reflux & renal scarring if UTIs recurrent
55 Acute Kidney Injury Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is common, expensive to manage, prolongs hospitalization and is associated with increased mortality AKI is defined by an acute reduction in kidney function as identified by an increase in the serum creatinine and reduction in urine output. Symptoms: Anorexia, nausea & vomiting Pruritis Confusion, reduced consciousness
56 Acute Kidney Injury Pre-Renal Volume depletion Dehydration Blood loss Hypotension Sepsis Medications Cardiac failure Renal Acute Tubular Injury Interstitial nephritis Glomeruloneph ritis Vasculitis Post-Renal Bladder outlet obstruction Bilateral ureteric obstruction. Obstruction of a single functioning kidney
57 Hidden causes of CKD Hypertension Infection Diabetes Drugs Kidney damage or reduced GFR for more than 3 months Exotica Nephritides 70% cases caused by diabetes, hypertension and atherosclerosis.
58 Chronic Kidney Disease Reduced GFR Fluid retention tissue oedema and heart failure Reduced metabolite excretion uraemia, increased lipids, increased plasma urate and [creatinine] Reduced tubular function Reduced fluid reabsorption causing polyuria Reduced K+ secretion resulting in hyperkalaemia Reduced acid secretion resulting in metabolic acidosis Anaemia Reduced erythropoietin production normocytic normochromic anaemia Renal bone disease Reduced vitamin D activation leads to decreased Ca2+ absorption from GIT Plasma phosphate elevated due to reduced renal excretion and reduced calcium Reduced levels of vitamin D and reduced calcium stimulate parathormone secretion hyperparathyroidism secondary Cardiovascular complications Activation of RAAS increases PR hypertension Fluid retention leading to heart failure Increased cholesterol atherosclerosis
59 Management of CKD Renoprotection Maintain normal BP and restrict proteinuria Reducing angiotensin II activity ACE inhibitors Reducing BP diuretics and calcium channel blockers Manage other pathogenic conditions e.g. smoking, diabetes Treat complications Anaemia - EPO Hyperlipidaemia - statins Hyperkalaemia restrict intake Acidosis oral bicarbonate Hyperphosphataemia phosphate binders Ostemomalacia & secondary hyperparathyroidism activated vit D analogues Haemodialysis Deals with waste products and fluid/electrolyte overload
60 Acknowledgements All images available via Wikimedia Commons.
61 Questions? Slides + supplementary notes will be online
The Renal System. Dr Noel Sharkey
The Renal System Dr Noel Sharkey Learning Objectives Function Anatomy Physiology Pharmacology Pathophysiology The Function of the Kidney Excretion - Urea - Metabolites - Drugs Regulation - BP control (RAAS)
More informationRenal System and Excretion
Renal System and Excretion Biology 105 Lecture 19 Chapter 16 Outline Renal System I. Functions II. Organs of the renal system III. Kidneys 1. Structure 2. Function IV. Nephron 1. Structure 2. Function
More informationOutline Urinary System. Urinary System and Excretion. Urine. Urinary System. I. Function II. Organs of the urinary system
Outline Urinary System Urinary System and Excretion Bio105 Chapter 16 Renal will be on the Final only. I. Function II. Organs of the urinary system A. Kidneys 1. Function 2. Structure III. Disorders of
More informationBCH 450 Biochemistry of Specialized Tissues
BCH 450 Biochemistry of Specialized Tissues VII. Renal Structure, Function & Regulation Kidney Function 1. Regulate Extracellular fluid (ECF) (plasma and interstitial fluid) through formation of urine.
More informationThe principal functions of the kidneys
Renal physiology The principal functions of the kidneys Formation and excretion of urine Excretion of waste products, drugs, and toxins Regulation of body water and mineral content of the body Maintenance
More informationUrinary System and Excretion. Bio105 Lecture 20 Chapter 16
Urinary System and Excretion Bio105 Lecture 20 Chapter 16 1 Outline Urinary System I. Function II. Organs of the urinary system A. Kidneys 1. Function 2. Structure III. Disorders of the urinary system
More informationOutline Urinary System
Urinary System and Excretion Bio105 Lecture Packet 20 Chapter 16 Outline Urinary System I. Function II. Organs of the urinary system A. Kidneys 1. Function 2. Structure B. Urine formation 1. Hormonal regulation
More informationOsmoregulation and Renal Function
1 Bio 236 Lab: Osmoregulation and Renal Function Fig. 1: Kidney Anatomy Fig. 2: Renal Nephron The kidneys are paired structures that lie within the posterior abdominal cavity close to the spine. Each kidney
More informationorgans of the urinary system
organs of the urinary system Kidneys (2) bean-shaped, fist-sized organ where urine is formed. Lie on either sides of the vertebral column, in a depression beneath peritoneum and protected by lower ribs
More informationNephron Structure inside Kidney:
In-Depth on Kidney Nephron Structure inside Kidney: - Each nephron has two capillary regions in close proximity to the nephron tubule, the first capillary bed for fluid exchange is called the glomerulus,
More information014 Chapter 14 Created: 9:25:14 PM CST
014 Chapter 14 Created: 9:25:14 PM CST Student: 1. Functions of the kidneys include A. the regulation of body salt and water balance. B. hydrogen ion homeostasis. C. the regulation of blood glucose concentration.
More informationHuman Urogenital System 26-1
Human Urogenital System 26-1 Urogenital System Functions Filtering of blood, Removal of wastes and metabolites Regulation of blood volume and composition concentration of blood solutes ph of extracellular
More information1. a)label the parts indicated above and give one function for structures Y and Z
Excretory System 1 1. Excretory System a)label the parts indicated above and give one function for structures Y and Z W- renal cortex - X- renal medulla Y- renal pelvis collecting center of urine and then
More informationApril 08, biology 2201 ch 11.3 excretion.notebook. Biology The Excretory System. Apr 13 9:14 PM EXCRETORY SYSTEM.
Biology 2201 11.3 The Excretory System EXCRETORY SYSTEM 1 Excretory System How does the excretory system maintain homeostasis? It regulates heat, water, salt, acid base concentrations and metabolite concentrations
More information2) This is a Point and Click question. You must click on the required structure.
Class: A&P2-1 Description: Test: Excretory Test Points: 144 Test Number: 28379 Printed: 31-March-10 12:03 1) This is a Point and Click question. You must click on the required structure. Click on the Bowman's
More informationNephron Function and Urine Formation. Ms. Kula December 1, 2014 Biology 30S
Nephron Function and Urine Formation Ms. Kula December 1, 2014 Biology 30S The Role of the Nephron In order for the body to properly function and maintain homeostasis, the amount of dissolved substances
More informationQuestions? Homework due in lab 6. PreLab #6 HW 15 & 16 (follow directions, 6 points!)
Questions? Homework due in lab 6 PreLab #6 HW 15 & 16 (follow directions, 6 points!) Part 3 Variations in Urine Formation Composition varies Fluid volume Solute concentration Variations in Urine Formation
More informationThe Urinary S. (Chp. 10) & Excretion. What are the functions of the urinary system? Maintenance of water-salt and acidbase
10.1 Urinary system The Urinary S. (Chp. 10) & Excretion 10.1 Urinary system What are the functions of the urinary system? 1. Excretion of metabolic wastes (urea, uric acid & creatinine) 1. Maintenance
More informationPARTS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
EXCRETORY SYSTEM Excretory System How does the excretory system maintain homeostasis? It regulates heat, water, salt, acid-base concentrations and metabolite concentrations 1 ORGANS OF EXCRETION Skin and
More informationNOTES: CH 44 Regulating the Internal Environment (Homeostasis & The Urinary System)
NOTES: CH 44 Regulating the Internal Environment (Homeostasis & The Urinary System) HOMEOSTASIS **Recall HOMEOSTASIS is the steady-state physiological condition of the body. It includes: 1) Thermoregulation:
More informationUrinary System Organization. Urinary System Organization. The Kidneys. The Components of the Urinary System
Urinary System Organization The Golden Rule: The Job of The Urinary System is to Maintain the Composition and Volume of ECF remember this & all else will fall in place! Functions of the Urinary System
More informationOsmotic Regulation and the Urinary System. Chapter 50
Osmotic Regulation and the Urinary System Chapter 50 Challenge Questions Indicate the areas of the nephron that the following hormones target, and describe when and how the hormones elicit their actions.
More informationNephrology - the study of the kidney. Urology - branch of medicine dealing with the male and female urinary systems and the male reproductive system
Urinary System Nephrology - the study of the kidney Urology - branch of medicine dealing with the male and female urinary systems and the male reproductive system Functions of the Urinary System 1. Regulation
More informationRENAL PHYSIOLOGY. Physiology Unit 4
RENAL PHYSIOLOGY Physiology Unit 4 Renal Functions Primary Function is to regulate the chemistry of plasma through urine formation Additional Functions Regulate concentration of waste products Regulate
More informationKidneys and Homeostasis
16 The Urinary System The Urinary System OUTLINE: Eliminating Waste Components of the Urinary System Kidneys and Homeostasis Urination Urinary Tract Infections Eliminating Waste Excretion Elimination of
More informationUrinary Physiology. Chapter 17 Outline. Kidney Function. Chapter 17
Urinary Physiology Chapter 17 Chapter 17 Outline Structure and Function of the Kidney Glomerular Filtration Reabsorption of Salt and Water Renal Plasma Clearance Renal Control of Electrolyte and Acid-Base
More informationExcretory System 1. a)label the parts indicated above and give one function for structures Y and Z
Excretory System 1 1. Excretory System a)label the parts indicated above and give one function for structures Y and Z W- X- Y- Z- b) Which of the following is not a function of the organ shown? A. to produce
More informationBIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH.44 - OSMOREGULATION AND EXCRETION.
!! www.clutchprep.com Osmoregulation regulation of solute balance and water loss to maintain homeostasis of water content Excretion process of eliminating waste from the body, like nitrogenous waste Kidney
More informationSunday, July 17, 2011 URINARY SYSTEM
URINARY SYSTEM URINARY SYSTEM Let s take a look at the anatomy first! KIDNEYS: are complex reprocessing centers where blood is filtered through and waste products are removed. Wastes and extra water become
More informationRNPDC CCNP Anatomy and Physiology: Renal System Pre-Quiz 2015
RNPDC CCNP Anatomy and Physiology: Renal System Pre-Quiz 2015 1. In which abdominal cavity do the kidneys lie? a) Peritoneum. b) Anteperitoneal. c) Retroperitoneal. d) Parietal peritoneal 2. What is the
More informationExcretory System. Biology 2201
Excretory System Biology 2201 Excretory System How does the excretory system maintain homeostasis? It regulates: Body heat Water-salt concentrations Acid-base concentrations Metabolite concentrations ORGANS
More informationExcretory System. Excretory System
Excretory System Biology 2201 Excretory System How does the excretory system maintain homeostasis? It regulates: Body heat Water-salt concentrations Acid-base concentrations Metabolite concentrations 1
More information1. Urinary System, General
S T U D Y G U I D E 16 1. Urinary System, General a. Label the figure by placing the numbers of the structures in the spaces by the correct labels. 7 Aorta 6 Kidney 8 Ureter 2 Inferior vena cava 4 Renal
More informationThe Excretory System. Biology 20
The Excretory System Biology 20 Introduction Follow along on page 376 What dangers exist if your body is unable to regulate the fluid balance of your tissues? What challenged would the body have to respond
More informationNephron Anatomy Nephron Anatomy
Kidney Functions: (Eckert 14-17) Mammalian Kidney -Paired -1% body mass -20% blood flow (Eckert 14-17) -Osmoregulation -Blood volume regulation -Maintain proper ion concentrations -Dispose of metabolic
More informationBIOL2030 Human A & P II -- Exam 6
BIOL2030 Human A & P II -- Exam 6 Name: 1. The kidney functions in A. preventing blood loss. C. synthesis of vitamin E. E. making ADH. B. white blood cell production. D. excretion of metabolic wastes.
More informationRenal System Dr. Naim Kittana Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences An-Najah National University
Renal System Dr. Naim Kittana Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences An-Najah National University Declaration The content and the figures of this seminar were directly
More informationNovember 30, 2016 & URINE FORMATION
& URINE FORMATION REVIEW! Urinary/Renal System 200 litres of blood are filtered daily by the kidneys Usable material: reabsorbed back into blood Waste: drained into the bladder away from the heart to the
More informationVertebrates possess kidneys: internal organs which are vital to ion and water balance and excretion.
The Kidney Vertebrates possess kidneys: internal organs which are vital to ion and water balance and excretion. The kidney has 6 roles in the maintenance of homeostasis. 6 Main Functions 1. Ion Balance
More informationHuman Physiology - Problem Drill 17: The Kidneys and Nephronal Physiology
Human Physiology - Problem Drill 17: The Kidneys and Nephronal Physiology Question No. 1 of 10 Instructions: (1) Read the problem statement and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper
More information12/7/10. Excretory System. The basic function of the excretory system is to regulate the volume and composition of body fluids by:
Excretory System The basic function of the excretory system is to regulate the volume and composition of body fluids by: o o removing wastes returning needed substances to the body for reuse Body systems
More informationUrinary System. consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
Urinary System 1 Urinary System consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra 2 Location of Kidneys The kidneys which are positioned retroperitoneally lie on either side of the vertebral
More informationOne Minute Movies: Molecular Action at the Nephron Joy Killough / Westwood High School / Austin,TX
One Minute Movies: Molecular Action at the Nephron Joy Killough / Westwood High School / Austin,TX To prepare your nephron model: ( A nephron is a tubule and the glomerulus. There are about a million of
More informationChapter 11 Lecture Outline
Chapter 11 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction
More informationUrinary System BIO 250. Waste Products of Metabolism Urea Carbon dioxide Inorganic salts Water Heat. Routes of Waste Elimination
Urinary System BIO 250 Waste Products of Metabolism Urea Carbon dioxide Inorganic salts Water Heat Routes of Waste Elimination Skin: Variable amounts of heat, salts, and water; small amounts of urea and
More informationChapter 16 Lecture Outline
Chapter 16 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction
More informationChapter 13 The Urinary System
Biology 12 Name: Urinary System Per: Date: Chapter 13 The Urinary System Complete using BC Biology 12, page 408-435 13.1 The Urinary System pages 412-413 1. As the kidneys produce urine, they carry out
More informationChapter 26 The Urinary System
Chapter 26 The Urinary System Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder & urethra Urine flows from each kidney, down its ureter to the bladder and to the outside via the urethra Filter the blood and return most
More information28/04/2013 LEARNING OUTCOME C13 URINARY SYSTEM STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT INDICATORS STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT INDICATORS URINARY SYSTEM & EXCRETION
LEARNING OUTCOME C13 Analyse the functional interrelationships of the structures of the urinary system Learning Outcome C13 URINARY SYSTEM STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT INDICATORS Students who have fully met this
More informationUse the following diagram to answer the next question. 1. In the diagram above, pressure filtration occurs in a. W b. X c. Y d. Z
Part A: Multiple Choice Questions Value: 32 Marks Suggested time: 40 minutes Instructions: For each question select the best answer and record your choice on the Scantron card provided. Using an HB pencil,
More informationThe Urinary System. BIOLOGY OF HUMANS Concepts, Applications, and Issues. Judith Goodenough Betty McGuire
BIOLOGY OF HUMANS Concepts, Applications, and Issues Fifth Edition Judith Goodenough Betty McGuire 16 The Urinary System Lecture Presentation Anne Gasc Hawaii Pacific University and University of Hawaii
More informationChapter 19 The Urinary System Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
Chapter 19 The Urinary System Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Chapter Outline The Concept of Balance Water Balance Sodium Balance Potassium Balance Calcium Balance Interactions between Fluid and Electrolyte
More informationExcretion Chapter 29. The Mammalian Excretory System consists of. The Kidney. The Nephron: the basic unit of the kidney.
Excretion Chapter 29 The Mammalian Excretory System consists of The Kidney 1. Vertebrate kidneys perform A. Ion balance B. Osmotic balance C. Blood pressure D. ph balance E. Excretion F. Hormone production
More information1.&Glomerular/Pressure&Filtration&
Urine&Formation& Overall&Process&! Urine gets rid of wastes (NH 3, urea, uric acid, creatinine) and other substances (vitamins, penicillin, histamines) found in excess in the blood!! blood is filtered
More informationPHGY210 Renal Physiology
PHGY210 Renal Physiology Tomoko Takano, MD, PhD *Associate Professor of Medicine and Physiology McGill University *Nephrologist, McGill University Health Centre Lecture plan Lecture 1: Anatomy, basics
More informationRenal Physiology Part II. Bio 219 Napa Valley College Dr. Adam Ross
Renal Physiology Part II Bio 219 Napa Valley College Dr. Adam Ross Fluid and Electrolyte balance As we know from our previous studies: Water and ions need to be balanced in order to maintain proper homeostatic
More informationRenal Quiz - June 22, 21001
Renal Quiz - June 22, 21001 1. The molecular weight of calcium is 40 and chloride is 36. How many milligrams of CaCl 2 is required to give 2 meq of calcium? a) 40 b) 72 c) 112 d) 224 2. The extracellular
More informationExcretory Lecture Test Questions Set 1
Excretory Lecture Test Questions Set 1 1. The separation and ejection of metabolic wastes, usually in aqueous solution, is: a. reabsorption b. secretion c. filtration d. excretion e. endocrinology 2. Besides
More informationRenal Functions: Renal Functions: Renal Function: Produce Urine
Renal Functions: Excrete metabolic waste products Reabsorb vital nutrients Regulate osmolarity: Maintain ion balance Regulate extracellular fluid volume (and thus blood pressure) Renal Functions: Regulate
More informationUnit #4 Waste and Excretion. The Kidneys
Unit #4 Waste and Excretion The Kidneys Renal Hilus (Hilus) the doorway of the kidney Ureter leaves this region blood and lymphatic vessels enter and exit here Renal Capsule (Capsule) smooth fibrous tissue
More informationRenal System Physiology
M58_MARI0000_00_SE_EX09.qxd 7/18/11 2:37 PM Page 399 E X E R C I S E 9 Renal System Physiology Advance Preparation/Comments 1. Prior to the lab, suggest to the students that they become familiar with the
More information5.Which part of the nephron removes water, ions and nutrients from the blood?
Uro question 1.While reading a blood test I notice a high level of creatinine, I could assume from this that A) There is a possibility of a UTI B) There is a possibility of diabetes C) There is a possibility
More informationRenal Pharmacology. Diuretics: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Thiazides Loop Diuretics Potassium-sparing Diuretics BIMM118
Diuretics: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Thiazides Loop Diuretics Potassium-sparing Diuretics Renal Pharmacology Kidneys: Represent 0.5% of total body weight, but receive ~25% of the total arterial blood
More informationGlomerular Capillary Blood Pressure
Glomerular Capillary Blood Pressure Fluid pressure exerted by blood within glomerular capillaries Depends on Contraction of the heart Resistance to blood flow offered by afferent and efferent arterioles
More informationFunctions of the Urinary System
The Urinary System Functions of the Urinary System Elimination of waste products Nitrogenous wastes Toxins Drugs Regulate aspects of homeostasis Water balance Electrolytes Acid-base balance in the blood
More informationRENAL SYSTEM 2 TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF NEPHRON SEGMENTS Emma Jakoi, Ph.D.
RENAL SYSTEM 2 TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF NEPHRON SEGMENTS Emma Jakoi, Ph.D. Learning Objectives 1. Identify the region of the renal tubule in which reabsorption and secretion occur. 2. Describe the cellular
More informationP215 Spring 2018: Renal Physiology Chapter 18: pp , Chapter 19: pp ,
P215 Spring 2018: Renal Physiology Chapter 18: pp. 504-520, 525-527 Chapter 19: pp. 532-548, 553-560 I. Main Components of the Renal System 1. kidneys 2. ureters 3. urinary bladder 4. urethra 4 Major Functions
More informationRENAL PHYSIOLOGY. Danil Hammoudi.MD
RENAL PHYSIOLOGY Danil Hammoudi.MD Functions Regulating blood ionic composition Regulating blood ph Regulating blood volume Regulating blood pressure Produce calcitrol and erythropoietin Regulating blood
More informationEXCRETION IN HUMANS 31 JULY 2013
EXCRETION IN HUMANS 31 JULY 2013 Lesson Description In this lesson we: Discuss organs of excretion Look at the structure of the urinary system Look at the structure and functioning of the kidney Discuss
More informationOsmoregulation and Excretion
Animal Life and Excretion Harder for multicellular organisms Internal circulation Coordination, information transfer Structural maintenance Movement Maintenance of homeostatic internal environment 15 July
More informationThe Urinary System 15PART A. PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College
PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College The Urinary System 15PART A Functions of the Urinary System Elimination of waste products Nitrogenous
More informationSHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Exam Name SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. Figure 25.1 Using Figure 25.1, match the following: 1) Glomerulus. 2) Afferent arteriole. 3)
More informationI. Metabolic Wastes Metabolic Waste:
I. Metabolic Wastes Metabolic Waste: a) Carbon Dioxide: by-product of cellular respiration. b) Water: by-product of cellular respiration & dehydration synthesis reactions. c) Inorganic Salts: by-product
More informationRenal physiology II. Basic renal processes. Dr Alida Koorts BMS
Renal physiology II Basic renal processes Dr Alida Koorts BMS 7-12 012 319 2921 akoorts@medic.up.ac.za Basic renal processes 1. filtration 2. reabsorption 3. secretion Glomerular filtration The filtration
More informationChapter 25 The Urinary System
Chapter 25 The Urinary System 10/30/2013 MDufilho 1 Kidney Functions Removal of toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess ions from the blood Regulation of blood volume, chemical composition, and ph Gluconeogenesis
More informationQuestion 1: Solution 1: Question 2: Question 3: Question 4: Class X The Excretory System Biology
A. MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE: (select the most appropriate option in each case) Book Name: Selina Concise Question 1: Excretion primarily involves (a) removal of all byproducts during catabolism (b) removal
More information1. remove: waste products: urea, creatinine, and uric acid foreign chemicals: drugs, water soluble vitamins, and food additives, etc.
Making Water! OR is it really Just Water Just Ask the Nephron!! Author: Patricia L. Ostlund ostlundp@faytechcc.edu (910) 678-9892 Fayetteville Technical Community College Fayetteville, NC 28303 Its just
More informationKD02 [Mar96] [Feb12] Which has the greatest renal clearance? A. PAH B. Glucose C. Urea D. Water E. Inulin
Renal Physiology MCQ KD01 [Mar96] [Apr01] Renal blood flow is dependent on: A. Juxtaglomerular apparatus B. [Na+] at macula densa C. Afferent vasodilatation D. Arterial pressure (poorly worded/recalled
More informationExcretion and Waste Management. Biology 30S - Miss Paslawski
Excretion and Waste Management Biology 30S - Miss Paslawski Lesson 1 Waste Products and Organs 2 3 Excretion Excretion: Process by which dissolved metabolic wastes are separated from body fluids and removed
More informationChapter 25: Urinary System
Chapter 25: Urinary System I. Kidney anatomy: retroperitoneal from 12 th thoracic to 3 rd lumbar area A. External anatomy: hilus is the indentation 1. Adrenal gland: in the fat at the superior end of each
More informationUrinary system. Urinary system
INTRODUCTION. Several organs system Produce urine and excrete it from the body Maintenance of homeostasis. Components. two kidneys, produce urine; two ureters, carry urine to single urinary bladder for
More informationEXCRETORY SYSTEM E. F. G. H.
XRTORY SYSTM 1. Label the following parts of the nephron in the diagram below:..... F. G. H. I. J. K. L. 2. Identify the following as either True or False: There is a greater osmotic concentration in the
More informationA. Correct! Flushing acids from the system will assist in re-establishing the acid-base equilibrium in the blood.
OAT Biology - Problem Drill 16: The Urinary System Question No. 1 of 10 1. Which of the following would solve a drop in blood ph? Question #01 (A) Decreased retention of acids. (B) Increased excretion
More informationEXCRETION QUESTIONS. Use the following information to answer the next two questions.
EXCRETION QUESTIONS Use the following information to answer the next two questions. 1. Filtration occurs at the area labeled A. V B. X C. Y D. Z 2. The antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) acts on the area
More informationosmoregulation mechanisms in gills, salt glands, and kidneys
Ionic & Osmotic Homeostasis osmoregulation mechanisms in gills, salt glands, and kidneys extracellular intracellular 22 23 Salt Secretion: recycle Figure in Box 26.2 Hill et al. 2004 active Down electrochemical
More informationThe Urinary System PART A
15 The Urinary System PART A PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY EIGHTH EDITION ELAINE N. MARIEB Functions of the Urinary
More informationBody fluid volume is small (~5L (blood + serum)) Composition can change rapidly e.g. due to increase in metabolic rate
Renal physiology The kidneys Allow us to live on dry land. Body fluid volume is small (~5L (blood + serum)) Composition can change rapidly e.g. due to increase in metabolic rate Kidneys maintain composition
More informationCollin County Community College RENAL PHYSIOLOGY
Collin County Community College BIOL. 2402 Anatomy & Physiology WEEK 12 Urinary System 1 RENAL PHYSIOLOGY Glomerular Filtration Filtration process that occurs in Bowman s Capsule Blood is filtered and
More informationRENAL FUNCTION An Overview
RENAL FUNCTION An Overview UNIVERSITY OF PNG SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PBL MBBS II SEMINAR VJ. Temple 1 Kidneys
More informationURINARY SYSTEM CHAPTER 28 I ANATOMY OF THE URINARY SYSTEM. Student Name
Student Name CHAPTER 28 URINARY SYSTEM L iving produces wastes. Wherever people live or work or play, wastes accumulate. To keep these areas healthy, there must be a method of disposing of these wastes
More informationA&P 2 CANALE T H E U R I N A R Y S Y S T E M
A&P 2 CANALE T H E U R I N A R Y S Y S T E M URINARY SYSTEM CONTRIBUTION TO HOMEOSTASIS Regulates body water levels Excess water taken in is excreted Output varies from 2-1/2 liter/day to 1 liter/hour
More informationThe kidneys are excretory and regulatory organs. By
exercise 9 Renal System Physiology Objectives 1. To define nephron, renal corpuscle, renal tubule, afferent arteriole, glomerular filtration, efferent arteriole, aldosterone, ADH, and reabsorption 2. To
More informationCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 19-1c. Efferent arteriole. Juxtaglomerular apparatus
/6/0 About this Chapter Functions of the Kidneys Anatomy of the urinary system Overview of kidney function Secretion Micturition Regulation of extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure Regulation of
More informationHuman Anatomy and Physiology - Problem Drill 23: The Urinary System, Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance
Human Anatomy and Physiology - Problem Drill 23: The Urinary System, Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Question No. 1 of 10 Which of the following statements about the functions of the urinary system
More informationPhysio 12 -Summer 02 - Renal Physiology - Page 1
Physiology 12 Kidney and Fluid regulation Guyton Ch 20, 21,22,23 Roles of the Kidney Regulation of body fluid osmolarity and electrolytes Regulation of acid-base balance (ph) Excretion of natural wastes
More informationRenal-Related Questions
Renal-Related Questions 1) List the major segments of the nephron and for each segment describe in a single sentence what happens to sodium there. (10 points). 2) a) Describe the handling by the nephron
More informationThe Excretory System
The Excretory System The excretory system The excretory system includes the skin, lungs and kidneys which all release metabolic wastes from the body. The kidneys, skin and the lungs are the principle organs
More informationCREATININE: is another nitrogenous waste. Creatinine comes from creatinine phosphate in muscle metabolism (a Phosphate-storage molecule)
BIOLOGY 12 - EXCRETION: CHAPTER NOTES Your cells are constantly carrying out chemical reactions to maintain homeostasis. Many of these chemical reactions produce wastes that must be removed from cells
More informationUrine Formation. Urinary Physiology Urinary Section pages Urine Formation. Glomerular Filtration 4/24/2016
Urine Formation Urinary Physiology Urinary Section pages 9-17 Filtrate Blood plasma minus most proteins Urine
More informationBIPN100 F15 Human Physiology (Kristan) Lecture 18: Endocrine control of renal function. p. 1
BIPN100 F15 Human Physiology (Kristan) Lecture 18: Endocrine control of renal function. p. 1 Terms you should understand by the end of this section: diuresis, antidiuresis, osmoreceptors, atrial stretch
More information