Urinary system. Kidney anatomy Renal cortex Renal. Nephrons
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1 Urinary system Aids homeostasis by removing cellular wastes and foreign compounds, and maintains salt and water balance of plasma Kidney anatomy Renal cortex Renal pelvis Renal medulla Cortex Ureter Medulla Nephrons Each kidney has about one million nephrons Afferent arteriole brings blood to glomerulus and then forms efferent arteriole. Efferent arteriole branches to peritubular capillaries 1
2 Let s make the filtrate... Blood is filtered at the glomerulus. Water and solutes leave the blood and enter Bowman s capsule. Glomerulus physiology Bowman s capsule contains podocytes that encircle the glomerulus. Normally blood cells and plasma proteins are not filtered Glomerular filtration Glomerular filtration is similar to ultrafiltration of capillaries 55 Capillary blood pressure 20% of plasma becomes filtrate Osmotic pressure Hydrostatic pressure Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) determined by: Net filtration pressure and glomerulus permeability 2
3 Adjusting GFR Blood pressure Radius of afferent arteriole Decreasing GFR helps retain fluid and salts Filtrate is adjusted along the nephron Proximal tubule Distal tubule Bowman s capsule Cortex region Juxtaglomerular apparatus - helps in adjustments to filtration rate Loop of Henle Medulla region 3
4 Tubular reabsorption and secretion 180 liters per day are filtered, most is reabsorbed Reabsorption: filtered substances leave the nephron and enter peritubular capillaries Secretion: some substances from the peritubular capillaries enter the nephron So what is urine, then? Everything in the nephron that does not get reabsorbed into the blood leaves as.urine!!! Reabsorption physiology 4
5 Reabsorption of Na + (the key to it all ) Na + reabsorption Na + reabsorption (RA) drives the movement of many other substances in the tubule Water will follow Na + movement Lumen Water channel Page 533 Proximal tubular cell Osmosis Osmosis Interstitial fluid Peritubular capillary Hydrostatic pressure 5
6 Control of sodium RA When ECF volume is low, need to Na + RA Na + RA at distal and collection tubules with aldosterone. More Na + K + pumps and Na + channels are made Renin is the trigger for eventual release of aldosterone, along a chain of events (reninangiotensin-aldosterone system or RAAS) Jux.App. monitors NaCl and ECF levels Distal tubule Bowman s capsule Juxtaglomerular apparatus Efferent arteriole Distal tubule Glomerular capillaries Granular cells Bowman s capsule Afferent arteriole Podocyte Glomerular capillaries Juxtaglomerular apparatus 6
7 Hypertension can be due to increased renin leading to more plasma and thus high blood pressure Glucose and amino acid reabsorption Glucose and AA s are cotransported w/na + via carriers Actively RA substances have a tubular maximum (when all carriers are used) Na+ movement allows passive RA of substances. 80% of water reabsorption occurs before distal tub. by following Na + Glucose, amino acids are reabsorbed via cotransporters If plasma levels get too high, renal threshold is reached (AAs or glucose leave in urine) 7
8 Our old friend, cotransport Tubular secretion H + and K +, and organic anions are secreted to tubule K + secretion is driven by the Na + K + pump Adjusting the concentration of urine Our body tissues and filtrate are 300 mosm (osmolarity) We can make urine as dilute as 100 or concentrated as 1200 mosm Na + gradient in renal medulla allows for control of urine osmolarity for water balance 8
9 Loop of Henle functions to set up high osmolarity along the collecting tubule (duct) Cortex Medulla Distal tubule Long loop of Henle Collecting Tubule or Duct Collecting tubule (duct) Changing the permeability to H 2 0 along the collecting duct controls H 2 O RA Vasopressin hormone controls permeability at distal and collecting tubules Collecting duct permeability determines final amount of H 2 O RA 65 % of H 2 0 RA is obligatory in the proximal tubule, 15% at Loop of Henle. 20% determined by vasopressin 9
10 Needing water Filtrate has concentration of 100 mosm/liter Cortex Medulla Collecting tubule Concentration of urine may be up to 1,200 = passive diffusion of H 2O = active transport of NaCl * = portions of tubule impermeable to H 2O = permeability to H 2O increased by vasopressin Too much water Filtrate has concentration of 100 mosm/liter Cortex Medulla Collecting tubule Concentration of urine may be as low as 100 = passive diffusion of H 2O = active transport of NaCl * = portions of tubule impermeable to H 2O = permeability to H 2O increased by vasopressin Why increased urination from alcohol? Alcohol inhibits vasopressin It can also temporarily reduce blood glucose (via liver effects) 10
11 Medical problems Kidney stones caused when hard deposits form in the kidney (usually calcium, sometimes uric acid). They can enter the ureter and cause extreme pain. Urinary tract infection 2 nd most common type of infection. Bacteria introduced to urethra multiply and travel to bladder (cystitis) or further. End of exam 4 material Things I m assuming you know: Know layers found throughout alimentary canal (mucosa, submucosa, muscular layers) and the term lumen Accessory structures (pancreas, liver, salivary glands, other exocrine glands) are a part of the digestive system 11
12 What goes on during digestion Motility - propulsion and mixing Secretion of digestive enzymes, bile, mucus, water Chemical digestion Absorption Intrinsic nerve plexus Network of nerve fibers that controls digestive activity in gut. Your 2 nd brain Down the chute oral cavity Physical digestion Mastication - mixes food with saliva Tooth decay from bacterial activity on food debris Saliva - amylase - digests starch mucus lysozyme 12
13 Making saliva... Pressure and gustation promotes autonomic impulses to salivary glands PNS and SNS signals both influence salivary glands Bolus touches receptors in the pharynx to stimulate swallowing Peristaltic contractions push food through the esophagus. Distention will cause a second wave and saliva release 13
14 Into the...stomach Storage, physical and chemical digestion HCl Mixing in the antrum Bolus Chyme Gastric emptying Pyloric sphincter Duodenum Movement of chyme Peristaltic contraction Peristaltic contraction 14
15 Mucosa of stomach Gastric pits Mucosa Submucosa Stomach mucosa Gastric juices! Gastric pit Mucosa cells ph as low as 2 Gastric glands Chief cells (Pepsinogen) Parietal cells (HCl) Pepsinogen autocatalysis Pepsin Digestion Protein HCI Peptide fragments 15
16 Controlling gastric juices.. Cephalic ( head ) phase - stimuli from the head stimulate chief and parietal cells via intrinsic plexus, gastrin released Controlling gastric juices.. Gastric phase proteins, distension at stomach also stimulate gastric secretions via intrinsic plexus Low protein, low ph is inhibitory, decreasing flow of gastric juices Protecting the stomach from itself Stomach lining is protected from gastric secretions by mucus. H + cannot enter cells Cells are continually replaced 16
17 Stomach lining problems Peptic ulcer - stomach wall injured by acid and enzymes Injured tissue releases histamine, which stimulates acid production ( not good) Leaving the stomach Emptying controlled by duodenum and stomach Chyme volume promotes emptying Acid and fats in duodenum prevent gastric emptying Leaving the stomach... Gastroesophageal sphincter Pyloric sphincter Duodenum Movement of chyme Peristaltic contraction Gastric emptying 17
18 Pancreas Stomach Duodenum Islets of Langerhans Cells secrete alkaline solution Cells secrete digestive enzymes Pancreas An endocrine and exocrine gland Enzymes: protease, amylase, lipase 18
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