Toxic Effects of a Whole-body Inhalation Sarin (GB) Vapor Exposure in the Gottingen Minipig

Transcription

1 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT: Distribution is Unlimited--Available for Public Release (PAO# 3-552, US Army ECBC, ATTN: AMSSB-RRT-IM, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD ) DISCLAIMER: The findings presented in this briefing are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorizing documents. Toxic Effects of a Whole-body Inhalation Sarin (GB) Vapor Exposure in the Gottingen Minipig Stanley W. Hulet, Ph.D prepared for Joint Services Conference 2 Nov 23 U.S. Army RDECOM AMSSB-RRT-TT, Bldg. E315 Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA stanley.hulet@apgea.army.mil Phone: (41) FAX: (41)

2 Report Documentation Page Form Approved OMB No Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 124, Arlington VA Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE 1 OCT REPORT TYPE N/A 3. DATES COVERED - 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Toxic Effects of a Whole-body Inhalation Sarin (GB) Vapor Exposure in the Gottingen Minipig 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) U.S. Army RDECOM AMSSB-RRT-TT, Bldg. E315 Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 1. SPONSOR/MONITOR S ACRONYM(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release, distribution unlimited 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR S REPORT NUMBER(S) 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES See also ADM1851, Proceedings of the 23 Joint Service Scientific Conference on Chemical & Biological Defense Research, 17-2 November 23., The original document contains color images. 14. ABSTRACT 15. SUBJECT TERMS 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT UU a. REPORT unclassified b. ABSTRACT unclassified c. THIS PAGE unclassified 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 39 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18

3 Benefits of the minipig Brain Visual system Dermis Cardiovascular/ Pulmonary system Kidneys 2

4 Gottingen Minipigs! Well defined genetic background and health status! Small size at sexual maturity " Males 7-9 kg (3-4 months) " Females 9-11 kg (4-5 months) 3

5 Experimental preparations! Exposure chambers modified/set-up for whole-body exposure of minipigs.! Gottingen (Ellegaard) minipigs (1-15 Kg) " Pigs surgically prepared with jugular cannulas for serial blood sampling during exposure " IR/digital video camera and digital image capture system developed to monitor and calculate pupil size # Real-time monitoring of first noticeable effect (FNE) during exposure 4

6 Vapor GB generation chamber! Pig placed in sling! Respiratory belt, ECG leads and EEG leads attached to pig and leading to Bio-logic headbox.! 1 L dynamic airflow chamber! GB generation system contained in glove box " Vapor Sampling / Analysis! Jugular catheter passed through ports! IR images of pupil taken through plexiglass Head box EEG leads ECG leads EMG leads 5

7 Exposure! 5.35 mg/m 3 vapor GB for 1 minutes (Ct=53.5 mg.min/m 3 )! Infrared images captures continuously! Blood samples collected every 2 minutes during exposure! Electrophysiology system collects signals throughout exposure! A score sheet is used to rate pigs on activity and onset/progression of signs 6

8 Data collected " Miosis onset, Time-to-maximum miosis " RBC and plasma cholinesterase activity " Internal GB (GB regeneration assay) " Blood Chemistry # Lactate, glucose, creatinine, hematocrit, hemoglobin, Sodium, Potassium, ph, HCO3, SaO2, PO2, PCO2, TCO2, base excess " Electrocardiogram # Heart rate (R-R interval), PR interval, QT interval, QTc interval, ST interval, QRS interval " EEG, EMG, airflow, eye movements, respiratory rate, " Distribution of GB in tissue $First and only studies looking at the global toxicological affects of a whole-body nerve agent vapor exposure in real-time $Large scale operation that requires the help and expertise of many people 7

9 Data collection methods / Biological endpoints! Infrared camera " Allows images under dim light conditions " Uses pupil areas to plot time-to-miosis! Insertion of external jugular catheter " Serial blood samples during real-time exposure # RBC and plasma cholinesterase # GB regeneration assay # Blood Chemistry (istat)! Physiological monitoring (Bio-logic, Inc.) " EEG, EKG, EMG, airflow, eye movements, respiratory rate, heart rate, SaO 2! Necropsy " Tissue GB levels 8

10 Infrared pupillometry Baseline! Infrared light reflects off of the retina A! Pupil area = A*B*π B 9

11 6 minute GB exposure-.47 mg/m 3 1

12 Pupil Constriction P u p il A re a (p ix e ls ) :: :2:3 :5: :7:3 :1: :12:3 :15: Time (minutes) 11

13 Data collection methods / Biological endpoints! Infrared camera " Allows images under dim light conditions " Uses pupil areas to plot time-to-miosis! Insertion of external jugular catheter " Serial blood samples during real-time exposure # RBC and plasma cholinesterase # GB regeneration assay # Blood Chemistry (istat)! Physiological monitoring (Bio-logic, Inc.) " EEG, EKG, EMG, airflow, respiratory rate, heart rate, SaO 2! Necropsy " Tissue GB levels 12

14 Data collection methods / Biological endpoints! Infrared camera " Allows images under dim light conditions " Uses pupil areas to plot time-to-miosis! Insertion of external jugular catheter " Serial blood samples during real-time exposure # RBC and plasma cholinesterase # GB regeneration assay # Blood Chemistry (istat)! Physiological monitoring (Bio-logic, Inc.) " EEG, EKG, EMG, airflow, respiratory rate, heart rate, SaO 2! Necropsy " Tissue GB levels D. Burnett/B. Gaviola 13

15 12 Cholinesterase Activity 1 % Activity AChE BuChE Time (minutes) 14

16 Data collection methods / Biological endpoints! Infrared camera " Allows images under dim light conditions " Uses pupil areas to plot time-to-miosis! Insertion of external jugular catheter " Serial blood samples during real-time exposure # RBC and plasma cholinesterase # GB regeneration assay # Blood Chemistry (istat)! Physiological monitoring (Bio-logic, Inc.) M.Jakubowski " EEG, EKG, EMG, airflow, respiratory rate, heart rate, SaO 2! Necropsy " Tissue GB levels " Changes in gene transcription 15

17 15. RBC REGENERATED GB 12. ng/g ng/g Time (minutes) Plasma Time (min) 16

18 Data collection methods / Biological endpoints! Infrared camera " Allows images under dim light conditions " Uses pupil areas to plot time-to-miosis! Insertion of external jugular catheter " Serial blood samples during real-time exposure # RBC and plasma cholinesterase # GB regeneration assay # Blood Chemistry (istat)! Physiological monitoring (Bio-logic, Inc.) J. Forster " EEG, EKG, EMG, airflow, respiratory rate, heart rate, SaO 2! Necropsy " Tissue GB levels " Changes in gene transcription 17

19 istat blood analyzer glucose (m g/dl) Glucose vs. Signs Score Glucose Score Time (minutes) Signs Score H e m a t o c r it Hematocrit vs SaO2 Hematocrit SaO Time (minutes) S a O 2 ( % ) Also can assess creatinine, lactate, ph, hemoglobin, Na, K, TCO 2, PCO 2, PO 2, HCO 3 and Base excess 18

20 Data collection methods / Biological endpoints! Infrared camera " Allows images under dim light conditions " Uses pupil areas to plot time-to-miosis! Insertion of external jugular catheter " Serial blood samples during real-time exposure # RBC and plasma cholinesterase # GB regeneration assay # Blood Chemistry (istat)! Physiological monitoring (Bio-logic, Inc.) " EEG, ECG, EMG, airflow, respiratory rate, heart rate, SaO 2! Necropsy " Tissue GB levels " Changes in gene transcription 19

21 2

22 Time (min) Sarin Exposure Amplitude (mv) Time (sec)

23 7 12 Respiration Rate (breaths/minute) AUC / breath ((mv x sec) / breath) Time (minutes) Time (minutes) %Respiratory rate is depressed %Breaths become deep, long and irregular 22

24 ECG analysis! ECG signals recorded on Biologic Inc. system! Standard Lead II configuration " Historical data available! Exposure broken down into 2 minute segments " Approximately 3 second epochs during each segment analyzed! Data analyzed using Dataquest ART and Statview " Heart rate (R-R interval) " PR interval " QT interval " QTc interval " ST interval " QRS interval 23

25 ECG 24

26 3 Sarin exposure *.5 Sarin exposure Heart Rate (bpm) * * * * * * * * QTc (seconds) * * * QTc = QT / (R-R ½ ) 5.25 * * Time (minutes) Time (minutes) 14 Sarin exposure 12 P-R interval (msec) * * * * * * Time (minutes) * * Suggests delayed increased ventricular conduction repolarization through atria 25

27 EEG analysis! EEG signals recorded on Biologic Inc. system! Exposure broken down into 2 minute segments " Approximately 3 second epochs during each segment analyzed! Power spectral density analysis using Dataquest ART " Bandpass filters: 1-35 Hz 26

28 27

29 EMG analysis! EMG signals recorded on Biologic Inc. system! Exposure broken down into 2 minute segments " Approximately 3 second epochs during each segment analyzed! Power spectral density analysis using Dataquest ART 28

30 EMG 29

31 EMG power spectral analysis Baseline 6 minutes 2 minutes 35 minutes 3

32 Data collection methods / Biological endpoints! Infrared camera " Allows images under dim light conditions " Uses pupil areas to plot time-to-miosis " Calculation of EC 5 (miosis)! Insertion of external jugular catheter " Serial blood samples during real-time exposure # RBC and plasma cholinesterase # GB regeneration assay # Blood Chemistry (istat)! Physiological monitoring (Bio-logic, Inc.) " EEG, EKG, EMG, airflow, respiratory rate, heart rate, SaO 2! Necropsy " Tissue GB levels M. Jakubowski 31

33 Frontal Cortex Optic Nerve Parietal Cortex Temporal C ortex Caudate Occipital C ortex GB Tissue Distribution Muscle Adipose Dermis Diaphragm Heart Liver Lacrimal Gland RBCs Eye Olfactory Bulb Lung Kidney ng/g ng/g

34 GB in blood 2 minutes EEG changes 6 minutes QTc increase 1 min Irregular resps 15 minutes GB in blood plateau Continued heart rate respirations regular respiratory rate normalized AUC normalized 3 minutes GB on min 4 minutes in heart rate in QTc P-R interval Onset pupil constriction 8 minutes RBC ChE cellar in heart rate in resp. rate P-R interval miosis 12 minutes Pinpoint pupils 2 minutes Muscle tremors Salivation respiratory rate respiratory AUC 35 minutes EEG changes dissipating 33

35 Thank You! Jacqueline Scotto! Paul Dabisch! Bernard Benton! Ruth Way! James Manthei! Jeffry Forster! Dennis Miller! William Muse Jr.! Charles Crouse! Kathy Matson! Bob Mioduszewski! Sandra Thomson! Jill Jarvis! Dean Bona! Carl Kurnas! Melvin Ware! E. Mike Jakubowski! Jennifer Edwards! Jeff McGuire! Ron Evans! David Burnett! Bernardita Gaviola! David McCaskey! Jennifer Sekowski! Dennis Johnson 34

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37 Low Level Operational Toxicology Dr. Stanley Hulet US Army ECBC (41)

38 TCO2 PCO T C O 2 (m m o l/l ) PC O 2 (m m Hg) PO2 Time (min) Time (min) 5 BEecf PO 2 (m m Hg) B Eecf (m m o l/l ) Time (min) Time (min) 37

39 Edgewood Na Chemical Biological Center K N a ( m m o l/l ) Time (min) Lac 14 K (m m o l/l ) ph Time (min) L a c (m m o l/l ) Time (min) ph Time (min)

40 Effect of Perfusion on Tissue Levels Tissue Results at Lethal Levels: Pig#41, Ct=89mg*min/m3 (perfused) vs Pig 44 Ct=95mg*min/m3 pig 41(Perfused) pig Kidney Lung Liver RBC(@ death) Caudate Gyrus Rectus Brain Optic Nerve Frontal Cortx Parietal Cortex Temporal Cortx Eye Diaphragm Olefactory Bulb Dermis Muscle Adipose Heart Occipital Cortx R-GB (ng/g) 39