Index. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.

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1 Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A A Diabetes Outcome Progression Trial (ADOPT), 194 Adaptive immunity, ADOPT (A Diabetes Outcome Progression Trial), 194 Aging, vitamin D metabolism changes with, 6 7 AIPC Study of Calcitriol Enhancing Taxotere study, Alkaline phosphatase, in osteomalacia, 83 84, 89 Alopecia, in hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets, 97, Alzheimer disease, in diabetes mellitus, Androgens, in vitamin D metabolism, 4, Angiogenesis inhibition, calcitriol in, Antigen-presenting cells, , Antiinflammatory effects, of calcitriol, Apoptosis, calcitriol effects in, 163 ASCENT (AIPC Study of Calcitriol Enhancing Taxotere) study, Autoimmune diseases, vitamin D for, B B lymphocytes, vitamin D and, 131, , 183 Belsey assay, 31 Beta cells, pancreatic, vitamin D and, , Biopsy, bone, for osteomalacia, Bligh-Dyer procedure, 37 Blindness, in diabetes mellitus, 193 Bone biopsy of, for osteomalacia, demineralization of, See also Osteomalacia; Osteoporosis. Bone mineral density, measurement of, for osteomalacia, 88 Bone pain in hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets, 97 in osteomalacia, 84, 86 Bone scan, for osteomalacia, Breastfeeding. See Mother-infant pairs. BXL-628 vitamin D analog, 210, 214, 219 C Calcipotriol, 210, 213, 216 Calcitonin in fetus, in vitamin D metabolism, 4 6 Rheum Dis Clin N Am 38 (2012) doi: /s x(12) rheumatic.theclinics.com X/12/$ see front matter ª 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

2 234 Calcitriol, 210. See also 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3. analogs of, , 220 anticancer effects of, animal models of, clinical studies of, epidemiology and, mechanisms of, Calcitroic acid, synthesis of, 3 Calcium homeostasis of, in mother-infant pair, in vitamin D metabolism, 3 metabolism of, in kidney disease, supplementation with for rickets, with vitamin D, 110 Cancer prevention and treatment, vitamin D for, 49 50, , analogs, animal models of, clinical studies of, epidemiology and, mechanisms of, Cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus, 193 vitamin D and, 50, 119, Cathelicidin, 50, , Choices for Health Outcomes in Caring for ESRD (CHOICE) study, 119 Cholecalciferol. See Vitamin D 3. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis, of vitamin D action, Chromatography, for vitamin D, 32 Circulating forms, of vitamin D, of Competitive protein-bound assay, Crohn disease, 133 CTA016, 211 CYP27B1 gene mutations, in 1a Hydroxylase deficiency, Cytochrome P450 enzymes, in vitamin D metabolism, 1 2 Cytokines, vitamin D and, 183 D DBP protein, in diabetes mellitus, Dehydrocholesterol, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 synthesis from, 1 2 Dementia, in diabetes mellitus, Dendritic cells, , DEQAS (Vitamin D External Quality Assessment Scheme), 34, 36, Diabetes mellitus, vitamin D and, 150, complications of, gestational, 192 in deficiency, 50 maturity onset, 188 type 1, , animal models of,

3 235 beta cells and, clinical trials of, environmental factors in, 181 genetic factors in, immune system modulation in, type 2, 154, animal studies of, 190 beta cells and, clinical trials of, epidemiology and, genetic factors in, lifestyle in, DiaSorin vitamin D analysis systems, Differentiation, of cancer cells, calcitriol effects in, Dihydrotachysterol, 209, 213 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3, 212. See also Calcitriol. action of, 3 7 analogs of, 210, circulating, normal levels of, quantitation of, stability in plasma, 39 standardized analytical methods for, for cancer, 168 in gene expression regulation, structure of, 208 synthesis of, 1 2 Direct physical detection methods, 32, 38 Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, for osteomalacia, 88 E EB1089 (seocalcitol), 168, 210, 213, 216 ED71 vitamin D analog, 210, 213 Environmental factors in diabetes mellitus, 181 in vitamin D synthesis, See also Ultraviolet radiation and sunlight. Ergocalciferol. See Vitamin D 2. Estrogens, in vitamin D metabolism, 4, European Community-sponsored Concerted Action on the Epidemiology and Prevention of Diabetes, 185 F Falls, in vitamin D deficiency, 49, Fibroblast growth factors, in vitamin D metabolism, 4, 117 Fractures in diabetes mellitus, 194 in osteomalacia, 88 prevention of,

4 236 G Gait, abnormal, in osteomalacia, 86, Genetic disorders, in vitamin D action, a hydroxylase deficiency, VDR protein defects, Genetic factors, in diabetes mellitus, , Gestational diabetes, 192 Growth arrest, of cancer cells, calcitriol effects in, H Heart attack prevention, 193 Hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets, alopecia in, 97, clinical features of, 97 genetic factors in, mouse models of, 100 treatment of, Histone methyltransferases, in vitamin D metabolism, 3 1a Hydroxylase body distribution of, 95 deficiency of, extra-renal, 222 in vitamin D metabolism, 6 7 replacement of, Hydroxyvitamin D, 212 circulating, analytic recovery of, clinical reporting of, normal levels of, 35 quantitation of, stability in plasma, 35 standardized analytical methods for, structure of, Hydroxyvitamin D 3 24-hydroxylase, 3 Hyperparathyroidism in hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets, 97 in kidney disease, 116 in obesity, 187 in osteomalacia, 87, 89 vitamin D analogs for, Hyperphosphatemia, in kidney disease, 116 Hypertension, vitamin D for, , 193 Hypocalcemia in 1a hydroxylase deficiency, 95 in osteomalacia, 89 in rickets, 62 63, 97 Hypophosphatemia in 1a hydroxylase deficiency, 95 in osteomalacia, 89 Hypovitaminosis D. See Vitamin D deficiency.

5 237 I IDS Diagnostics analytical system, Immune system, vitamin D and, adaptive, disorders related to, historical perspective of, in diabetes mellitus, innate, , Inecalcitol, for cancer, 168 Infantile nutritional rickets, causes of, clinical features of, epidemiology of, geographical factors in, 62 65, mother-infant pair in calcium homeostasis and, prevention of, vitamin D deficiency consequences in, pathogenesis of, Inflammatory bowel disease, 133 Innate immunity, , Insulin resistance, in obesity, Interferons, vitamin D and, 183 Interleukins, vitamin D and, 183 Invasion, by cancer cells, calcitriol effects on, 163 K KH 1060, 213 Kidney disease of, calcium metabolism in, in diabetes mellitus, mineral bone disorder in, 116, phosphorus an, 118 vitamin D analogs for, 215 vitamin D physiology and, 117 vitamin D supplementation for, vitamin D hydroxylases in, 3 7 Kloltho protein, in vitamin D metabolism, 4 KS 176, 211 L Lactation, vitamin D deficiency in. See Mother-infant pairs. LG , 211 Liaison assay, Liquid chromatography, for vitamin D, 32, Liver, vitamin D clearance in, Looser s zone, in osteomalacia, 87

6 238 Low vitamin D status, assessment of, 45 46, consequences of, definition of, 46 prevalence of, supplementation for, LY , 214 M Macrophages, vitamin D and, 6, Mass spectrometry, for vitamin D, 32, Maturity onset diabetes, 188 Maxacalcitol, 213 MC903, 213 Membrane-activated rapid response to steroids receptor, 221 Metabolic syndrome, 187 Metalloproteinases, calcitriol effects on, 163 Metastasis, calcitriol effects in, 163 Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-5, calcitriol effects on, 164 Monocytes, vitamin D hydroxylases in, 6 Mother-infant pairs, vitamin D deficiency in calcium homeostasis and, consequences of, prevention of, Multiple sclerosis, vitamin D and, 132, Muscle dysfunction, in vitamin D deficiency, 49 N Nerve damage, in diabetes mellitus, NF-kB, calcitriol effects on, Nichols analysis systems, 31 O Obesity, Osteitis fibrosa cystica, in osteomalacia, 87 Osteocalcin, Osteomalacia differential diagnosis of, 84, 86 in vitamin D deficiency, biochemical changes in, 89 clinical manifestations of, diagnosis of, evolution of, fractures in, 88 historical perspective of, radiology for, treatment of, 90 versus osteoporosis, 82

7 239 Osteopathy, in vitamin D deficiency, Osteoporosis evolution of, versus osteomalacia, 82 Oxacalcitriol, 210 P Pancreatic beta cells, vitamin D and, , Parathyroid hormone in fetus, in vitamin D metabolism, 3, 21 22, 117 Paricalcitol, for cancer, 168 Paricalcitol benefits in Renal Failure Induced Cardiac Morbidity (PRIMO) trials, 119 Phosphate, in vitamin D metabolism, 3 Phosphorus, metabolism of, in kidney disease, 118 Pigmentation, skin, vitamin D synthesis and, 62 64, Placenta, vitamin D metabolism in, 6 Plasma cells, vitamin D and, 131 Pommer, Gustav, on osteomalacia, Pregnancy. See also Mother-infant pairs. circulating vitamin D levels in, diabetes mellitus in, 185 gestational diabetes in, 192 vitamin D metabolism in, 6 PRIMO (Paricalcitol benefits in Renal Failure Induced Cardiac Morbidity) trials, 119 Prodrugs, of vitamin D, 209, Progesterone, in vitamin D metabolism, 4 Prolactin, in vitamin D metabolism, 5 6 Prostaglandins, calcitriol effects on, 164 Prostate cancer, vitamin D for, 147 Protrusio acetabuli, in osteomalacia, 87 Psoriasis, vitamin D and vitamin D analogs for, , R Radiography, for osteomalacia, Radioimmunoassays, 31, 38 Radionuclide bone scan, for osteomalacia, Radioreceptor assays, 37 Random-access automated instrumentation, for vitamin D measurement, Receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL), 15, Respiratory infections, in vitamin D deficiency, 50 Rickets hereditary vitamin D-resistant, historical perspective of, 142 infantile, Roche Diagnostics assay system, 32 RUNX2 protein, action of, 18 S Sarcoidosis, 143 Scapula, pseudofracture of, 87

8 240 SDZ , 211 Secosterol ring structure, Sensory neuropathy, in diabetes mellitus, Seocalcitol (EB1089), 168, 210, 213, 216 Skin pigmentation, vitamin D synthesis and, 62 64, SL 117, 211 Snail transcription factor, in cancer, Stress-activated kinase signaling, calcitriol effects on, 164 Stroke prevention, vitamin D for, 193 Sunlight. See Ultraviolet radiation and sunlight. T T lymphocytes, vitamin D and, , , TEI-9647, 211 Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) model, Tuberculosis, vitamin D and, 132, U Ultraviolet radiation and sunlight, 1, 72 cancer incidence related to, , diabetes mellitus risk and, 181 inadequate exposure to, recommendations for, 52 V VID-400, 211 Vision loss, in diabetes mellitus, 193 Vitamin D action of genetic defects in, in muscle health, assessment of, 29 44, 45 46, cardiovascular effects of, 119 circulating forms of, controversies over, diabetes and. See Diabetes mellitus. for cancer prevention. See Cancer prevention and treatment. for extraskeletal health, for fracture prevention, immune system and, , in kidney disease. See Kidney. infantile rickets and, low status of, metabolism of, 1 11, 45 46, 146 in kidney disease, 117 in mother-infant pair, natural metabolites of, 208, 210, 212 physiology of,

9 sources of, structure of, 28 supplementation with, approaches to, for fracture prevention, for kidney disease, for osteomalacia, 90 in diabetes mellitus, 185, 192 in mother-infant pair, in pregnancy, 185 vitamin D 2 versus vitamin D 3,53 synthesis of, toxicity of, Vitamin D 2, analogs of, 209, structure of, 209 versus vitamin D 3, for supplementation, 53 Vitamin D 3 analogs of, 208 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 synthesis from, 1 2 structure of, 208 versus vitamin D 2, for supplementation, 53 Vitamin D analogs, activating enzymes for, clinical applications of, criteria affecting action of, ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 analogs, 210, for cancer, 147, future of, 221, hepatic clearance of, mechanisms of action of, natural metabolites, 208, 210, 212 nongenomic effects of, 221 prodrugs, 209, receptors for, 221 target cell catabolic enzymes and, vitamin D binding protein and, 218 vitamin D receptor interactions with, Vitamin D binding protein action of, 1 3 vitamin D analogs and, 218 Vitamin D deficiency clinical features of, 142 geographical factors in, 62 65, 68 69, 142 historical perspective of, in Crohn disease, 133 in diabetes mellitus, in multiple sclerosis, 132 in tuberculosis, 132, infantile nutritional rickets in, intrauterine effects of,

10 242 Vitamin D (continued) low vitamin D status and, obesity in, 187 osteomalacia in, screening for, Vitamin D External Quality Assessment Scheme (DEQAS), 34, 36, Vitamin D hydroxylases, 1, 3, 6 7 Vitamin D receptor, binding activity of, 208 cancer and, 147 diabetes mellitus and, , function of, 14 15, genes of, , in autoimmune diseases, 150 in cancer cells, 166 in gene regulation, in mother-infant pair, innate immune system and, structure of, target genes of, vitamin D analog interactions with, W Walking, difficulty with, in osteomalacia, 86, Weakness in osteomalacia, 84, 86 in vitamin D deficiency, 49 Women s Health Initiative, 192 Z ZG 1368, 211 ZK159222, 211