Frequently Asked Questions about General Ophthalmology:

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1 1. Normal Eye Structure The eye is a slightly asymmetrical globe, about an inch in diameter. The parts of the eye include: Cornea (a clear dome over the iris), Iris (the pigmented part); Pupil (the black circular opening in the iris that lets light in), Sclera (the white part), Conjunctiva (a thin layer of tissue covering the front of the eye, except the cornea) Anterior Chamber: Part of the eye behind the cornea and in front of iris and lens. Posterior Chamber: Part of the eye behind the iris and in front of the lens. Lens: Structure behind the iris which focuses the light entering into the eye, onto the retina. Vitreous Chamber: Part of the eye the lies between the lens and retina and contains a jelly like vitreous humor. Retina: Light projects through the pupil and the lens to the back of the eye. The inside lining of the eye is covered by special light-sensing cells that are collectively called the retina. The retina converts light into electrical impulses. The macula is a small extra - sensitive area within the retina that gives central vision. It is located in the center of the retina and contains the fovea, a small depression or pit at the center of the macula that gives the clearest vision.optic nerve: Nerve that carries electrical impulses from the photoreceptor cells(rods and cones) in the retina to the visual cortex in the brain.

2 2.Routine eye testing: A yearly routine eye check-up is sufficient, if the patient has no complaints or diagnosed eye problems. However, depending on his problem (glaucoma/ diabetic retinopathy/ high refractive errors etc), more frequent check-ups may be needed. Routine testing includes Visual Acuity by Snellens chart, Refraction to correct refractive errors, Torch light examination, Extraocular muscle examination, Slit lamp evaluation for detailed evaluation of each structure of eye, Intraocular pressure assessment & retina evaluation. 3.Prevent eye injuries: More than 90% of eye injuries, whether at home, or in the work place or during sports and recreational activities, can be prevented by using well-fitting protective eye goggles. Helmets/ face shields may also be required. It is important to have good lighting at work as well as, at home. 4.How to use eye drops: The frequency of eye drops must be used as prescribed by the ophthalmologist. It is always important to wash the hands with soap before instilling drops. When using more than 1 eye drop at a time, it is important to keep a gap of at least 5 minutes between the two drops, to prevent wash out of the drops from the eye. It is also important to carry the eye drops for follow ups. Once opened the drops should not be used for more than a month.avoid touching your eye, eyelashes, or anything else with the dropper tip in order to keep it clean. 5.What is Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is a condition resulting from focusing the eyes on a computer or other display device for protracted, uninterrupted periods of time.

3 5.1 What do you Experience? Some symptoms of CVS include headaches, dry eyes, blurred vision, neck pain, redness in the eyes, fatigue, eye strain, irritated eyes, double vision, vertigo/dizziness, and difficulty refocusing the eyes.it affects about 90% of the people who spend three hours or more a day at a computer. 5.2 How can we Treat? Dry eye is a major symptom that is targeted in the therapy of Computer vision syndrome. The following ten steps would reduce the symptoms to a major extent. 1. Get a comprehensive eye examination by an ophthalmologist atleast once a year. 2. Blink and rest: Blinking moistens your eyes to prevent dryness and irritation. Try this 30:30 exercise the patient is advised to close his/her eyes (which has a similar effect) for 30 seconds, at least every 30 minutes. 3. Exercise your eyes: To reduce focusing fatigue, follow rule: every 20 mins, focus the eyes on an object 20 feet (6 meters) away for 20 seconds. 4. Take frequent breaks. Proper rest to the eye and its muscles is recommended to relieve the associated eye strain. Modify your workstation; See that your computer screen is 20 to 24 inches from your eyes. The center of your screen should be about 10 to 15 degrees below your eyes for comfortable positioning of your head and neck. 5. Use Anti-Reflective Coating glasses

4 6.You Could be having Cataract if you have? Cataract is the leading cause of blindness. A cataract is a clouding of the normally clear lens of your eye. If everything looks hazy, dull, and blurred, you may have a cataract.a cataract may make light from the sun or a lamp seem too bright or glaring. Or you may notice when you drive at night that the oncoming headlights cause more glare than before. Colors may not appear as bright as they once did. The type of cataract you have will affect exactly which symptoms you experience and how soon they will occur. When a nuclear cataract first develops, it can bring about a temporary improvement in your near vision, called second sight. Cataracts generally develop in both eyes, but not evenly. The cataract in one eye may be more advanced than the other, causing a difference in vision between eyes. ADVICE: If you think you have a cataract, consult an eye doctor for an examination to find out for sure. 7.Glaucoma Glaucoma is the name given to a group of related diseases where the nerve at the back of the eye called optic nerve which connects the eye to the brain is damaged. The nerve fibers progressively die taking away the peripheral or side vision first which goes unnoticed until it is quite advanced. Glaucoma causes irreversible damage to the nerve fibres. Unfortunately the optic nerve cannot be repaired. 7.1 Eye pressure: Eye pressure called as Intraocular pressure [IOP] is an important risk factor for causing glaucoma. A healthy eye needs some pressure within it. Without any

5 pressure it would collapse like a balloon with a puncture. The eye produces some fluid called as aqueous humor to maintain normal shape and normal pressure inside the globe. Blockage of circulation of this aqueous or its drainage results in increased pressure in the eye damaging the optic nerve. While Glaucoma is more common as people age [>40 years], it can occur at any age. Damage to the optic nerve is permanent and progressive if untreated. Glaucoma can be detected by regular checkups. It is incurable but can be managed to prevent further damage of the optic nerve. Treatment for glaucoma is aimed at lowering the intraocular pressure to prevent further vision loss. 8.Diabetes and Eye Care: Diabetes can harm your eyes. It can damage the small blood vessels in your retina, which is the back part of your eye. This condition is called diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes also increases your risk of having glaucoma, cataracts, and other eye problems. Every diabetic should have their eyes examined on diagnosis and annually thereafter. Depending upon the stage of retinopathy and level of cataract ophthalmologist may advise laser treatment or surgery along with strict control of blood sugar levels. Your Eye Examination may include: Dilating your eyes to allow a good view of the entire retina. How to prevent eye problems? Control your blood sugar levels. High blood sugar increases your chance of having eye problems. High blood sugar can also cause blurred vision that is not related to diabetic retinopathy. This kind of blurred vision is caused by having too much of metabolites and water in the lens of the eye, which is in front of the retina. Control your blood pressure. Blood pressure less than 130/80 is a good goal for people with diabetes.

6 9.You could be having retinal tears & detachment if you have: Retina is the light sensitive 10 layered structure that lines the inside of the eye and sends visual messages through the optic nerve to the brain. Retinal detachment is a very serious eye condition that happens when the 9 layers of retina separates from the 10th layer. Since the retina can t work properly under these conditions, you could permanently lose vision if the detached retina isn t repaired promptly. A detached retina doesn t hurt, so look for these symptoms: Flashes of light, Seeing floaters (small flecks or threads),darkening of your peripheral (side) vision.if you notice any of those symptoms, contact your eye doctor immediately. Retinal detachment may happen with no warning, but often there are retinal tear warning symptoms of flashes and floaters.

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