VIRUS-INDUCED DIABETES MELLITUS I. HYPERGLYCEML~_ AND HYPOINSULINEMIA IN ~/IICE INFECTED WITH ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS
|
|
- Jordan Bryant
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 VIRUS-INDUCED DIABETES MELLITUS I. HYPERGLYCEML~_ AND HYPOINSULINEMIA IN ~/IICE INFECTED WITH ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS BY D. WARK BOUCHER AND ABNER LOUIS NOTKINS (Frm the Virlgy Sectin, Labratry q[ Micrbilgy and Immunlgy, Natinal Institute f Dental Research, Natinal Institutes f Health, Bethesda, Maryland 214) (Received fr publicatin 15 December 1972) Fr nearly 75 yr it has been speculated that viruses might be ne f the causes f diabetes mellitus in man. In 1899, Harris reprted that diabetes develped in a patient shrtly after a mumps infectin (1). Since that time there have been numerus reprts shwing a tempral relatinship between the nset f viral infectins and the develpment f diabetes (2). A variety f viruses have been implicated in the etilgy f diabetes with mumps being the mst ppular candidate. Since, hwever, the incidence f bth diabetes and mumps is high, it is pssible that the relatinship between the tw might simply be frtuitus. Recently, it has been suggested that Cxsackie virus B4 als might prduce diabetes. Gamble et al. (3) fund that the titer f neutralizing antibdy t Cxsackie B4 was higher in newly diagnsed diabetic patients when cmpared with nndiabetic cntrls. The antibdy titer t a variety f ther viruses including mumps was nt significantly different frm cntrls. Althugh prvcative, a number f ther factrs might accunt fr these relatinships, and prf that viruses cause diabetes in man is still lacking. Evidence that viruses can prduce diabetes in animals als is sparse. In the early 196's a grup f investigatrs frm Italv bserved that cattle infected with ft-and-muth disease virus develped hyperglycemia and lesins in the pancreas (4, 5). Since nly a small grup f animals was studied these bservatins await cnfirmatin. Other viruses als can prduce lesins in the pancreas; but the islets f Langerhans ften were nt invlved r the animals were nt examined fr evidence f diabetes (6-9). Recently, Craighead and c-wrkers reprted that mice infected with the M variant f encephalmycarditis (EMC) t virus develped a diabeteslike syndrme (1, 11). Because f the ptential value f animal mdels fr understanding diabetes in humans, the present investigatin was initiated t study in greater detail the characteristics and duratin f the EMC-induced diabeteslike syndrme and t evaluate sme f the factrs respnsible fr its develpment. i Abbreviatins used in this paper: EMC, encephalmycarditis; IRI, immunreactive insulin; MEM, minimal essential medium THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE VOLUME 137, 1973
2 D. WARK BOUCI-IER AND ABNER LOUIS NOTKINS 1227 Materials and Methds Cells.--Primary muse embry cultures were prepared by trypsinizatin f minced day ld CAF-1 embrys. Cells were grwn with Eagle's minimal essential medium (MEM) supplemented with 1% calf serum, 1 U f penicillin, 1 ~g f streptmycin, and 5 ~g f nemycin per ml. Animals.--DBA/2N and C57BL/6N mice were btained frm the breeding clny at the Natinal Institutes f Health. BALB/CJ, CBA/J, and A/J mice were purchased frm Jacksn Labratry, Bar Harbr, Maine. CD-1 mice were btained frm Charles River Breeding Labratries, Inc., Wilmingtn, Mass. Mice were maintained n Purina NIH Rat and Muse Ratin cntaining 5.% fat and 23.5% prtein. Animals were allwed free access t fd and water except where nted. Unless stated therwise, male mice were used in all experiments. Virus.--The M variant f EMC virus passaged in mice (MH22) was kindly supplied by Dr. J. Craighead (11, 12). 6-wk ld DBA/2N mice were infected intraperitneally (i.p.) with.1 ml f a 1:5 dilutin f this material. 5 days later a 1% muse heart suspensin was prepared in Eagle's MEM with 5% calf serum by hmgenizatin in a TenBreck all glass tissue grinder. A 1% suspensin f hearts frm uninfected mice was prepared in the same way. The virus titer was determined by inculating.2 ml f apprpriate dilutins f this material nt cnfluent mnlayers f primary muse embry cells in 15-mm plastic Petri dishes. After adsrptin fr 1 h at 37 C, cultures were verlayed with Eagle's MEM cntaining 5% calf serum and 2% methylcellulse (Methcel, 4 cps; Fisher Scientific C., Fairlawn, N. J.). Mnlayers were stained 4 days later with a 1 : 1, dilutin f neutral red and plaques were cunted within 12 h. The titer f the stck virus pl by this methd was 2.5 X 15 plaque-frming units (PFU)/ml. Fr titratin f virus in the pancreas a 1% suspensin was prepared by hmgenizatin as described abve. T avid pssible inactivatin f the virus by prtelytic enzymes released frm the pancreas, the hmgenate was titrated immediately fr infectivity. Analytical Methds.--Except where stated, 6-8-wk ld male DBA/2N mice were inculated i.p. with.1 ml f a 1:5 dilutin f nrmal muse heart suspensin r stck virus cntaining 5 PFU f EMC virus. Mrtality with this cncentratin f virus was 1-2%. Unless indicated therwise bld was btained frm nnfasted mice by bleeding them frm the retr-rbital plexus. Glucse was determined enzymatically by the glucse xidase methd (13) using -dianisidine dihydrchlride as the reactive dye (Sigma Chemical C., St. Luis, M.). Serum immunreactive insulin (IRI) was measured by the slid-phase radiimmunassay prcedure (14) with prcine insulin as the standard (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden). Glucse and ketnes in the urine were measmed using Tes-tape and Ketstix btained respectively frm Eli Lilly and C., Indianaplis, Ind., and Ames C., Div. f Miles Lab., Inc., Elkhart, Ind. Glucse Tlerance Tests.--Mice were fasted fr 18 h and then inculated i.p. with a 23 aqueus slutin (wt/vl) f dextrse, 2 mg/g bdy weight. Animals were bled immediately befre injectin f dextrse ( time) and at 3, 9, and 12 min thereafter. The samples were then assayed fr bld glucse. RESULTS Hyperglycemia and Glycsuria in EMC-lrnfected Mice.--The first experiment was designed t study the time-curse and magnitude f the hyperglycemia induced by EMC virus. Male DBA/2N mice were infected with EMC virus, and at different times thereafter the animals were bled and bld glucse was determined. Mice inculated with a 1 % nrmal muse heart suspensin served as cntrls. Three separate experiments were perfrmed with apprximately
3 1228 VIRUS-INDUCED DIABETES MELLITUS 5 infected and 2 uninfected mice in each. The data in Fig. 1 represent the mean f these experiments. It can be seen that within 6-1 days after infectin the mean bld glucse level rse t greater than 3 rag/1 ml. Bld glucse then gradually declined but remained abve cntrls even at 17 days after infectin. Sme f these animals have nw been hyperglycemic fr ver 3 days. In cntrast, the mean bld glucse levels f mice inculated with a nrmal muse heart suspensin ranged frm 13 t 16 rag/1 m]. The mean glucse level f uninculated mice was fund t be 141 rag/1 ml with a stand E 3 ~ 26 W 1/ I (.9,-~ 18 _1 m 14 I I D AYS I I I I II FIG. 1. Mean bld glucse levels in DBA/2N male mice inculated with EMC virus r nrmal muse heart suspensin. At the times indicated animals were bled and bld glucse levels determined. Each pint represents the mean f 5-15 animals frm three separate experiments. In all experiments the vertical bars represent the standard errr f the mean (SEM). EMC virus, (e--o); nrmal muse heart, (O--O). ard deviatin (SD) f +29 and a standard errr f the mean (SEM) f 4-3. Less than 1% f these animals had bld glucse levels abve 2 rag/1 ml. In this paper, animals were cnsidered h33)erglycemic if their bld glucse levels exceeded 2 rag/1 ml (i.e., 2 SD greater than the mean f uninfected animals). A mre detailed analysis f the abve data, shwing the percentage f animals with different levels f glucse, is illustrated in Table I. 7 days after inculatin f the virus, 68% f the animals were h)~perglycemic while at 98 days nly 22 % were still hyperglycemic. N appreciable difference in mrtality was fund between the hyperglycemic and nnhyperglycemic grups.
4 D. WARK BOUCttER AND ABNER LOUIS NOTKINS 1229 TABLE I Percentage f Animals with Hyperglycemia After Injectin with EMC Virus* Grup Days pstinfectin Animals % Hyperglycemic (> 2 mg/1 ml) >4 mg/1 ml mg/1 ml Nnhyperglycemic (<199 rag/1 ml) * Data frm Fig. 1 expressed as the percentage f animals with different bld glucse levels. Data btained by fllwing bld glucse levels in individual animals revealed three general patterns. The mst cmmn pattern, fund in apprximately 6-8% f the animals, was a transient hyperglycemia lasting frm a few days t several mnths. The secnd pattern ccurring in 1-15 % f the animals was a persistent hyperglycemia lasting 6 r mre mnths. The third pattern fund in 15-3% f the animals was characterized by the failure t develp hyperglycemia. The data in Fig. 2 represent these patterns in three animals studied ver a 9 day perid. Infectin f mice with EMC virus als resulted in glycsuria. The data in Fig. 3 shw that in acutely infected mice there was a gd crrelatin between hyperglycemia and glycsuria. Animals with bld glucse levels belw 2 rag/1 ml had little r n sugar in the urine ( t 1+), while the majrity f animals with bld glucse levels abve 3 rag/1 ml had substantial amunts f sugar in the urine (3+ t 4+). Marked discrdance between glucse in the bld and urine was bserved, hwever, in abut 1% f the determinatins. Glycsuria als was detected in hyperglycemic animals infected fr 6 r mre mnths (data nt shwn). T see whether the hyperglycemia in EMC infectin was assciated with breakdwn f fat depsits, the urine f infected mice was tested fr ketnes. The data in Table II shw that althugh up t ne-third f the infected mice had lw levels f ketnes in their urine, there was n crrelatin between ketsis and hyperglycemia. Ketnes were nt detected in the urine f uninfected mice. Effect f Fasting n Bld Glucse Levels.--In the early phase f ur experiments we bserved that when animals were fasted vernight (18 h) the difference in bld glucse levels between infected and uninfected animals was bscured. T determine mre precisely the rate at which elevated bld glucse levels returned t nrmal, glucse determinatins were dne at different times after remval f fd. The data in Table III shw that within 12 h the mean bld glucse level f the infected grup apprached that f the uninfected
5 123 VIRUS-INDUCED DIABETES MELLITUS 5 r E 38 E 34 uj rn I I[- I I I I I I 3 5 "TO 9 DAYS l"tg. 2. Representative bld glucse patterns in mice after infectin with EMC virus Each curve represents data frm a single muse. Persistent hyperglycemic, (~--A); transient hyperglycemic, ( -- ) ; nnhyperglycemic, (O-- O ). grup. Only ne f the infected animals had a bld glucse level abve 2 rag/1 ml. As a result, nnfasted animals were used fr mst f ur studies. Fd and Water Cnsumptin in Infected Mice.--T study the effect f EMC virus infectin n fd and water cnsumptin, mice were divided int grups n the basis f their nnfasting bld glucse levels. Animals were placed in individual cages and the amunt f fd and water cnsumed by each muse ver a 6 wk perid was determined. The data in Table IV shw that infected nnhyperglycemic animals cnsumed apprximately the same amunt f water and slightly mre fd than uninfected animals. Hwever, infected hyperglycemic animals cnsumed almst twice as much water and significantly mre fd than the uninfected animals. There was n significant difference in weight gain amng the three grups. Impairment f Glucse Metablism in Infected Mice.--The data in Table I and Fig. 2 shwed that nt all animals infected with EMC virus became severely hyperglycemic. Mrever, in a large percentage f the animals that did becme hyperglycemic the bld glucse levels ultimately returned t nrmal. T see
6 D. WARK BOUCttER AND ABNER LOUIS NOTKINS ;"! (D 25 a g m 2 15 ".v 1 5 I I I I I GLYCOSURIA FIG. 3. Tempral relatinship between bld glucse and glycsuria. Fr each pint bld and urine specimens were btained within 4 h f each ther. Data were btained frm 86 mice that had been infected fr days. Each pint represents an individual animal. The line was cmputed by linear regressin analysis (crrelatin cefficient, r =.8). TABLE II Ketnes in the Urine f EMC-Infected Mice n. f mice with n. f mice with n. f kettic mice Time after infectin n. f mice tested bld glucse >2 with bld sugars mg/1 ml ketnes in urine * >2 rag/1 ml;t wk Cntrl * Ketne levels in the urine were determined with Ketstix strips and the amunt was recrded as small (l-f), mderate (2-F), r large (3+). In all but tw cases the amunt f ketnes in the urine did nt exceed 1-t-. :~ Bld and urine were btained within 4 h f each ther.
7 1232 VIRUS-INDUCED DIABETES MELLITUS TABLE III Bld Glucse Levels i~ Infected and Uninfected Mice after Remval f Fd Bld glucse (rag/1 ml) Grup n. f mice h after remval f fd Uninfected ± 151~ 144 ± 1 12 ± Infected* ± ± ± 9 * Animals had been infected fr 42 days. :~ Mean ± SEM. TABLE Fd and Water Cnsumptin in Infected and Uninfected Mice IV Bld glucse n. f (rag/1 ml) Water:~ Fd:~ cnsumptin cnsumptin Grup animals wk (ml/day) (mg/day) 6 Bdy weight (g) wk 6 Uninfected :E 8} 132 =k ::k == Infected* Nnhyper :J= ± ::=.2** glycemie Hypergly =E =E ]], [! 21.4 ::E.8 cemic ::k: * At start f the experiment ( wk) animals had been infected fr 28 days. :~ Fd and water cnsumptin was measured ver a 6 wk perid. Mean == SEM. I] P <.1 cmpared with uninfected animals. P <,1 cmpared with infected nnhyperglycemic animals. ** P <.5 cmpared with uninfected animals. whether there was residual impairment f glucse metablism in these animals, glucse tlerance tests were perfrmed. As expected, the hyperglycemic animals (bld glucse levels abve 2 rag/1 ml) displayed grssly abnrmal glucse tlerance curves (Fig. 4). Abnrmal glucse tlerance curves als were seen in infected animals that never had bld glucse levels greater than 2 Ing/1 ml (Fig. 4 A) and in infected hyperglycemic animals that nw had bld glucse levels less than 2 mg/1 ii11 (Fig. 4 B). The bld glucse levels in these animals were higher and remained elevated fr a lnger time than in uninfected animals. Thus, the ability f infected animals that were nt hyperglycemic t handle a glucse lad was impaired. Insulin Levels in Infected Mice.--T see whether the impairment f glucse metablism might be due t abnrmal insulin levels, infected animals were divided int hyperglycemic and nnhyperglycemic grups. The amunt f insulin in the plasma f fasted animals then was determined at different times after infectin. The data in Table V shw that the amunt f insulin in the plasma f the infected nnhyperglycemic mice was nt statistically different frm that f the uninfected mice. The insulin in the plasma f infected hyper-
8 D. WARK BOUCHER AND ABNER LOUIS NOTKINS A B 68 E 6 W 3 (,.,) E) J 9 O J m OO 12 [,,I l i 6,2 6,2 MINUTES FI. 4. Cmparisn f glucse tlerance tests in hyperglycemic and nnhyperglycemic mice. Mice were infected with EMC virus and divided int three grups: infected mice with bld glucse levels abve 2 mg/1 ml, (@--@); infected mice with bld glucse levels belw 2 mg/1 ml, (O--O); infected mice with bld glucse levels abve 2 rag/1 ml during the acute phase f the infectin, but belw 2 mg/1 ml at 1 wk after infectin, (O--v1). Uninfected mice with bld glucse levels belw 2 mg/1 ml (A--A) served as cntrls. Befre the glucse tlerance tests, the animals were fasted fr 18 h and their blnd glucse levels determined ( time). The mice then were injected i.p. with glucse (2 mg/g bdy weight) and bled at the times indicated. Each pint represents the mean f fur t eight animals. Animals had been infected fr 5 wk (A) r 1 wk (B). glycemic mice, hwever, was lwer than that f uninfected mice at each f the times tested, with highly significant differences at 56 and 133 days. The respnsiveness f EMC-induced hyperglycemia t exgenus insulin is illustrated in Table VI. It can be seen that within 3 min after injectin f insulin, there was a marked drp in bld glucse levels f bth the infected and uninfected mice. Over the next 9 min the bld glucse levels in bth grups began t rise; the bld glucse f uninfected animals returned t its preinsulin level, whereas the bld glucse in infected animals still was substantially belw its preinsulin level. Effect f Muse Strain and Sex n Bld Glucse Levels.--The data in Table
9 1234 VIRUS-INDUCED DL~BETES lviellitus TABLE V Immunreactive Insulin (IRI) in the Plasma f EMC-Infeeted Mice Grup IRI (~U/ml)* Days after infectin Uninfected :~ Infected Nnh)2~er NT glycemic Hyper- NT ,]1 glycemic NT = Nt tested. * Animals were fasted fr 18 h befre plasma was btained fr IRI determinatins. Each grup cntained frm 8-15 animals. :~ Mean 4- SEM. P <.1 cmpared with uninfected animals. ]1 P <.1 cmpared with infected nnh)~perglycemic animals. TABLE VI Changes in Bld Glucse after Injectin f Exgenus Ins~din* Grup n. f mice Bld glucse (rag/1 ml) min after insulin 3 6 i2 Uninfected 7 11 =t= 2~c Infected (hypergly cemic) * Animals were inculated i.p. with.6 U f prcine insulin. Bld fr the time determinatin was taken just befre injectin f the insulin. Mean ± SEM. VII and Fig. 5 shw that the develpment f hyperglycemia in EMC virus infectin was dependent upn bth the strain and sex f the animals. Of the six strains f male mice tested at 7 days after infectin, nly DBA/2N and CD-1 mice develped hyperglycemia (Table VII). Similar results were bserved at 14 days after infectin (data nt shwn). The lw bld glucse levels nted in A/J mice may be related t the mribund state f these animals. Cmparisn f bld glucse levels in EMC-infected DBA/2N male and female mice revealed the typical hyperglycemic respnse in males,, whereas the mean bld glucse levels in females did nt exceed 16 rag/1 ml (Fig. 5). In anther experiment with 8 infected female mice studied ver a perid f 35 days, nly 4 ut f 28 determinatins gave bld glucse values abve 2 mg/1 ml (data nt shwn). Tiler f Virus in the Pancreas.--T see whether the failure f female mice t develp hyperglycemia was related t the degree f viral replicatin, the amunt f infectius virus in the pancreas f male and female mice was determined.
10 D. WARK BOUCt~[ER AND ABNER LOUIS I'qOTKINS 1235 TABLE VII Bld Glucse Levels in Different Strains f Male Mice Infected with EMC Virus Strain Infected n. f Bld glucse* Percent Percent animals (mg/1 ml) hyperglycemic:~ mrtality* % % DBA/2N Jr ± CD ± ± CBA/J ± 7 Jr ± 2 3 C57BL/6N BALB/CJ ± 7 33 A/] q q * All mice were infected at 6 wk f age with 5 PFU f EMC virus. Bld glucse levels and percent mrtality were determined 7 days after infectin. :~ Animals were cnsidered hyperglycemic if their bld glucse levels were 2 SD greater than the mean f uninfected animals f the same strain. Mean :k SEM. 3O _ 26 E ~ 22 D _J 18 Q m ~ 14 I I I I I I DAYS FIG. 5. Bld glucse levels in DBA/2N male and female mice infected with EMC virus. Each pint represents the mean f 3-4 mice. Male, (@--@); female, (O--O).
11 1236 VIRUS-INDUCED DIABETES I~IELLITUS The data in Table VIII shw that there was little difference in virus titer between the tw grups. Infectius virus culd nt be recvered after 1 days even thugh hyperglycemia persisted in the males fr ver 6 m. TABLE VIII Titer f EMC Virus in the Pancreas f Male and Female Mice* Time after infectin Male Virus titer PFU (lgl~/g tissue) Female day :~ t <2. <2. 16 <2. NT 26 <2. NT 4 <2. NT NT = Nt tested. * Male and female mice were inculated i.p. with 5 PFU f EMC virus. At each f the times indicated six male and three female mice were sacrificed, and their pancreases were remved, hmgenized, and assayed fr infectius virus n primary muse embry cells. The data represent the mean f the individual determinatins. Mean -4-SD. DISCUSSION Craighead shwed that infectin f mice with EMC virus prduced a diabeteslike syndrme characterized by hyperglycemia and glycsuria (1). In the present paper we have cnfirmed and extended these bservatins. Our experiments shwed that the metablic abnrmalities were mst readily detected by measuring the bld glucse levels f nnfasted animals and by perfrming glucse tlerance tests n fasted animals. This was necessitated by the bservatin that the bld glucse levels f the infected hyperglycemic mice remained elevated fr nly a shrt time after remval f fd, making it difficult t detect metablically abnrmal animals. Measurement f glucse in the urine was a useful screening prcedure fr detecting hyperglycemic animals, but it did nt prvide the fine quantitatin necessary t distinguish animals n the basis f the severity f their disease. Analysis f the bld glucse data frm hundreds f EMC-infected animals revealed that the metablic abnrmalities fit a spectrum ranging frm very mild alteratins detected by glucse tlerance tests t very severe alteratins detected by simply measuring the bld glucse levels f nnfasted animals. By dividing animals int grups n the basis f the severity f their hyperglycemia, it was pssible t detect metablic abnrmalities that therwise might have been bscured r cmpletely missed. In additin t hyperglycemia and
12 D. WARK BOUCHER AND ABNER LOUIS NOTKINS 1237 glycsuria, the severe frm f the diabeteslike syndrme is characterized by plydipsia, plyphagia, and hypinsulinemia. Lw levels f ketnes als were fund in the urine, but whether ketsis is part f the syndrme r a sequela f the mre generalized EMC infectin is nt clear. By cmparing severely hyperglycemic with nnhyperglycemic animals, it shuld be pssible t mre accurately assess the varius metablic abnrmalities and determine whether the vascular changes ften assciated with human diabetes (e.g. glmerulsclersis and retinpathy) ccur in the animal mdel. Several lines f evidence suggest that the metablic abnrmalities f the diabeteslike syndrme are due t pancreatic damage and hypinsulinemia. First, infectius virus can be recvered frm the pancreas during the acute phase f the infectin. Secnd, the infectin results in diminutin in the number and size f the islets f Langerhans and marked degranulatin f beta cells (1, 11, 15). Third, decreased levels f IRI in the pancreas f infected mice have been reprted, but the effect f EMC infectin n the IRI levels in the bld has been difficult t evaluate because f wide variatin in the data and small numbers f animals (11). By using large numbers f animals and dividing them int severely hyperglycemic and nnhyperglycemic grups, we have been able t shw that levels f IRI were significantly reduced in the bld f the hyperglycemic animals. The bservatin that the level f IRI was nt as greatly depressed in acutely infected hyperglycemic animals as cmpared with lngterm hyperglycemic animals (Table V) nce again may simply reflect a difference in the ppulatin f animals sampled (i.e., we d nt knw what percentage f animals tested n days 8, 14, and 28 belnged t the transient as cmpared with the mre severe lng-term hyperglycemic categry). Finally, the demnstratin that the bld glucse levels f the hyperglycemic animals culd be lwered by injecting exgenus insulin supprts the cntentin that the EMC-induced diabeteslike syndrme is, at least in part, secndary t insulin deficiency. Why EMC virus prduces severe and prlnged hyperglycemia in sme animals, transient hyperglycemia in thers, and mild if any alteratins in glucse metablism in still thers is nt knwn. Althugh the marked difference in incidence f diabetes between strains might be explained n a genetic basis, it is harder t explain the different respnses bserved in the DBA/2N males since these are inbred animals. One pssibility that is being investigated is that subtle differences in the time f initiatin and magnitude f the immune respnse may determine whether r nt the virus prduces severe r mild damage t the pancreas. It des nt appear that the lw incidence f hyperglycemia in female as cmpared with male DBA/2N mice can be explained simply n the degree f viral replicatin, since apprximately the same amunt f infectius virus was recvered frm the pancreas in bth sexes. Mrever, preliminary experiments have failed t reveal any significant differences in the titer f virus in the pancreas f infected hyperglycemic as crn-
13 1238 VIRUS-INDUCED DIABETES MELLITUS pared with nnhyperglycemic males at 4, 6, and 8 days after infectin. The titer f virus in the hmgenate f the whle pancreas, hwever, may nt reflect differences in the degree f viral replicatin in the beta cells f these animals. Alternately, hrmnal differences may make the pancreas in the male mre susceptible t virus-induced injury. In this cnnectin, it is knwn that EMC virus prduces mre severe disease and higher mrtality in males than females (16). The bservatin that hyperglycemia persists in the males fr many mnths after infectius virus can be recvered frm the pancreas suggests that the infectin prduces acute beta cell damage that in sme cases results in permanent impairment f functin. The pssibility des exist, hwever, that the virus may persist in the pancreas f these animals at lw levels r in a latent frm. The demnstratin that EMC virus can prduce in labratry animals a picture that metablically resembles diabetes adds credence t the hypthesis that viral infectins might be a cause f sme frms f diabetes in man (2, 17). Viruses that subtly r grssly damage the pancreas f animals r man wuld be gd candidates fr further study. It is evident frm ur experiments, hwever, that the develpment f diabetes is nt nly dependent n the nature f the virus, but n the cmplex interactins between the virus and the hst. SUMMARY Infectin f DBA/2N male mice with encephalmycarditis virus resulted in a diabeteslike syndrme characterized by hyperglycemia, glycsuria, hypinsulinemia, plydipsia, and plyphagia. Bld glucse levels were elevated within 4 days after infectin and reached a maximum mean level f 32 mg/ 1 ml within 12 days. Apprximately 6-8% f the animals develped a transient hyperglycemia while 1-15 % f the animals remained hyperglycemic fr well ver 6 t. The remaining animals failed t becme hyperglycemic but many had abnrmal glucse tlerance curves. Hyperglycemia was mst prnunced when animals were allwed free access t fd, and the incidence f hyperglycemia was related bth t the strain and sex f the animals, with few females develping hyperglycemia. The amunt f immunreactive insulin in the plasma f infected hyperglycemic mice was significantly lwer than in apprpriate cntrls, and injectin f exgenus insulin resulted in a rapid drp in the bld glucse levels. Despite the fact that certain animals were hyperglycemic fr many mnths, virus culd nt be recvered frm the pancreas after the first 1 days f the infectin. The authrs gratefully acknwledge helpful discussins with Dr. Jhn Craighead and the technical assistance f Ms. Teclia Brwn. REFERENCES 1. Harris, H. F A case f diabetes mellitus quickly fllwing mumps. Bstn Med. Surg. J. 14: Levy, N. L., and A. L. Ntkins Viral infectins and diseases f the endcrine system. J. fnfect. Dis. 19.4:94.
14 D. WARK BOUCttER AND ABNER LOUIS NOTKINS Gamble, D. R., M. L. Kinsley, M. G. Fitzgerald, R. Bltn, and K. W. Taylr Viral antibdies in diabetes meuitus. Br. Med. J. 3: Barbni, E., and I. Mancchi Alterazinia pancreatic in bvini cn diabete mellit pst-afts. Arch. Vet. Ital. 13: Barbni, E., I. Mancchi, and G. Asdrubali Observatins n diabetes mellitus assciated with experimental ft-and-muth disease in cattle. Vet. Ital. 17: Pappenheimer, A. M., L. J. Kunz, and S. Richardsn Passage f Cxsackie virus (Cnnecticut-5 strain) in adult mice with prductin f pancreatic disease. J. Exp. Med. 94: Dalldrf, G., and R. Giffrd Adaptatin f Grup B Cxsackie virus t adult muse pancreas. J. Exp. Med. 96: Burch, G. E., C. Tsui, J. M. Harb, and H. L. Clclugh Pathlgic findings in the pancreas f mice infected with cxsackievirus B4. Arch. Intern. Med. 19.8:4. 9. Tsui, C. Y., G. E. Burch, and J. M. Harb Pancreatitis in mice infected with cxsackievirus B 1. Arch. Pathl. 93: Craighead, J. E., and M. F. McLane Diabetes mellitus: inductin in mice by encephalmycarditis virus. Science (Wash. D. C.). 162: Craighead, J. E., and J. Steinke Diabetes mellitus-like syndrme in mice infected with encephalmycarditis virus. Am. J. Pathl. 63: Craighead, J. E Pathgenicity f the M and E variants f the encephalmycarditis (EMC) virus. I. Mycarditrpic and neurtrpic prperties. Am. J. Pathl. 48: Raab, E., and T. C. Terkildsen On the enzymatic determinatin f bld glucse. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 19.: Wide, L., and J. Prath Radiimmunassay f prteins with the use f Sephadex-cupled antibdies. Bichim. Biphys. Acta. 13: Mfintefering, H., W. A. K. Schmidt, and W. KSrb Zur Virusgenese des diabetes mellitus bei der weiben maus. Dtsch. Med. Wchenschr. 96: Friedman, S. B., L. J. Grta, and L. A. Glasgw Differential susceptibility f male and female mice t encephalmycarditis virus. Effects f castratin, adrenalectmy, and the administratin f sex hrmnes. Infect. Immun. 5: Editrial Cxsackie viruses and diabetes. Lancet. 2:84.
Further Studies on the Influence of Steroids on
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Aug. 1973, p. 151-155 Cpyright ( 1973 American Sciety fr Micrbilgy Vl. 8, N. 2 Printed in U.S.A. Further Studies n the Influence f Sterids n Viral Infectin in Mice D. J. GIRON,
More informationSTUDIES WITH HUMAN INFLUENZA VIRUS CULTIVATED IN ARTIFICIAL MEDIUM
Published Online: 1 June, 1936 Supp Inf: http://di.rg/1.184/jem.63.6.83 Dwnladed frm jem.rupress.rg n August 13, 218 STUDIES WITH HUMAN INFLUENZA VIRUS CULTIVATED IN ARTIFICIAL MEDIUM BY T. P. MAGILL,
More informationCONSENT FOR KYBELLA INJECTABLE FAT REDUCTION
CONSENT FOR KYBELLA INJECTABLE FAT REDUCTION INSTRUCTIONS This is an infrmed cnsent dcument which has been prepared t help yur Dctr infrm yu cncerning fat reductin with an injectable medicatin, its risks,
More informationFrequently Asked Questions: IS RT-Q-PCR Testing
Questins 1. What is chrnic myelid leukemia (CML)? 2. Hw des smene knw if they have CML? 3. Hw is smene diagnsed with CML? Frequently Asked Questins: IS RT-Q-PCR Testing Answers CML is a cancer f the bld
More informationThe estimator, X, is unbiased and, if one assumes that the variance of X7 is constant from week to week, then the variance of X7 is given by
ESTIMATION PROCEDURES USED TO PRODUCE WEEKLY FLU STATISTICS FROM THE HEALTH INTERVIEW SURVEY James T. Massey, Gail S. Pe, Walt R. Simmns Natinal Center fr Health Statistics. INTRODUCTION In April 97, the
More informationM.J. Guthriel, D.G. Wagner2
EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTAL PROTEIN OR GRAIN ON INTAKE AND UTILIZATION OF MEDIUM QUALITY PRAIRIE HAY BY STEERS M.J. Guthriel, D.G. Wagner2 and D.C. Weakley3 Stry in Brief Sixteen 1,053 lb tw-year-ld Herefrd
More informationDATA RELEASE: UPDATED PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS ON 2016 HEALTH & LIFESTYLE SURVEY ELECTRONIC CIGARETTE QUESTIONS
DATA RELEASE: UPDATED PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS ON 216 HEALTH & LIFESTYLE SURVEY ELECTRONIC CIGARETTE QUESTIONS This briefing has been specifically prepared fr the Ministry f Health t prvide infrmatin frm this
More informationSwindon Joint Strategic Needs Assessment Bulletin
Swindn Jint Strategic Needs Assessment Bulletin Swindn Diabetes 2017 Key Pints: This JSNA gives health facts abut peple with diabetes r peple wh might get diabetes in Swindn. This helps us t plan fr medical
More information(From the Laboratories of the International Health Division of The Rockefeller Foundation, New York)
THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS AND ANTIBODIES BY MEANS OF RED CELL AGGLUTINATION BY GEORGE K. HLRST, M.D. (Frm the Labratries f the Internatinal Health Divisin f The Rckefeller Fundatin,
More informationHEALTH SURVEILLANCE INDICATORS: CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING. Public Health Relevance. Highlights.
HEALTH SURVEILLANCE INDICATORS: CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING Public Health Relevance Cervical cancer is 90% preventable by having regular Papaniclau (Pap) tests. The Pap test, als knwn as a cervical smear,
More informationIn the last lesson we examined specific factors that affect ecosystems.
Lessn 3: Liming Factrs in Ecsystems In the last lessn we examined specific factrs that affect ecsystems. In this lessn, yu will see hw these and ther factrs limit ppulans and cmmunies within ecsystems. Bitic
More informationA Phase I Study of CEP-701 in Patients with Refractory Neuroblastoma NANT (01-03) A New Approaches to Neuroblastoma Therapy (NANT) treatment protocol.
SAMPLE INFORMED CONSENT A Phase I Study f CEP-701 in Patients with Refractry Neurblastma NANT (01-03) A New Appraches t Neurblastma Therapy (NANT) treatment prtcl. The wrd yu used thrughut this dcument
More informationPROTOCOL 1850 Millrace Drive, Suite 3A Eugene, Oregon
PROTOCOL Cmplex II Enzyme Activity Micrplate Assay Kit 1850 Millrace Drive, Suite 3A Eugene, Oregn 97403 MS241 Rev.0 DESCRIPTION Cmplex II Enzyme Activity Micrplate Assay Kit Sufficient materials are prvided
More informationBRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutations
BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutatins ROBERT LEVITT, MD JESSICA BERGER-WEISS, MD ADRIENNE POTTS, MD HARTAJ POWELL, MD, MPH COURTNEY LEVENSON, MD LAUREN BURNS, MSN, RN, WHNP OBGYNCWC.COM v Cancer is a cmplex disease
More informationQ 5: Is relaxation training better (more effective than/as safe as) than treatment as usual in adults with depressive episode/disorder?
updated 2012 Relaxatin training Q 5: Is relaxatin training better (mre effective than/as safe as) than treatment as usual in adults with depressive episde/disrder? Backgrund The number f general health
More informationALCAT FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
1. Is fasting required befre taking the Alcat Test? N. It is recmmended t drink water and t avid stimulants like caffeine prir t the test. 2. With regard t testing children, must a child be a certain age
More informationChronic Fatigue Syndrome
Chrnic Fatigue Syndrme (Als knwn as Myalgic encephalmyelitis/encephalmyelpathy) What is CFS/ME? CFS/ME cmprises a range f symptms that include fatigue, malaise, headaches, sleep disturbances, difficulties
More informationRefining Blood Collection Techniques to Improve Animal Welfare and Sample Quality
Refining Bld Cllectin Techniques t Imprve Animal Welfare and Sample Quality Amy Allaire RLATG 1, Jennifer Jhnsn 2, Kimberly Maratea DVM PhD 2, Steven Bulé CMAR RLATG 1, Sara Savage DVM DACLAM 1 1 Dispsitin,
More informationby Springer-Verlag 1977
Diabetlgia 13, 615-61 (177) Diabetlgia @ by Springer-Verlag 177 Prevalence f Residual B-Cell Functin in Insulin-Treated Diabetics Evaluated by the Plasma C-Peptide Respnse t Intravenus Giucagn C. Hendriksen,
More informationAnnex III. Amendments to relevant sections of the Product Information
Changes t the Prduct infrmatin as apprved by the CHMP n 13 Octber 2016, pending endrsement by the Eurpean Cmmissin Annex III Amendments t relevant sectins f the Prduct Infrmatin Nte: These amendments t
More informationThe demonstration of lysosomes by the controlled temperature freezing-sectioning method By LUCILLE BITENSKY
205 The demnstratin f lyssmes by the cntrlled temperature freezing-sectining methd By LUCILLE BITESKY (Frm the Department f Pathlgy, Ryal Cllege f Surgens f England, Lincln's Inn Fields, Lndn, W.C. 2)
More informationTick fever is a cattle disease caused by any one of the following blood parasites:
Tick fever Tick fever is a cattle disease caused by any ne f the fllwing bld parasites: Babesia bvis Babesia bigemina Anaplasma marginale These parasites are all transmitted by the cattle tick (Bphilus
More informationP02-03 CALA Program Description Proficiency Testing Policy for Accreditation Revision 1.9 July 26, 2017
P02-03 CALA Prgram Descriptin Prficiency Testing Plicy fr Accreditatin Revisin 1.9 July 26, 2017 P02-03 CALA Prgram Descriptin Prficiency Testing Plicy fr Accreditatin TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS...
More information1.11 INSULIN INFUSION PUMP MANAGEMENT INPATIENT
WOMEN AND NEWBORN HEALTH SERVICE CLINICAL GUIDELINES SECTION A: GUIDELINES RELEVANT TO OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 1 STANDARD PROTOCOLS 1.11 INSULIN INFUSION PUMP MANAGEMENT - INPATIENT Authrised by: OGCCU
More informationALLERGY. The effect of alternate-day prednisone on the white blood count in children with chronic asthma
The Jurnal f ALLERGY and CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY VOLUME 51 NUMBER 2 The effect f alternate-day prednisne n the white bld cunt in children with chrnic asthma H. Cha, M.D., and A. Gilbert, M.T. Denver, Cl. Children
More informationPercutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL)
Percutaneus Nephrlithtmy (PCNL) What is a percutaneus nephrlithtmy? is the mst effective f the cmmnly perfrmed prcedures fr kidney stnes. It is the best prcedure fr large and cmplex stnes. T perfrm this
More informationPublic consultation on the NHMRC s draft revised Australian alcohol guidelines for low-risk drinking
Public cnsultatin n the NHMRC s draft revised Australian alchl guidelines fr lw-risk drinking Recmmendatins frm The Cancer Cuncil Australia The Cancer Cuncil Australia is Australia s peak nn-gvernment
More informationNFS284 Lecture 3. How much of a nutrient is required to maintain health? Types and amounts of foods to maintain health
NFS284 Lecture 3 Chapter 2: Nutritin: Guidelines: Applying the Science f Nutritin 2.1 Nutritin Recmmendatin fr the Canadian Diet Nutrient-based apprach Hw much f a nutrient is required t maintain health?
More informationVariation in Tissue Carnitine Concentrations with Age and Sex in the Rat
Bichem. J. (1978) 176, 677-681 Printed in Great Britain 677 Variatin in Tissue Carnitine Cncentratins with Age and Sex in the Rat By PEGGY R. BORUM Divisin fnutritin, Department fbichemistry, Vanderbilt
More informationPodcast Transcript Title: Common Miscoding of LARC Services Impacting Revenue Speaker Name: Ann Finn Duration: 00:16:10
Pdcast Transcript Title: Cmmn Miscding f LARC Services Impacting Revenue Speaker Name: Ann Finn Duratin: 00:16:10 NCTCFP: Welcme t this pdcast spnsred by the Natinal Clinical Training Center fr Family
More informationHealth Screening Record: Entry Level Due: August 1st MWF 150 Entry Year
Health Screening Recrd: Entry Level MIDWIFERY EDUCATION PROGRAM HEALTH SCREENING REQUIREMENTS (Rev. June 2017) 1. Hepatitis B: Primary vaccinatin series (3 vaccines 0, 1 and 6 mnths apart), plus serlgic
More informationObesity/Morbid Obesity/BMI
Obesity/mrbid besity/bdy mass index (adult) Obesity/Mrbid Obesity/BMI Definitins and backgrund Diagnsis cde assignment is based n the prvider s clinical judgment and crrespnding medical recrd dcumentatin
More informationPROTOCOL. SOD2 Protein Quantity Microplate Assay Kit. MS746 Rev.0 DESCRIPTION INTRODUCTION
PROTOCOL SOD2 Prtein Quantity Micrplate Assay Kit 1850 Millrace Drive, Suite 3A Eugene, Oregn 97403 MS746 Rev.0 DESCRIPTION SOD2 Prtein Quantity Micrplate Assay Kit Sufficient materials are prvided fr
More informationTaste-sickness associations in youngrats over varying delays, stimulus, and test conditions
Animal Learning & Behavir 1980, 8(4), 529-533 Taste-sickness assciatins in yungrats ver varying delays, stimulus, and test cnditins GERARD M. MARTIN and W. K. TIMMINS Australian Natinal University, Canberra,
More informationA Plasma Humoral Factor of Extrarenal Origin Causing Release of Reninlike Activity in Hypotensive Dogs
A Plasma Humral Factr f Extrarenal Origin Causing Release f Reninlike Activity in Hyptensive Dgs By E. De Vit, C. Wilsn, R. E. Shipley, R. P. Miller, and B. L. Mrtx ABSTRACT Plasma reninlike activity significantly
More informationSugar Rush: The Science of Sweet
Sugar Rush: The Science f Sweet FRAMEWORK I. Scientific and Engineering Practices II. Crss-Cutting Cncepts III. Physical Sciences SKILLS/OBJECTIVES T bserve the results f hands-n experiments and make inferences/draw
More informationCompleting the NPA online Patient Safety Incident Report form: 2016
Cmpleting the NPA nline Patient Safety Incident Reprt frm: 2016 The infrmatin cntained within this dcument is in line with the current Data Prtectin Act (DPA) requirements. This infrmatin may be subject
More informationHuman papillomavirus (HPV) refers to a group of more than 150 related viruses.
HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS This infrmatin may help answer sme f yur questins and help yu think f ther questins that yu may want t ask yur cancer care team; it is nt intended t replace advice r discussin between
More informationMonensin and Extruded Urea-Grain for Range Beef Cows
Mnensin and Extruded Urea-Grain fr Range Beef Cws R. P. Lemenager, F. N. Owens, w. E. Sharp, Merwin Cmptn and Rbert Ttusek Stry in Brief Tw trials were cnducted t evaluate the supplemental value f mnensin
More informationOsteoporosis Fast Facts
Osteprsis Fast Facts Fast Facts n Osteprsis Definitin Osteprsis, r prus bne, is a disease characterized by lw bne mass and structural deteriratin f bne tissue, leading t bne fragility and an increased
More informationM.R.C.Path. causes to the raised plasma urea in patients admitted
Pstgradcuate Medical Jurnal (January 1979) 55, 1-14 The cause f the raised plasma urea f acute heart failure R D THOMAS MRCP D B MORGAN MRCPath ALISON NWILL AIMLS Departments f Cardilgy and Chemical Pathlgy,
More informationAP Biology Lab 12: Introduction to the Scientific Method and Animal Behavior
Name: AP Bilgy Lab 12: Intrductin t the Scientific Methd and Animal Behavir Overview In this lab yu will: -Observe an rganism and design an experiment t investigate their respnses t envirnmental variables.
More informationWHAT IS HEAD AND NECK CANCER FACT SHEET
WHAT IS HEAD AND NECK CANCER FACT SHEET This infrmatin may help answer sme f yur questins and help yu think f ther questins that yu may want t ask yur cancer care team; it is nt intended t replace advice
More informationDIRECTED FORGETIING: SHORT-TERM MEMORY OR CONDITIONED RESPONSE? WENDY S. MILLER and HARVARD L. ARMUS The University of Toledo
The Psychlgical Recrd, 1999, 49, 211-220 DIRECTED FORGETIING: SHORT-TERM MEMORY OR CONDITIONED RESPONSE? WENDY S. MILLER and HARVARD L. ARMUS The University f Tled Previus researchers have interpreted
More informationFDA Dietary Supplement cgmp
FDA Dietary Supplement cgmp FEBRUARY 2009 OVERVIEW Summary The Fd and Drug Administratin (FDA) has issued a final rule regarding current gd manufacturing practices (cgmp) fr dietary supplements that establishes
More information2018 Medical Association Poster Symposium Guidelines
2018 Medical Assciatin Pster Sympsium Guidelines Overview The 3 rd Annual student-run Medical Assciatin f the State f Alabama Research Sympsium will take place n Friday and Saturday, April 13-14 at the
More informationProtocol. Preparation Protocol for the Non-Targeted Vevo MicroMarker Contrast Agent
Prtcl Preparatin Prtcl fr the Nn-Targeted Vev MicrMarker Cntrast Agent System Cmpatibility: This guide cntains instructins and suggestins fr wrk n the Vev2100, VevLAZR, Vev 3100 systems and transducers
More informationIntravenous Vancomycin Use in Adults Intermittent (Pulsed) Infusion
Backgrund This plicy cvers the use f intravenus vancmycin prescribed as an intermittent (pulsed) infusin. This can be used fr treatment r prphylaxis. Evidence supprting this guidance is detailed belw.
More informationThe clinical trial information provided in this public disclosure synopsis is supplied for informational purposes only.
The clinical trial infrmatin prvided in this public disclsure synpsis is supplied fr infrmatinal purpses nly. Please nte that the results reprted in any single trial may nt reflect the verall ptential
More informationA pre-conference should include the following: an introduction, a discussion based on the review of lesson materials, and a summary of next steps.
NAU Mdel Observatin Prtcl The mdel prtcl was develped with supprt and expertise frm the Natinal Institute fr Excellence in Teaching (NIET) and is based in great part n NIET s extensive experience cnducting
More informationYear 1 MBChB Clinical Skills Session Blood Glucose Monitoring
Year 1 MBChB Clinical Skills Sessin Bld Glucse Mnitring Reviewed & ratified by: Dr V Taylr-Jnes, Cnsultant Anaesthetist Ms C Tierney, HARC Elements discussed with Ms Lesley Lamen, Diabetic Nurse Specialist
More informationThyroglobulin levels in serum and saliva of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma
Pre, Indian Acad. Sci., Vl. 87 B (Experimental Bilgy-J), N.7, July 1978. pp. 169-1". @ printed in India Thyrglbulin levels in serum and saliva f patients with differentiated thyrid carcinma D SHAH, S DANDEKAR
More informationPatterns of Cholesterol Distribution in the Participants of a Screening Project
Patterns f Chlesterl Distributin in the Participants f a Screening Prject Abdul Hamid Shaikh, S With guidelines similar t thse recmmended by the Natinal Chlesterl Educatin Prgram (NCEP), 3,3 individuals
More informationHow to become an AME Online
Hw t becme an AME Online 1. Check that yu meet the minimum technical requirements in rder t use the AME Online system: Operating System: Windws Vista (Service Pack 2) Windws 7 Windws 8, 8.1 Windws 10 Please
More informationYou may have a higher risk of bleeding if you take warfarin sodium tablets and:
MEDICATION GUIDE Warfarin (WAR-far-in) Sdium (SO-dee-um) Tablets USP The 7.5 mg tablets cntain FD&C Yellw N. 5 (tartrazine), which may cause allergic-type reactins (including brnchial asthma) in certain
More informationIntravenous Vancomycin Use in Adults Intermittent (Pulsed) Infusion
Intravenus Vancmycin Use in Adults Intermittent (Pulsed) Infusin Backgrund This plicy cvers the use f intravenus vancmycin prescribed as an intermittent (pulsed) infusin. This can be used fr treatment
More informationInfluenza (Flu) Fact Sheet
Influenza (Flu) Fact Sheet What is the flu? The flu is a cntagius respiratry illness caused by influenza viruses. It can cause mild t severe illness, and at times can lead t death. Sme peple, such as lder
More informationLATENT VIRAL INFECTION OF CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURE BY JOHN P. BADER, PH.D., AND HERBERT R. MORGAN, M.D.
Published Online: 1 February, 1961 Supp Inf: http://di.rg/1.184/jem.113.2.271 Dwnladed frm jem.rupress.rg n August 22, 218 LATENT VIRAL INFECTION OF CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURE VII. ROLE OF V~ATER-SOLUBLE
More informationSTUDIES ON THE FEASIBILITY OF PREDICTING FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE FROM CERTAIN LABORATORY GRAIN ANALYSES
University f Nebraska - Lincln DigitalCmmns@University f Nebraska - Lincln Faculty Papers and Publicatins in Animal Science Animal Science Department January 1978 STUDIES ON THE FEASIBILITY OF PREDICTING
More informationBIOLOGY 101. CHAPTER 15: The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance: Locating Genes Along Chromosomes
BIOLOGY 101 CHAPTER 15: The Chrmsmal Basis f Inheritance: Lcating Genes Alng Chrmsmes Lcating Genes Alng the Chrmsme CONCEPTS: 15.2 Sex-linked genes exhibit unique patterns f inheritance 15.3 Linked genes
More informationTREATMENT OF POLYCYTHEMIA VERA
RUSSELL L. HADEN, M.D. Plycythemia vera is characterized by an increase in the number f red bld cells. This disease is insidius in rigin, chrnic, and withut pathgnmnic symptms r physical findings. Early
More informationTRANSPLANTATION AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. Proceedings of the Twenty-Second International Course, Lyon, May 1990
-----.---.----~ Reprinted frm: TRANSPLANTATION AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY VOLUME XXII Multiple Transplants Prceedings f the Twenty-Secnd Internatinal Curse, Lyn, 2-23 May 99 This publicatin was made pssible
More informationFOUNDATIONS OF DECISION-MAKING...
Table f Cntents FOUNDATIONS OF DECISION-MAKING... Errr! Bkmark nt Describe the decisin-making prcess pp.62-66... Errr! Bkmark nt Explain the three appraches managers can use t make decisins pp.67-70 Errr!
More informationINVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY. Dexamethasone testing in Southwestern Indians
May 1970 Vlume 9, Number 5 INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY Dexamethasne testing in Suthwestern Luis J. Rsenbaum, Ellen Altn, and Bernard Becker f the Suthwestern United States demnstrated prevalences f primary
More informationThis information shows what new challenges are likely to require prevention efforts moving forward.
Release f CDC s Healthcare-Assciated Infectins (HAI) Pint Prevalence Survey and Annual Natinal and State HAI Prgress Reprt Embarged until: Wednesday, March 26 th at 12 nn ET Key Messages Overall These
More informationTOP TIPS Lung Cancer Update Dr Andrew Wight Consultant respiratory Physician - WUTH
Tpic Circulatin list In case f query please cntact Executive Summary TOP TIPS Lung Cancer Update Dr Andrew Wight Cnsultant respiratry Physician - WUTH All Wirral GP s JaneFletcher2@nhs.net Dear Clleagues,
More informationctdna-guided Change of Therapy Improves Quality of Life of a Lung Cancer Patient
CASE STUDY ctdna-guided Change f Therapy Imprves Quality f Life f a Lung Cancer Patient Quick Summary Tripti Vasudev*, aged 61 years, was diagnsed with NSCLC. Genetic analysis revealed the presence f an
More informationData Fusion for Predicting Breast Cancer Survival
Data Fusin fr Predicting Breast Cancer Linbailu Jiang, Yufei Zhang, Siyi Peng Mentr: Irene Kaplw December 11, 2015 1 Intrductin 1.1 Backgrund Cancer is mre f a severe health issue than ever in ur current
More informationWhat Should One Know About Thalassaemia Minor
What Shuld One Knw Abut Thalassaemia Minr What Is Thalassaemia? Thalassaemia is a cmmn inherited genetic disrder f hemglbin (Hb). T understand Thalassaemia ne shuld knw a bit mre abut Hb and its Structure
More informationThe Multiplication Cycle of Tobacco Rattle Virus in Tobacco Mesophyll Protoplasts
J. gen. Virl. (I976), 33, 237-248 Printed in Great Britain 237 The Multiplicatin Cycle f Tbacc Rattle Virus in Tbacc Mesphyll Prtplasts By B. D. HARRISON, S. KUBO,* D. J. ROBINSON AND AILEEN M. HUTCHESON
More informationLTCH QUALITY REPORTING PROGRAM
4 LTCH QUALITY REPORTING PROGRAM GENERAL INFORMATION...3 LTCH FACILITY-LEVEL QUALITY MEASURE REPORT...5 LTCH PATIENT-LEVEL QUALITY MEASURE REPORT...18 LTCH REVIEW AND CORRECT REPORT...23 09/2018 v1.04
More information23/11/2015. Introduction & Aims. Methods. Methods. Survey response. Patient Survey (baseline)
Intrductin & Aims Drug and Alchl Cnsultatin Liaisn (AOD CL) services aim t imprve identificatin and treatment f patients with AOD mrbidity. The csts and cnsequences f targeting AOD patients presenting
More informationInfluence of Endosperm Type On the Nutritive Value Of Grain Sorghum and Corn
Influence f Endsperm Type On the Nutritive Value Of Grain Srghum and Crn c. A. Hibberd, R. Schemm and D. G. Wagner Stry in Brief The nutritive value f several varieties f grain srghum and crn was studied
More informationApplied veterinary Virology: The isolation and identification of viruses using embryonated chicken eggs
Applied veterinary Virlgy: The islatin and identificatin f viruses using embrynated Authrs: Prf. Estelle H Venter Licensed under a Creative Cmmns Attributin license. INTRODUCTION Viruses can nly grw in
More informationASSESSMENT OF PITUITARY FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH SERUM PROLACTIN LEVELS GREATER THAN 100 NG/ML*t
FERTILITY AND STERILITY Cpyright 1979 The American Fertility Sciety Vl. 32, N.2, August 1979 Printed in U.s.A. ASSESSMENT OF PITUITARY FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH SERUM PROLACTIN LEVELS GREATER THAN 100
More informationKey Points Enterovirus D68 in the United States, 2014 Note: Newly added information is in red.
Key Pints Entervirus D68 in the United States, 2014 Nte: Newly added infrmatin is in red. Over the last several mnths, the United States has experienced a natinwide utbreak f entervirus D68 (EV- D68) assciated
More informationLyme Disease Surveillance in North Carolina
Lyme Disease Surveillance in Nrth Carlina 2008-2014 Carl Williams DVM Megan Sanza MPH Cmmunicable Disease Branch Divisin f Nrth Carlina Public Health Lyme Disease Surveillance in Nrth Carlina 2008-2014
More informationName of procedure: Removal of submandibular salivary gland
Oral facial surgery Surgical prcedure infrmatin leaflet Name f prcedure: Remval f submandibular salivary gland This leaflet explains sme f the benefits, risks and alternatives t the peratin. We want yu
More informationNeurological outcome from conservative or surgical treatment of cervical spinal cord injured patients
1993 nternatinal Medical Sciety f Paraplegia eurlgical utcme frm cnservative r surgical treatment f cervical spinal crd injured patients J E Kiwerski Spinal Department f Metrplitan Rehabilitatin Centre,
More informationChapter 6: Impact Indicators
Overview Chapter 6: Impact Indicatrs The best measure f the lng-term impact f all HIV preventin activities is the HIV incidence rate, namely the number f new cases f HIV infectin per year divided by the
More informationBreast Cancer Awareness Month 2018 Key Messages (as of June 6, 2018)
Breast Cancer Awareness Mnth 2018 Key Messages (as f June 6, 2018) In this dcument there are tw sectins f messages in supprt f Cancer Care Ontari s Breast Cancer Awareness Mnth 2018: 1. Campaign key messages
More informationTriumeq (abacavir, dolutegravir and lamivudine) Product Backgrounder for US Media
Triumeq (abacavir, dlutegravir and lamivudine) Prduct Backgrunder fr US Media What is Triumeq and wh is Triumeq fr? Triumeq (abacavir 600mg, dlutegravir 50mg and lamivudine 300mg) is the first dlutegravir-based
More informationCDC Influenza Division Key Points MMWR Updates February 20, 2014
CDC Influenza Divisin Key Pints MMWR Updates In this dcument: Summary Key Messages Seasnal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness: Interim Adjusted Estimates Influenza Surveillance Update: September 29, 2013-February
More informationPlaque Formation by Influenza Viruses in the Presence of Trypsin
J. gen. Virl. (I974), 25, 351-357 Printed in Great Britain 35I Plaque Frmatin by Influenza Viruses in the Presence f Trypsin By G. APPLEYARD AND H. B. MABER Micrbilgical Research Establishment, Prtn, Nr
More informationOUR STUDIES on the seeming loss of
Evaluatin f Bld Vlume Measurement Techniques By JOHN W. REMINGTON, PH.D., AND CARLETON H. BAKEB, PH.D. OUR STUDIES n the seeming lss f plasma frm the circulatin after transfusin and the mbilizatin f plasma
More informationImaging tests allow the cancer care team to check for cancer and other problems inside the body.
IMAGING TESTS This infrmatin may help answer sme f yur questins and help yu think f ther questins that yu may want t ask yur cancer care team; it is nt intended t replace advice r discussin between yu
More informationKey Points Enterovirus D68 in the United States, 2014 Note: Newly added information is in red.
Key Pints Entervirus D68 in the United States, 2014 Nte: Newly added infrmatin is in red. The United States is currently experiencing a natinwide utbreak f entervirus D68 (EV-D68) assciated with severe
More informationINFERTILITY DIAGNOSIS
INFERTILITY Infertility is the inability t cnceive after 12 mnths f unprtected intercurse. There are multiple causes f infertility and a systematic way t evaluate the cnditin. Let s lk at sme f the causes.
More informationTemporal Relationship of Glycosylated Haemoglobin Concentrations to Glucose Control in Diabetics
Diabetlgia 17, 213-22 (1979) Diabetlgia 9 by Springer-Verlag 1979 Originals Tempral Relatinship f Glycsylated Haemglbin Cncentratins t Glucse Cntrl in Diabetics P. J. Dunn, R. A. Cle, J. S. Seldner, R.
More informationWeight gain and height velocity during prolonged first remission from acute lymphoblastic. years and 15 for two years. Three patients who
Archives f Disease in Childhd, 1985, 60, 832-836 Weight gain and height velcity during prlnged first remissin frm acute lymphblastic leukaemia C P Q SAINSBURY, R G NEWCOMBE, AND I A HUGHES Departments
More informationCommissioning Policy: South Warwickshire CCG (SWCCG)
Cmmissining Plicy: Suth Warwickshire CCG (SWCCG) Treatment Indicatin Criteria FreeStyle Libre Flash Cntinuus Glucse Mnitring System Type I Diabetes Prir apprval must be requested frm the Individual Funding
More informationSafety of HPV vaccination: A FIGO STATEMENT
FIGO Statement n HPV Vaccinatin Safety, August 2nd, 2013 Safety f HPV vaccinatin: A FIGO STATEMENT July, 2013 Human papillmavirus vaccines are used in many cuntries; glbally, mre than 175 millin dses have
More informationMEDICATION GUIDE Pioglitazone and Metformin Hydrochloride (PYE o GLI ta zone and met FOR min HYE-droe- KLOR-ide)Tablets, USP
MEDICATION GUIDE Piglitazne and Metfrmin Hydrchlride (PYE GLI ta zne and met FOR min HYE-dre- KLOR-ide)Tablets, USP Read this Medicatin Guide carefully befre yu start taking piglitazne and metfrmin hydrchlride
More informationCONSENT FORM - TESTOSTERONE FOR TRANSGENDER CLIENTS
CONSENT FORM - TESTOSTERONE FOR TRANSGENDER CLIENTS Yu want t take teststerne t masculinize yur bdy. Befre taking it, there are several things yu need t knw abut. They are the pssible advantages, disadvantages,
More informationBiology 30S Unit Test Review: Digestion
Bilgy 30S Unit Test Review: Digestin Test utline: Multiple Chice: 10 Questins, 1 mark each. Shrt Answer: 5 Questins (answer 3 f them), 5 marks each. Lng Answer: 2 Lng Answer Questins, 10 marks each. Tasks
More informationDRAFT Policy for the Management of Ear Wax
Clinical Cmmissining Grup (CCG) Treatment Plicy NHS Birmingham and Slihull Clinical Cmmissining Grup NHS Sandwell and West Birmingham Clinical Cmmissining Grup DRAFT Plicy fr the Management f Ear Wax 1
More informationRelationship Between Fertility and the Nonprotein Sulfhydryl Concentration of Seminal Fluid in the Thoroughbred Stallion
Relatinship Between Fertility and the Nnprtein Sulfhydryl Cncentratin f Seminal Fluid in the Thrughbred Stallin Frederick M. Haag, D.V.M., * and N. T. Werthessen, Ph.D. IN AN EARLIER REPORT! it was shwn
More informationBLOOD BORNE PATHOGENS
BLOOD BORNE PATHOGENS GALVESTON ISD ANNUAL TRAINING 2018-2019 Galvestn Independent Schl District Special Prgrams/ECH Health Services Required Training Ò Training is required by the Texas Department f Health
More informationMEDICATION GUIDE Pioglitazone (pie-oh-glit-ah-zohn) and Metformin (met-fore-min) Hydrochloride Tablets USP
MEDICATION GUIDE Piglitazne (pie-h-glit-ah-zhn) and Metfrmin (met-fore-min) Hydrchlride Tablets USP Read this Medicatin Guide carefully befre yu start taking piglitazne and metfrmin hydrchlride tablets
More information