Insulin and the brain. Mary ET Boyle, Ph. D. Department of Cognitive Science UCSD

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Insulin and the brain. Mary ET Boyle, Ph. D. Department of Cognitive Science UCSD"

Transcription

1 Insulin and the brain Mary ET Boyle, Ph. D. Department of Cognitive Science UCSD

2 1921 Banting & Macleod Nobel Prize 1923 White, M. F. (2003) Science

3 Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L. and Stryer, L. (2007) Biochemistry 6 Ed.; WH Freeman, NY

4 Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L. and Stryer, L. (2007) Biochemistry 6 Ed.; WH Freeman, NY

5

6 Pancreas basics α cells glucagon β cells insulin & amylin δ cells somatostatin pancreatic duct exocrine acinus F cells pancreatic polypeptide ε cells ghrelin Images adapted from: Kapit. W. et al., (1987) The Physiology Coloring Book, Harper Collins, NY; splenic vein

7 Cell types in the islets of Langerhans: Cell Hormone Function α cells (15%) glucagon stimulate gluconeogenesis and release of glucose into blood stream β cells (75%) δ cells (5%) ε cells (<1%) F cells (<5%) insulin & amylin somatostatin ghrelin pancreatic polypeptide responsible for decreasing blood glucose levels and satiety (insulin 100:amylin 1) inhibition of insulin and glucagon secretion stimulating appetite hormone self regulate exocrine and endocrine pancreatic secretions Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L. and Stryer, L. (2007) Biochemistry 6 Ed.; WH Freeman, NY

8 Insulin and glucagon are complementary Images adapted from: Kapit. W. et al., (1987) The Physiology Coloring Book, Harper Collins, NY

9 Insulin reduces blood glucose levels by activating glucose transporters (GLUT) enabling the uptake of glucose in: Glucose transporter (GLUT4) Cell metabolism Triglycerides High levels of glucose In blood Glucose sensor (GLUT2) Glycerol β cells insulin Insulin receptor Fatty Acid synthesis Protein synthesis Glycogen synthesis Glycogen synthesis Images adapted from: Kapit. W. et al., (1987) The Physiology Coloring Book, Harper Collins, NY

10 Tissue Distribution of glucose transporters Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L. and Stryer, L. (2007) Biochemistry 6 Ed.; WH Freeman, NY

11 Actions of glucagon: Low levels of glucose in blood Detect glucose levels Glucagon receptors After glucagon binds to its receptors on the liver cells, There is an increase in cyclic AMP within hepatocytes. camp activates a cascade of enzymes degrading glycogen into glucose. glycogen phosphorylase Glycogen tree Glycogenolysis = breakdown of glycogen Gluconeogenesis = synthesis of glucose from amino acids in the liver Images adapted from: Kapit. W. et al., (1987) The Physiology Coloring Book, Harper Collins, NY

12 Glucose Tolerance Test: Images adapted from: Kapit. W. et al., (1987) The Physiology Coloring Book, Harper Collins, NY

13 Insulin deficiency Glucose entry is blocked fat Cells utilize their own stores of glycogen Fat Protein protein glycogen Excessive fatty acid utilization leads to formation of ketone bodies by liver Ketone bodies Hyperphagia Images adapted from: Kapit. W. et al., (1987) The Physiology Coloring Book, Harper Collins, NY

14 Kidney tubules cannot reabsorb the excess filtered glucose. The extra glucose spills over in urine (glycosuria) Ketonuria Polyuria Glycosuria The excess glucose causes osmotic diuresis (polyuria). Polyuria reduces plasma water, leading to excessive thirst (polydipsia). Images adapted from: Kapit. W. et al., (1987) The Physiology Coloring Book, Harper Collins, NY

15 Historically, there was little interest in insulin and the brain because: unlike [skeletal muscle], the brain does not require insulin to take up glucose brain was considered to be insulin independent insulin was considered too large to cross the blood brain barrier Begg, D. P and Woods, S. C. (2013) Adv Physiol. Educ 37: 53 60

16 Innervation of islet of Langerhans From the large nerve trunk at one pole of the islet emerges the peri insular plexus, the peri insular ganglia (p.i.g.), and the neural terminal net in and around the islet. The neural terminal is said to be composed of nerve fibers and interstitial Cajal s cells (in black). Part of the islet has been excised to show the interior structure of the islet. c capillary, 800. Image adapted from Honjin, 1956; courtesy of John Wiley & Sons, Inc) Durant, s. et al (2003) LABORATORY INVESTIGATION, Vol. 83, No.

17 Nervous system Central Nervous System Nervous system divisions: Peripheral Nervous System Autonomic Nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system Enteric nervous system Slowly activated dampening system

18 Autonomic Nervous System Control of insulin release: Para sympathetic Lateral hypothalamus Ventromedial hypothalamus Sympathetic parasympathetic celiac ganglion superior mesenteric ganglion Kiba, T (2004) Pancreas, Vol 29

19 parasympathetic sensory B F A Insulin/ Amylin Pancreatic Polypeptide Glucagon islets sympathetic D Somatostatin Kiba, T (2004) Pancreas, Vol 29 ; Ahren, B. (2000) Diabetologia 43:

20 Parasympathetic nerve input: B F A D ACh: acetylcholine GRP: gastrin releasing polypeptide VIP: vasoactive intestinal polypeptide PACAP: pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide ACh GRP PACAP VIP Kiba, T (2004) Pancreas, Vol 29 ; Ahren, B. (2000) Diabetologia 43:

21 Parasympathetic nerve input: B F A D GLUT2 β ACh insulin release α,δ ACh releases: glucagon somatostatin VIP & PACAP glucose dependent insulin release GRP may be involved in neuro regulation F PP is released by parasympathetic activity Vagus Nerve stimulation ACh: acetylcholine GRP: gastrin releasing polypeptide VIP: vasoactive intestinal polypeptide PACAP: pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide Kiba, T (2004) Pancreas, Vol 29 ; Ahren, B. (2000) Diabetologia 43:

22 Sympathetic nerve input: B F A D NA NPY Galanin NPY: Neuropeptide Y NA: Noradrenalin Kiba, T (2004) Pancreas, Vol 29 ; Ahren, B. (2000) Diabetologia 43:

23 Sympathetic nerve input: B F A D splanchnic nerve stimulation β NA inhibits glucose dependent insulin release α,f NA releases glucagon and PP NPY & Galanin inhibit insulin release δ NA inhibits somatostatin release NA: Noradrenaline NPY: Neuropeptide Y Kiba, T (2004) Pancreas, Vol 29 ; Ahren, B. (2000) Diabetologia 43:

24 Other & sensory nerve input: B F A D Other nerve CCK NO Sensory nerve CGRP SP CCK: cholecystokinin NO: nitric oxide SP: Substance P CGRP: Calcitonin gene related polypeptide Kiba, T (2004) Pancreas, Vol 29 ; Ahren, B. (2000) Diabetologia 43:

25 Sensory nerve input: B F A D β CGRP inhibits insulin release α CGRP stimulates glucagon release CGRP involved with Amylin Sensory nerve stimulation SP reported to increase and decrease insulin secretion CGRP: Calcitonin Gene related peptide SP: Substance P CGRP is thought to exert a tonic inhibition of insulin secretion. Kiba, T (2004) Pancreas, Vol 29 ; Ahren, B. (2000) Diabetologia 43:

26 Other nerve input: B F A D β CCK stimulates insulin release NO inhibition of NO synthase inhibits insulin release (mice) Other nerve stimulation Enteropancreatic neuro regulation from the duodenum CCK: Cholecystokinin NO: Nitric Oxide Kiba, T (2004) Pancreas, Vol 29 ; Ahren, B. (2000) Diabetologia 43:

27 Ahren, B. (2000) Diabetologia 43:

28 Kiba, T. Pancreas Volume 29, Number 2, August 2004

Insulin and the brain. Mary ET Boyle + Billy + Bree + Alex + Rachael Department of Cognitive Science, UCSD

Insulin and the brain. Mary ET Boyle + Billy + Bree + Alex + Rachael Department of Cognitive Science, UCSD Insulin and the brain Mary ET Boyle + Billy + Bree + Alex + Rachael Department of Cognitive Science, UCSD 1921 Banting & Macleod Nobel Prize 1923 White, M. F. (2003) Science Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L.

More information

Autonomic regulation of islet hormone secretion

Autonomic regulation of islet hormone secretion Autonomic regulation of islet hormone secretion Implications for health and disease Billy & Bree Paper 1: Autonomic regulation of islet hormone secretion : Implications for health and disease By Team BBB

More information

Control of Glucose Metabolism

Control of Glucose Metabolism Glucose Metabolism Control of Glucose Metabolism The pancreas is both an exocrine and endocrine gland. It secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum (exocrine) and 3 specific hormones into the bloodstream

More information

ENERGY FROM INGESTED NUTREINTS MAY BE USED IMMEDIATELY OR STORED

ENERGY FROM INGESTED NUTREINTS MAY BE USED IMMEDIATELY OR STORED QUIZ/TEST REVIEW NOTES SECTION 1 SHORT TERM METABOLISM [METABOLISM] Learning Objectives: Identify primary energy stores of the body Differentiate the metabolic processes of the fed and fasted states Explain

More information

History of Investigation

History of Investigation Acini - Pancreatic juice (1º) (2º) Secretions- neuronal and hormonal mechanisms 1) Secretin - bicarbonate rich 2) Cholecystokinin - enzyme rich Islets of Langerhans (contain 4 cell types) Alpha cells (α)-

More information

Hormonal regulation of. Physiology Department Medical School, University of Sumatera Utara

Hormonal regulation of. Physiology Department Medical School, University of Sumatera Utara Hormonal regulation of nutrient metabolism Physiology Department Medical School, University of Sumatera Utara Homeostasis & Controls Successful compensation Homeostasis reestablished Failure to compensate

More information

Chapter 12. Ingestive Behavior

Chapter 12. Ingestive Behavior Chapter 12 Ingestive Behavior Drinking a. fluid compartments b. osmometric thirst c. volumetric thirst Eating a. energy sources b. starting a meal c. stopping a meal d. eating disordersd Drinking a. fluid

More information

Physiological processes in the GI tract:

Physiological processes in the GI tract: Gastrointestinal physiology for medical students General principal of gastrointestinal function Motility, nervous control and blood circulation Physiological processes in the GI tract: Motility Secretion

More information

Pancreas. Endocrine pancreas - Islets of Langerhans A or alpha cells glucagon B or beta cells insulin Delta cells somatostatin

Pancreas. Endocrine pancreas - Islets of Langerhans A or alpha cells glucagon B or beta cells insulin Delta cells somatostatin Endocrine System Pancreas Endocrine pancreas - Islets of Langerhans A or alpha cells glucagon B or beta cells insulin Delta cells somatostatin Glucagon & Metabolism Produced by beta cells of Islets Primary

More information

Adrenal gland And Pancreas

Adrenal gland And Pancreas Adrenal gland And Pancreas Structure Cortex Glucocorticoids Effects Control of secretion Mineralocorticoids Effects Control of secretion Sex steroids Medulla Catecholamines Adrenal cortex 80% of an adrenal

More information

What systems are involved in homeostatic regulation (give an example)?

What systems are involved in homeostatic regulation (give an example)? 1 UNIVERSITY OF PNG SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS (Diabetes Mellitus Part 1): An Overview

More information

For more information about how to cite these materials visit

For more information about how to cite these materials visit Author: John Williams, M.D., Ph.D., 2009 License: Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial Share Alike 3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/

More information

Answer Marks Guidance ( 1 idea of maintaining (relatively) stable internal, environment / state ;

Answer Marks Guidance ( 1 idea of maintaining (relatively) stable internal, environment / state ; Question Answer Marks Guidance 1 (a) ( 1 idea of maintaining (relatively) stable internal, environment / state ; 1 Need the idea of constant or steady and regulation or keeping and in the body within (narrow)

More information

Medium as your dissemination Why learn if you can t teach it? Deepens understanding Stay engaged with the course Team-building

Medium as your dissemination Why learn if you can t teach it? Deepens understanding Stay engaged with the course Team-building Meet your TAs! Blog Posts www.medium.com Medium as your dissemination Why learn if you can t teach it? Deepens understanding Stay engaged with the course Team-building Account information Come up with

More information

18. PANCREATIC FUNCTION AND METABOLISM. Pancreatic secretions ISLETS OF LANGERHANS. Insulin

18. PANCREATIC FUNCTION AND METABOLISM. Pancreatic secretions ISLETS OF LANGERHANS. Insulin 18. PANCREATIC FUNCTION AND METABOLISM ISLETS OF LANGERHANS Some pancreatic functions have already been discussed in the digestion section. In this one, the emphasis will be placed on the endocrine function

More information

UNIVERSITY OF PNG SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF PNG SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1 UNIVERSITY OF PNG SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS An Overview WHAT IS HOMEOSTASIS? Homeostasis

More information

Paneth Cells. Road Map to the Finish. No Review this Friday. Today 11/29 Finish digestion/accessory organs. Wednesday 12/1 Immune System I

Paneth Cells. Road Map to the Finish. No Review this Friday. Today 11/29 Finish digestion/accessory organs. Wednesday 12/1 Immune System I Road Map to the Finish No Review this Friday Today 11/29 Finish digestion/accessory organs Wednesday 12/1 Immune System I Paneth Cells - base of intestinal glands -! large -! intense acidophilic granules

More information

The endocrine pancreas. The integrated endocrine control of metabolism.

The endocrine pancreas. The integrated endocrine control of metabolism. The endocrine pancreas The integrated endocrine control of metabolism. Gabriella Kékesi 62. The endocrine pancreas. Identify the major hormones secreted from the endocrine pancreas (insulin, glucagon,

More information

Endocrine System. Regulating Blood Sugar. Thursday, December 14, 17

Endocrine System. Regulating Blood Sugar. Thursday, December 14, 17 Endocrine System Regulating Blood Sugar Stress results in nervous and hormonal responses. The adrenal glands are located above each kidney. Involved in stress response. Stress Upsets Homeostasis Stress

More information

Overview of Gastroenterology

Overview of Gastroenterology Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology HST.121: Gastroenterology, Fall 2005 Instructors: Dr. Jonathan Glickman Overview of Gastroenterology Gastroenterology Made Really Simple! Food Waste

More information

Week 3 The Pancreas: Pancreatic ph buffering:

Week 3 The Pancreas: Pancreatic ph buffering: Week 3 The Pancreas: A gland with both endocrine (secretion of substances into the bloodstream) & exocrine (secretion of substances to the outside of the body or another surface within the body) functions

More information

The Endocrine System. I. Overview of the Endocrine System. II. Three Families of Hormones. III. Hormone Receptors. IV. Classes of Hormone Receptor

The Endocrine System. I. Overview of the Endocrine System. II. Three Families of Hormones. III. Hormone Receptors. IV. Classes of Hormone Receptor The Endocrine System I. Overview of the Endocrine System A. Regulates long term metabolic processes B. Releases hormones from endocrine cells 1. Hormones are chemicals 2. Alter metabolism of cells 3. Release

More information

The Endocrine Pancreas *

The Endocrine Pancreas * OpenStax-CNX module: m47773 1 The Endocrine Pancreas * Steven Telleen Based on The Endocrine Pancreas by OpenStax This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution

More information

Physiology Unit 4 DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY

Physiology Unit 4 DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY Physiology Unit 4 DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY In Physiology Today Functions Motility Ingestion Mastication Deglutition Peristalsis Secretion 7 liters/day! Exocrine/endocrine Digestion Absorption Digestion of

More information

The Endocrine System Part II

The Endocrine System Part II The Endocrine System Part II Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Regulation of blood Calcium level Adrenal gland Exocrine part of pancreas (Islets of Langerhans) Thyroid Gland Located in the anterior neck

More information

EB Education Revision Guide. How to work with Homeostasis: Part 2 Blood Glucose Regulation

EB Education Revision Guide. How to work with Homeostasis: Part 2 Blood Glucose Regulation EB Education Revision Guide How to work with Homeostasis: Part 2 Blood Glucose Regulation Blood Glucose Regulation a) Why your body regulates glucose levels What you need to know about Homeostasis: Part

More information

Combining Complex Pathophysiologic Concepts: Diabetes Mellitus

Combining Complex Pathophysiologic Concepts: Diabetes Mellitus Chapter 18 Combining Complex Pathophysiologic Concepts: Diabetes Mellitus KEY TERMS dawn phenomenon diabetes mellitus endocrine pancreas exocrine pancreas hyperglycemia hyperketonemia hypoglycemia insulin

More information

Chapter 15: The Autonomic Nervous System. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 15: The Autonomic Nervous System. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 15: The Autonomic Nervous System Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Anatomy of Autonomic Motor Pathways Preganglionic neuron

More information

FLASH CARDS. Kalat s Book Chapter 10 Alphabetical

FLASH CARDS.   Kalat s Book Chapter 10 Alphabetical FLASH CARDS www.biologicalpsych.com Kalat s Book Chapter 10 Alphabetical AgRP AgRP Agouti-related peptide; synthesized in hypothalamus. Acts as an appetite stimulator. Also decreases metabolism. aldosterone

More information

Chp. 17 FUNCTIONAL ORG. Char.of the Endocrine System

Chp. 17 FUNCTIONAL ORG. Char.of the Endocrine System Chp. 17 FUNCTIONAL ORG. Char.of the Endocrine System Glands that secrete chemical signals (hormones) into circulatory system Hormone characteristics Produced in small quantities Secreted into intercellular

More information

Human Biochemistry. Hormones

Human Biochemistry. Hormones Human Biochemistry Hormones THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM The ENDOCRINE SYSTEM = the organ system that regulates internal environment conditions by secreting hormones into

More information

Final Review Sessions. 3/16 (FRI) 126 Wellman (4-6 6 pm) 3/19 (MON) 1309 Surge 3 (4-6 6 pm) Office Hours

Final Review Sessions. 3/16 (FRI) 126 Wellman (4-6 6 pm) 3/19 (MON) 1309 Surge 3 (4-6 6 pm) Office Hours Final Review Sessions 3/16 (FRI) 126 Wellman (4-6 6 pm) 3/19 (MON) 1309 Surge 3 (4-6 6 pm) Office ours 3/14 (WED) 9:30 11:30 am (Rebecca) 3/16 (FRI) 9-11 am (Abel) Final ESSENTIALS Posted Lecture 20 ormonal

More information

I. Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors. Chapter 9. Autonomic Motor Nerves. Autonomic Neurons. Autonomic Ganglia. Autonomic Neurons 9/19/11

I. Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors. Chapter 9. Autonomic Motor Nerves. Autonomic Neurons. Autonomic Ganglia. Autonomic Neurons 9/19/11 Chapter 9 I. Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors The Autonomic Nervous System Lecture PowerPoint Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Autonomic

More information

Chapter 18: Endocrine Glands

Chapter 18: Endocrine Glands Chapter 18: Endocrine Glands I. Functions of the Endocrine System A. List and describe the eight major functions of the endocrine system: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Page 1 of 19 C II. Pituitary Gland and

More information

Anatomy of the liver and pancreas

Anatomy of the liver and pancreas Anatomy of the liver and pancreas Prof. Abdulameer Al-Nuaimi E-mail: a.al-nuaimi@sheffield.ac.uk abdulameerh@yahoo.com Liver Aorta Pulm. Trunk Rt. At, Duct. Art. Lt. Ven. Rt. Ven. Internal Posterior

More information

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PART I: SPINAL CORD

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PART I: SPINAL CORD AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PART I: SPINAL CORD How is the organization of the autonomic nervous system different from that of the somatic nervous system? Peripheral Nervous System Divisions Somatic Nervous

More information

Digestion: Endocrinology of Appetite

Digestion: Endocrinology of Appetite Digestion: Endocrinology of Dr. Ritamarie Loscalzo Medical Disclaimer: The information in this presentation is not intended to replace a one on one relationship with a qualified health care professional

More information

CIE Biology A-level Topic 14: Homeostasis

CIE Biology A-level Topic 14: Homeostasis CIE Biology A-level Topic 14: Homeostasis Notes Communication is essential for the survival of organism as all living organisms must be able to detect and respond to changes in both their internal and

More information

Chapter 11 - Endocrine System

Chapter 11 - Endocrine System Chapter 11 - Endocrine System 11.1 Introduction A. The endocrine system is made up of the cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones into body fluids. B. The body has two kinds of glands, exocrine

More information

INTRODUCTION TO GASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTIONS

INTRODUCTION TO GASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTIONS 1 INTRODUCTION TO GASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTIONS 2 Learning outcomes List two main components that make up the digestive system Describe the 6 essential functions of the GIT List factors (neurological, hormonal

More information

The Players. Liver Thyroid Adrenals Pancreas Reproductive System Pituitary Gut Bacteria

The Players. Liver Thyroid Adrenals Pancreas Reproductive System Pituitary Gut Bacteria The Players Part I Quick Review Understanding some of the key systems and their relationship to hormones is the best place to start It will help with some of the hormone interconnections Key to understanding

More information

Endocrine Notes Mrs. Laux AP Biology I. Endocrine System consists of endocrine glands (ductless), cells, tissues secrete hormones

Endocrine Notes Mrs. Laux AP Biology I. Endocrine System consists of endocrine glands (ductless), cells, tissues secrete hormones I. Endocrine System consists of endocrine glands (ductless), cells, tissues secrete hormones regulates metabolism, fluid balance, growth, reproduction A. Hormones 1. chemical signals-cell to cell communication

More information

Adrenal Hormone Mineralocorticoids Aldosterone

Adrenal Hormone Mineralocorticoids Aldosterone Adrenal gland Adrenal Hormone Mineralocorticoids Aldosterone Cortex 80 % Glucocorticoids Cortisol Sex hormones Androgen Medulla 20% Catecholamines E, NE 1 2 Adrenal cortex hormones Glucocorticoid Mineralocorticoids

More information

Pancreas The pancreas is composed of two major types of tissues: (1) The acini, which secrete digestive juices into the duodenum, and (2) The islets

Pancreas The pancreas is composed of two major types of tissues: (1) The acini, which secrete digestive juices into the duodenum, and (2) The islets Pancreas The pancreas is composed of two major types of tissues: (1) The acini, which secrete digestive juices into the duodenum, and (2) The islets of Langerhans, which secrete insulin and glucagon directly

More information

Invited Revie W. Hirschsprung's disease - immunohistochemical findings. Histology and H istopathology

Invited Revie W. Hirschsprung's disease - immunohistochemical findings. Histology and H istopathology Histol Histopath (1 994) 9: 615-629 Histology and H istopathology Invited Revie W Hirschsprung's disease - immunohistochemical findings L.T. Larsson Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Lund,

More information

Hormonal Regulations Of Glucose Metabolism & DM

Hormonal Regulations Of Glucose Metabolism & DM Hormonal Regulations Of Glucose Metabolism & DM What Hormones Regulate Metabolism? What Hormones Regulate Metabolism? Insulin Glucagon Thyroid hormones Cortisol Epinephrine Most regulation occurs in order

More information

Ingestive Behavior: Feeding & Weight Regulation. Hypovolemic vs. Osmotic Thirst

Ingestive Behavior: Feeding & Weight Regulation. Hypovolemic vs. Osmotic Thirst Ingestive Behavior: Feeding & Weight Regulation 1 Hypovolemic Thirst Receptors, CNS, Responses Salt Appetite Digestive components Glucose Homeostasis: Insulin & Glucagon Diabetes Mellitus 1 & 2 CNS Hypothalamic

More information

Exercise Physiology: Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance By Scott Powers & Edward Howley

Exercise Physiology: Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance By Scott Powers & Edward Howley Exercise Physiology: Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance By Scott Powers & Edward Howley Ch 5 Cell Signaling and the Hormonal Responses to Exercise Summary Created by Dan Hechler Class Lecture

More information

BIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH.45 - ENDOCRINE SYSTEM.

BIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH.45 - ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. !! www.clutchprep.com Chemical signals allow cells to communicate with each other Pheromones chemical signals released to the environment to communicate with other organisms Autocrine signaling self-signaling,

More information

Ali Yaghi. Yaseen Fatayer. M.Khatatbeh

Ali Yaghi. Yaseen Fatayer. M.Khatatbeh 6 Ali Yaghi Yaseen Fatayer M.Khatatbeh P a g e 1 pancreatic secretions note: The pancreas has endocrine (secretions are released toward the blood) and exocrine(secretions are released through the canalicular

More information

Chapter 11. Endocrine System

Chapter 11. Endocrine System Chapter 11 Endocrine System 1 Introduction A. The endocrine system is made up of the cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones into body fluids. B. Hormones diffuse into the bloodstream to act target

More information

Bio& 242 Unit 1 / Lecture 4

Bio& 242 Unit 1 / Lecture 4 Bio& 242 Unit 1 / Lecture 4 system: Gastric hormones GASTRIN: Secretion: By enteroendocrine (G) in gastric pits of the mucosa. Stimulus: Stomach distention and acid ph of chyme causes Gastrin. Action:

More information

HORMONES AND CELL SIGNALLING

HORMONES AND CELL SIGNALLING HORMONES AND CELL SIGNALLING TYPES OF CELL JUNCTIONS CHEMICAL SIGNALS AND MODES OF ACTION Endocrine system produces chemical messages = hormones that are transported from endocrine gland to target cell

More information

The Endocrine Pancreas (Chapter 10) *

The Endocrine Pancreas (Chapter 10) * OpenStax-CNX module: m62118 1 The Endocrine Pancreas (Chapter 10) * Ildar Yakhin Based on The Endocrine Pancreas by OpenStax This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons

More information

Collin College. BIOL Anatomy & Physiology WEEK 3. The Endocrine System. Adrenal Glands : medulla

Collin College. BIOL Anatomy & Physiology WEEK 3. The Endocrine System. Adrenal Glands : medulla Collin College BIOL. 2402 Anatomy & Physiology WEEK 3 The Endocrine System 1 Adrenal Glands : medulla Contains Chromaffin cells which are modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons They are activated

More information

Pancreas Fox Chapter 18 part 2 (also Chapter 19.3 & 19.4)

Pancreas Fox Chapter 18 part 2 (also Chapter 19.3 & 19.4) Vert Phys PCB3743 Pancreas Fox Chapter 18 part 2 (also Chapter 19.3 & 19.4) T. Houpt, Ph.D. Anatomy of Digestive System Peristalsis Stomach and Acid Secretion Liver and Bile Secretion Pancreas and pancreatic

More information

Overview of digestion or, gut reactions - to food

Overview of digestion or, gut reactions - to food Key concepts in Digestion. Indigestion module Overview of digestion or, gut reactions - to food Prof. Barry Campbell Gastroenterology Cellular & Molecular Physiology e-mail: bjcampbl@liv.ac.uk http://pcwww.liv.ac.uk/~bjcampbl

More information

Chp. 16: AUTONOMIC N.S. (In Review: Peripheral N. S.)

Chp. 16: AUTONOMIC N.S. (In Review: Peripheral N. S.) Chp. 16: AUTONOMIC N.S. (In Review: Peripheral N. S.) Peripheral nerves contain both motor and sensory neurons Among the motor neurons, some of these are somatic and innervate skeletal muscles while some

More information

Hyperglycemia: Type I Diabetes Mellitus

Hyperglycemia: Type I Diabetes Mellitus 296 PHYSIOLOGY CASES AND PROBLEMS Case 53 Hyperglycemia: Type I Diabetes Mellitus David Mandel was diagnosed with type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus when he was 12 years old (see Cases 30 and

More information

The Endocrine Pancreas

The Endocrine Pancreas Chapter 7 The Endocrine Pancreas The pancreas houses two distinctly different tissues. The bulk of its mass is exocrine tissue and associated ducts, which produce an alkaline fluid loaded with digestive

More information

Chapter 20 Endocrine System

Chapter 20 Endocrine System Chapter 20 Endocrine System The endocrine system consists of glands and tissues that secrete Hormones are chemicals that affect other glands or tissues, many times far away from the site of hormone production

More information

Chapter 3 Endocrine Pancreas

Chapter 3 Endocrine Pancreas Chapter 3 Endocrine Pancreas Barry J. Brass, Zinoviy Abelev, Emilia Pauline Liao, and Leonid Poretsky Introduction The endocrine pancreas is composed of the islets of Langerhans, which comprise approximately

More information

Chapter 17 The Endocrine System

Chapter 17 The Endocrine System Chapter 17 The Endocrine System Endocrine Systems n Endocrine system Hormone mediator molecule released in 1 part of the body but regulates activity of cells in other parts Slower responses, effects last

More information

Introduction to hormones & neurotransmitters. Prof K Syed Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology University of Zululand Room no.

Introduction to hormones & neurotransmitters. Prof K Syed Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology University of Zululand Room no. Introduction to hormones & neurotransmitters Prof K Syed Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology University of Zululand Room no. 247 Topics Major systems of human body Glands Hormones vs neurotransmitters

More information

Introduction to Gastrointestinal Physiology and GI Hormones Jack Grider, Ph.D

Introduction to Gastrointestinal Physiology and GI Hormones Jack Grider, Ph.D Introduction to Gastrointestinal Physiology and GI Hormones Jack Grider, Ph.D OBJECTIVES: 1. Describe the general organization of the gut. 2. Identify the levels of neural control and describe the interaction

More information

Overview of digestion

Overview of digestion Key concepts in Digestion. Overview of digestion introduction to the GI system Prof. Barry Campbell Cellular & Molecular Physiology e-mail: bjcampbl@liv.ac.uk http://pcwww.liv.ac.uk/~bjcampbl DIGESTION

More information

We are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists. International authors and editors

We are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists. International authors and editors We are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists 4,000 116,000 120M Open access books available International authors and editors Downloads Our

More information

UNIT 1: Introduction to metabolic regulation

UNIT 1: Introduction to metabolic regulation UNIT 1: Introduction to metabolic regulation Prof K Syed Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology University of Zululand Room no. 247 SyedK@unizulu.ac.za Topics Metabolism Metabolism: Categories Important

More information

The Metabolic System. Physiologic Integrity and Therapeutic Nursing Interventions for Patients With Endocrine Needs. The Endocrine System

The Metabolic System. Physiologic Integrity and Therapeutic Nursing Interventions for Patients With Endocrine Needs. The Endocrine System Physiologic Integrity and Therapeutic Nursing Interventions for Patients With Endocrine Needs Black, J.M. & Hawks, J.H. (2005) Chapters 44, (pp 1154-1189) Baptist Health School of Nursing NSG 4037: Adult

More information

BIO 132 Anatomy and Physiology II Spring, 2016 Exam 1 Name: BIO 132 ID Number. Section 1 Answer questions 1 40 on the scan sheet.

BIO 132 Anatomy and Physiology II Spring, 2016 Exam 1 Name: BIO 132 ID Number. Section 1 Answer questions 1 40 on the scan sheet. BIO 132 Anatomy and Physiology II Spring, 2016 Exam 1 Name: BIO 132 ID Number Section 1 Answer questions 1 40 on the scan sheet. 1. The homeostatic value of a particular controlled variable in the body

More information

STEIN IN-TERM EXAM -- BIOLOGY APRIL 18, PAGE

STEIN IN-TERM EXAM -- BIOLOGY APRIL 18, PAGE STEIN IN-TERM EXAM -- BIOLOGY 3058 -- APRIL 18, 2019 -- PAGE 1 of 9 There are 25 questions in this Biology 3058 exam. All questions are "A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H" questions worth one point each. There is

More information

4/23/2018. Endocrine System: Overview. Endocrine System: Overview

4/23/2018. Endocrine System: Overview. Endocrine System: Overview Endocrine System: Overview With nervous system, coordinates and integrates activity of body cells Influences metabolic activities via hormones transported in blood Response slower but longer lasting than

More information

The Endocrine System 2

The Endocrine System 2 The Endocrine System 2 Continuing on from the previous instalment, we will now look at the adrenal glands, the pancreas and the gonads as parts of the endocrine system. Adrenal Glands The adrenal glands

More information

Endocrine System. Endocrine vs. Exocrine. Bio 250 Human Anatomy & Physiology

Endocrine System. Endocrine vs. Exocrine. Bio 250 Human Anatomy & Physiology Endocrine System Bio 250 Human Anatomy & Physiology Endocrine vs. Exocrine Endocrine glands secrete their products called hormones into body fluids (the internal environment) Exocrine glands secrete their

More information

Endocrine System. Part 2

Endocrine System. Part 2 Endocrine System Part 2 Thyroid Gland Saddle bag shaped gland Largest endocrine gland in the body 3 hormones Throxin Triiodothyronine Calcitonin Thyroid hormone Pineal gland Hypothalamus Pituitary gland

More information

Introduction to metabolic regulation. Prof K Syed Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology University of Zululand Room no. 247

Introduction to metabolic regulation. Prof K Syed Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology University of Zululand Room no. 247 Introduction to metabolic regulation Prof K Syed Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology University of Zululand Room no. 247 SyedK@unizulu.ac.za Topics Metabolism Metabolism: Categories Important metabolic

More information

CHAPTER 15 LECTURE OUTLINE

CHAPTER 15 LECTURE OUTLINE CHAPTER 15 LECTURE OUTLINE I. INTRODUCTION A. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates the activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and certain glands. B. Operation of the ANS to maintain homeostasis,

More information

Overview of digestion or, gut reactions - to food

Overview of digestion or, gut reactions - to food 1 Key concepts in Digestion. Indigestion module Overview of digestion or, gut reactions to food Prof. Barry Campbell Gastroenterology Cellular & Molecular Physiology email: bjcampbl@liv.ac.uk http://pcwww.liv.ac.uk/~bjcampbl

More information

ENDOCRINOLOGY. Dr.AZZA SAJID ALKINANY 2 nd STAGE

ENDOCRINOLOGY. Dr.AZZA SAJID ALKINANY 2 nd STAGE ENDOCRINOLOGY Dr.AZZA SAJID ALKINANY 2 nd STAGE THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG THE HYPOTHALMUS,POSTERIOR PITUITARY AND TARGET TISSUES. The posterior pituitary does not produce its own hormones, but stores and

More information

Our gut reactions to food or, gut reactions - to food

Our gut reactions to food or, gut reactions - to food Key concepts in Digestion. Our gut reactions to food or, gut reactions to food Prof. Barry Campbell Cellular & Molecular Physiology email: bjcampbl@liv.ac.uk http://pcwww.liv.ac.uk/~bjcampbl Swallowing

More information

Adrenal Hormone Mineralocorticoids Aldosterone

Adrenal Hormone Mineralocorticoids Aldosterone Adrenal gland Adrenal Hormone Mineralocorticoids Aldosterone Cortex 80 % Glucocorticoids Cortisol Sex hormones Androgen Medulla 20% Catecholamines E, NE 1 2 Adrenal cortex hormones Glucocorticoid Mineralocorticoids

More information

GI Secretion 1: Salivary and Gastric Secretion Jack Grider, Ph.D.

GI Secretion 1: Salivary and Gastric Secretion Jack Grider, Ph.D. GI Secretion 1: Salivary and Gastric Secretion Jack Grider, Ph.D. OBJECTIVES: 1. List the volumes of secretion by various regions. 2. Predict the components of salivary secretion at different flow rates.

More information

How Diabetes Works by Craig C. Freudenrich, Ph.D.

How Diabetes Works by Craig C. Freudenrich, Ph.D. How Diabetes Works by Craig C. Freudenrich, Ph.D. Odds are that you know someone with diabetes mellitus, possibly even someone who has to take insulin each day to manage the disease. Diabetes is a growing

More information

Endocrine System Hormones

Endocrine System Hormones Endocrine System Hormones 2007-2008 Regulation Why are hormones needed? chemical messages from one body part to another communication needed to coordinate whole body homeostasis & regulation metabolism

More information

Human Anatomy, First Edition. Endocrine System. Chapter 20 Lecture Outline: Endocrine System. McKinley & O'Loughlin

Human Anatomy, First Edition. Endocrine System. Chapter 20 Lecture Outline: Endocrine System. McKinley & O'Loughlin Human Anatomy, First Edition McKinley & O'Loughlin Chapter 20 Lecture Outline: Endocrine System 1 Endocrine System Endocrine system and the nervous system often work together to bring about homeostasis.

More information

The Endocrine System

The Endocrine System Collin County Community College BIOL. 2402 Anatomy & Physiology WEEK 3 The Endocrine System 1 Adrenal Glands : medulla Contains Chromaffin cells which are modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons They

More information

1 (a) The control of blood glucose is a very important aspect of homeostasis [2]

1 (a) The control of blood glucose is a very important aspect of homeostasis [2] 1 (a) The control of blood glucose is a very important aspect of homeostasis. (i) Explain what is meant by the term homeostasis.... [2] Describe how negative feedback is used to control blood glucose concentration.

More information

Chapter 18: The Endocrine System. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 18: The Endocrine System. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 18: The Endocrine System Nervous and Endocrine Systems Act together to coordinate functions of all body systems Nervous system Nerve impulses/ Neurotransmitters Faster responses, briefer effects,

More information

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM TYPES OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS Ingested food may be stored or first subjected to physical fragmentation Chemical digestion occurs next Hydrolysis reactions liberate the subunit molecules

More information

Soft palate elevates, closing off the nasopharynx. Hard palate Tongue Bolus Epiglottis. Glottis Larynx moves up and forward.

Soft palate elevates, closing off the nasopharynx. Hard palate Tongue Bolus Epiglottis. Glottis Larynx moves up and forward. The Cephalic Phase Chemical and mechanical digestion begins in the mouth Saliva is an exocrine secretion Salivary secretion is under autonomic control Softens and lubricates food Chemical digestion: salivary

More information

UNIT 3: Signal transduction. Prof K Syed Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology University of Zululand Room no. 247

UNIT 3: Signal transduction. Prof K Syed Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology University of Zululand Room no. 247 UNIT 3: Signal transduction Prof K Syed Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology University of Zululand Room no. 247 SyedK@unizulu.ac.za Topics Signal transduction Terminology G-protein signaling pathway

More information

Chapter 9. The Endocrine System. Lecture Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor Florence-Darlington Technical College Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 9. The Endocrine System. Lecture Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor Florence-Darlington Technical College Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 9 The Endocrine System Lecture Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor Florence-Darlington Technical College Intro to the Endocrine System Chief Complaint:8-year-old girl with excessive thirst, frequent

More information

EAT TO LIVE: THE ROLE OF THE PANCREAS. Felicia V. Nowak, M.D., Ph.D. Ohio University COM 22 January, 2008

EAT TO LIVE: THE ROLE OF THE PANCREAS. Felicia V. Nowak, M.D., Ph.D. Ohio University COM 22 January, 2008 EAT TO LIVE: THE ROLE OF THE PANCREAS Felicia V. Nowak, M.D., Ph.D. Ohio University COM 22 January, 2008 THE ROLE OF THE PANCREAS Exocrine pancreas Endocrine pancreas THE ROLE OF THE PANCREAS EXOCRINE

More information

Medical Endocrinology / Introduction 4 Medical Endocrinology

Medical Endocrinology / Introduction 4 Medical Endocrinology Medical Endocrinology / Introduction 4 Medical Endocrinology 1 2 : Positive feedback control of labor contractions during birth of a baby. The solid return arrow symbolizes positive feedback. If the response

More information

Physiology 12. Overview. The Gastrointestinal Tract. Germann Ch 19

Physiology 12. Overview. The Gastrointestinal Tract. Germann Ch 19 Physiology 12 The Gastrointestinal Tract Germann Ch 19 Overview 1 Basic functions of the GI tract Digestion Secretion Absorption Motility Basic functions of the GI tract Digestion: : Dissolving and breaking

More information

Endocrinology and VHL: The adrenal and the pancreas

Endocrinology and VHL: The adrenal and the pancreas Overview Endocrinology and VHL: The adrenal and the pancreas LAUREN FISHBEIN MD, PHD UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE DIVISION OF ENDOCRINOLOGY, METABOLISM AND DIABETES DIVISION OF BIOMEDICAL

More information

Gastrointestinal Anatomy and Physiology. Bio 219 Napa Valley College Dr. Adam Ross

Gastrointestinal Anatomy and Physiology. Bio 219 Napa Valley College Dr. Adam Ross Gastrointestinal Anatomy and Physiology Bio 219 Napa Valley College Dr. Adam Ross Functions of digestive system Digestion Breakdown of food (chemically) using enzymes, acid, and water Absorption Nutrients,

More information

The Autonomic Nervous

The Autonomic Nervous Autonomic Nervous System The Autonomic Nervous Assess Prof. Fawzia Al-Rouq System Department of Physiology College of Medicine King Saud University LECTUR (1) Functional Anatomy & Physiology of Autonomic

More information

DIGESTIVE. CHAPTER 17 Lecture: Part 1 Part 2 BIO 212: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II

DIGESTIVE. CHAPTER 17 Lecture: Part 1 Part 2 BIO 212: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II BIO 212: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II CHAPTER 17 Lecture: DIGESTIVE Part 1 Part 2 Dr. Lawrence G. Altman www.lawrencegaltman.com Some illustrations are courtesy of McGraw-Hill. SMALL INTESTINE DUODENUM > JEJUNUM

More information

BIOH111. o Cell Module o Tissue Module o Skeletal system o Muscle system o Nervous system o Endocrine system o Integumentary system

BIOH111. o Cell Module o Tissue Module o Skeletal system o Muscle system o Nervous system o Endocrine system o Integumentary system BIOH111 o Cell Module o Tissue Module o Skeletal system o Muscle system o Nervous system o Endocrine system o Integumentary system Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 1 Textbook and required/recommended

More information