Monday, 17 April 2017 BODY FLUID HOMEOSTASIS
|
|
- Elizabeth Lloyd
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Monday, 17 April 2017 BODY FLUID HOMEOSTASIS Phenomenon: shipwrecked sailor on raft in ocean ("water, water everywhere but not a drop to drink") Why are the sailors thirsty? (What stimulated thirst?) Why don't they drink the sea water? Body Fluids -body water = ~2/3 of lean body weight -fluid is compartmentalized (2/3 in cells, 1/3 extracellular) -1/4 extracellular fluid is in blood, 3/4 is extravascular -fluid has osmolytes dissolved in it, mostly ions: Na+, Cl- (in ECF), and K+ (in ICF) -three dimensions to body fluids -- osmolality, blood volume, and blood pressure -- with separate homeostatic control system for each -note: isotonic fluid is a relatively dilute solution equal to the osmolality of mammalian body fluids (~300 mosm/l = 0.15 M NaCl = 0.9% NaCl = 9 g/1000 ml); thus, hypertonic >300 mosm/l, hypotonic <300 mosm/l Osmoregulation -plasma osmolality (posm) refers to the concentration of plasma (osmolytes/volume), which can be raised either by adding osmolytes to body fluids or by subtracting volume -two responses to dehydration: secretion of vasopressin (VP; which conserves urinary water) and thirst (which leads to increased water intake that repairs the water deficit) Vasopressin Secretion -VP is synthesized in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the hypothalamus, and is secreted from the posterior pituitary in response to 1-2% increase in systemic posm -VP acts on VP receptors in the kidneys to promote reabsorption of water from urine, thereby making the urine more concentrated and conserving body water -note: due to dilution of hormones in blood once they are secreted, they must be synthesized and released in relatively large quantities to be effective on their target tissues and this is reflected in the relatively large size of the hypothalamic VP (and OT) neurons -kidneys are very sensitive to VP (maximal antidiuresis at blood levels of 6-8 pg/ml, which is little more than basal blood levels of 2-3 pg/ml) -note: much higher blood levels of VP (>50 pg/ml) are required to act on the VP-1 receptors on blood vessels to cause vasoconstriction than are required to act on the VP-2 receptors in the kidneys to cause antidiuresis -conversely, consumption of water in excess amounts producing a 2% decrease in systemic posm inhibits VP secretion, which permits rapid excretion of the excess water in dilute urine (which raises posm back to normal levels) -diabetes insipidus (DI) occurs either when VP is absent (hypothalamic damage or disease) or when renal VP receptors are absent or ineffective (kidney disease) -note: hypothalamic DI can be treated with VP replacement whereas renal DI cannot -human DI patients excrete liters/day of dilute urine, and comparable amounts of fluid must be consumed to maintain water balance -note: alcohol inhibits VP secretion, causing uncontrolled water loss in dilute urine (i.e., transient DI-like condition)
2 -osmoreceptor cells, located in anterior hypothalamus (OVLT: vascular organ of the lamina terminalis), stimulate VP secretion (and thirst) when the cells lose water by osmosis -OVLT lacks a blood-brain barrier (BBB), which enables osmoreceptor cells to detect 1-2% changes in systemic posm -osmoreceptors are not special detectors but have special neural connections to PVN and SON in hypothalamus -when destroy OVLT, animals cannot detect increases in systemic posm and cannot initiate VP secretion (or thirst) in response to such changes -VP also is secreted in response to decrease in blood volume (hypovolemia), decrease in arterial blood pressure (hypotension), and increase in blood angiotensin II (AngII) -hypovolemia is detected by cardiac baroreceptors, hypotension by arterial baroreceptors, and AngII by AngII receptors in subfornical organ (SFO, which also lacks a BBB) -note that VP is secreted in response to hypovolemia/hypotension because it is a vasconstrictor in addition to being an antidiuretic hormone -note: increased systemic posm also increases secretion of oxytocin (OT) from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland in rats -OT stimulates the secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which acts in the kidneys to increase the excretion of Na+ in urine and thereby lower posm -however, OT is not be secreted in response to elevated systemic posm in humans; instead, VP is secreted which acts directly in the kidneys to increase Na+ loss in urine while also decreasing urinary water loss -note: maximum urine osmolality from salts in humans is ~600 mosm/l; since sea water is more concentrated (~1000 mosm/l), shipwrecked sailors would aggravate dehydration if they drank that hypertonic fluid (aside from the additional problems caused by consuming a fluid with a high magnesium concentration) THIRST -defined as strong motivation to seek, obtain, and consume water -not caused by dry mouth (i.e., decreased salivary flow) -in fact, multiple stimuli control thirst (3 excitatory, 4 inhibitory) Phenomenon-1: Animals (including human subjects) become thirsty when they eat salty food. Excitatory Stimulus #1: osmotic dehydration (central osmoreceptors) -DATA: (a) 1-2% increase in posm is threshold for thirst, as it is for VP secretion -(b) destruction of OVLT eliminates thirst and VP secretion in response to elevated posm -thus, osmoregulatory thirst (and VP secretion) is signaled by OVLT osmoreceptors, which detect the increase in posm in the circulatory system ("systemic posm") that arises in response to water deprivation or a salt load -(c) destruction of the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO; also on the lamina terminalis) also eliminates thirst (but not VP secretion) in response to elevated posm -thus, signals from OVLT stimulate the MnPO, which somehow mediates thirst -note: the signal is due to osmotic loss of water from the cells, not the increase in posm itself, because infusion of urea or glucose (to which brain cell membranes are permeable)
3 raises posm but does not cause osmosis or stimulate thirst or VP secretion -note: VP is not a stimulus of thirst -note: rats fed high-salt diet drink water (and secrete VP) before systemic posm increases -thus, a presystemic signal mediated by visceral osmoreceptors is thought to provide excitatory stimulation of thirst Phenomenon-2: dehydrated dogs (humans, etc.) drink water only for a few minutes, and stop (as does VP secretion) before changes in systemic posm are observed -thus, some early preabsorptive signal provides a rapid inhibition of thirst and VP secretion -note: a simple single-loop negative feedback system cannot account for the control of osmoregulatory water intake Inhibitory Stimulus #1: swallowing (oropharyngeal receptors) DATA: (a) while dehydrated dogs (and humans) drank water, thirst and VP secretion were reduced within a few minutes despite absence of an early decrease in systemic posm -note: this inhibition of thirst and VP secretion lasted for minutes, by which time the water was absorbed and systemic posm had decreased to normal levels -(b) this rapid reduction in thirst and VP secretion occurred even when dehydrated dogs had an open gastric fistula that drained the stomach, so ingested water never reached the small intestine -(c) water intubated directly into the stomach (bypassing the throat and the act of swallowing) had no effect on VP secretion or thirst until it reached the circulation and diluted posm -(d) dehydrated dogs (and humans) reduced thirst and VP secretion rapidly even when they drank isotonic NaCl solution -thus, in dogs (and humans), an early oropharyngeal signal associated with the rapid swallowing characteristic of drinking inhibits thirst and VP secretion despite the continued presence of elevated posm (which normally is an excitatory signal of thirst) -note: gastric distension also inhibits water intake (but not VP secretion) in dogs and humans Regulation of Blood Volume and Pressure Phenomenon-3: hemorrhage stimulates VP secretion and thirst despite absence of change in posm -complementary physiological and behavioral responses contribute to volume regulation Excitatory Stimulus #2: plasma volume deficit (cardiac baroreceptors) -i.e., thirst associated with reduction in plasma volume in absence of change in posm DATA: (a) water intake is proportional to hypovolemia (5-7% decrease in plasma volume is threshold for thirst, as it is for VP secretion) -(b) hypovolemia and increased posm have additive effects on water intake and VP secretion -note: neural signal from cardiac baroreceptors to NTS and then to MnPO stimulates thirst, and from NTS to SON and PVN provides stimulation of VP secretion Inhibitory Stimulus #2: osmotic dilution (central osmoreceptors) -DATA: 2-4% decrease in posm (presumably detected by OVLT osmoreceptors) inhibits thirst stimulated by hypovolemia
4 -note: although increased blood volume is known to inhibit VP secretion stimulated by increased posm, there is no evidence that an increase in blood volume inhibits water intake in dehydrated dogs or humans Excitatory Stimulus #3: angiotensin II (AngII receptors in SFO) -AngII is a peptide hormone, formed in blood after renin is secreted from the kidneys during hypovolemia or arterial hypotension, which acts in brain at the subfornical organ (SFO) to stimulate thirst -the SFO is located on the dorsal end of the lamina terminalis, at the dorsal crown of the third cerebral ventricle; it lacks a blood-brain barrier and has numerous AngII receptors which enables it to detect AngII in the blood -DATA: (a) iv AngII causes dose-related increase in water intake -(b) SFO lesions eliminate the stimulatory effects of iv AngII on thirst -(c) injection into the SFO of tiny amounts of AngII (one trillionth of 1 g) elicits water intake -(d) injection of AngII receptor blocker into SFO eliminates drinking elicited by iv AngII -note: during hypovolemia, thirst occurs in nephrectomized rats and in rats with SFO lesions (presumably it is mediated by neural signals from cardiac baroreceptors), although the threshold of the drinking responses is higher as if AngII sensitized the animal to the neural input -hypovolemic thirst also occurs in rats with NTS lesions (presumably it is mediated by AngII when baroreceptor input is absent) -in other words, either cardiac baroreceptors or AngII receptors in the SFO are necessary for the stimulation of thirst during hypovolemia, but both do not have to be present (i.e., redundant systems) -arterial hypotension activates the renin-angiotensin system and stimulates thirst in rats -Hypothesis: circulating AngII stimulates thirst during arterial hypotension -DATA: water intake elicited during arterial hypotension is blocked by treatments that eliminate the renin-angiotensin system (e.g., bilateral nephrectomy, pharmacological inhibition of AngII synthesis, pharmacological blockade of AngII receptors in the SFO) -note: these findings indicate that a neural signal from arterial baroreceptors does not stimulate thirst during arterial hypotension -blood levels of AngII during arterial hypotension are much lower than those associated with thirst elicited by iv infusion of AngII -Hypothesis 1: thirst is inhibited by a signal that is elicited by iv AngII that is not present during arterial hypotension; specifically, an increase in arterial blood pressure (ABP) Inhibitory Stimulus #3: acute arterial hypertension -DATA: (a) iv AngII elicits more water intake when ABP is clamped at normal levels than when ABP is allowed to rise -(b) iv AngII elicits more water intake in rats with denervated arterial baroreceptors than in control rats -thus, the inhibitory effect of arterial hypertension is abolished when the signal is eliminated -in other words, iv AngII provides a mixed stimulus of thirst, an excitatory component that stimulates drinking and an inhibitory component that suppresses drinking -(c) increased ABP also inhibits water intake in rats made thirsty by increased posm or by hypovolemia, but it does not inhibit VP secretion under those circumstances
5 Summary: thirst and VP secretion -three dimensions to body fluid regulation: osmolality, blood volume, blood pressure -each dimension is monitored via its own receptor -each receptor provides an excitatory signal for VP secretion during dehydration -each receptor provides an inhibitory signal for VP secretion during overhydration -osmoreceptor, cardiac baroreceptor also provide signal for thirst whereas AngII mediates thirst from arterial hypotension (no BBB for osmo-, AngII-receptor) -excitatory signals are additive, inhibition can trump excitation
Osmotic Regulation and the Urinary System. Chapter 50
Osmotic Regulation and the Urinary System Chapter 50 Challenge Questions Indicate the areas of the nephron that the following hormones target, and describe when and how the hormones elicit their actions.
More informationPathophysiology: Regulation of Water Intake and Excretion, Ghent 03/2013. Outline: Regulation of water intake and excretion
Pathophysiology: Regulation of Water Intake and Excretion, Ghent 03/2013 Daniel G. Bichet, M.D. Université de Montréal Groupe des Protéines Membranaires; Service de néphrologie, Hôpital du Sacré- Cœur
More informationBIOL 2402 Fluid/Electrolyte Regulation
Dr. Chris Doumen Collin County Community College BIOL 2402 Fluid/Electrolyte Regulation 1 Body Water Content On average, we are 50-60 % water For a 70 kg male = 40 liters water This water is divided into
More informationBlood Pressure Fox Chapter 14 part 2
Vert Phys PCB3743 Blood Pressure Fox Chapter 14 part 2 T. Houpt, Ph.D. 1 Cardiac Output and Blood Pressure How to Measure Blood Pressure Contribution of vascular resistance to blood pressure Cardiovascular
More informationRegulation of Body Fluids: Na + and Water Linda Costanzo, Ph.D.
Regulation of Body Fluids: Na + and Water Linda Costanzo, Ph.D. OBJECTIVES: After studying this lecture, the student should understand: 1. Why body sodium content determines ECF volume and the relationships
More informationPRESYSTEMIC INFLUENCES ON THIRST, SALT APPETITE, AND VASOPRESSIN SECRETION IN THE HYPOVOLEMIC RAT. Carrie Alane Smith
PRESYSTEMIC INFLUENCES ON THIRST, SALT APPETITE, AND VASOPRESSIN SECRETION IN THE HYPOVOLEMIC RAT by Carrie Alane Smith Bachelor of Science, University of Pittsburgh, 2002 Master of Science, University
More informationIngestive Behavior: Feeding & Weight Regulation. Hypovolemic vs. Osmotic Thirst
Ingestive Behavior: Feeding & Weight Regulation 1 Hypovolemic Thirst Receptors, CNS, Responses Salt Appetite Digestive components Glucose Homeostasis: Insulin & Glucagon Diabetes Mellitus 1 & 2 CNS Hypothalamic
More informationTemperature, Regulation, Thirst, and Hunger
PSYB64 Lecture 6 Temperature, Regulation, Thirst, and Hunger 1. Homeostasis 2. Temperature 3. Thirst 4. Hunger 5. Obesity & Hunger Disorders HOMEOSTASIS Homeostasis: Physiological equilibrium Motivation:
More informationFLASH CARDS. Kalat s Book Chapter 10 Alphabetical
FLASH CARDS www.biologicalpsych.com Kalat s Book Chapter 10 Alphabetical AgRP AgRP Agouti-related peptide; synthesized in hypothalamus. Acts as an appetite stimulator. Also decreases metabolism. aldosterone
More informationFluids and electrolytes
Body Water Content Fluids and electrolytes Infants have low body fat, low bone mass, and are 73% or more water Total water content declines throughout life Healthy males are about 60% water; healthy females
More informationBIPN100 F15 Human Physiology (Kristan) Lecture 18: Endocrine control of renal function. p. 1
BIPN100 F15 Human Physiology (Kristan) Lecture 18: Endocrine control of renal function. p. 1 Terms you should understand by the end of this section: diuresis, antidiuresis, osmoreceptors, atrial stretch
More informationChapter 12. Ingestive Behavior
Chapter 12 Ingestive Behavior Drinking a. fluid compartments b. osmometric thirst c. volumetric thirst Eating a. energy sources b. starting a meal c. stopping a meal d. eating disordersd Drinking a. fluid
More informationBody fluids. Lecture 13:
Lecture 13: Body fluids Body fluids are distributed in compartments: A. Intracellular compartment: inside the cells of the body (two thirds) B. Extracellular compartment: (one third) it is divided into
More informationBody Water Content Infants have low body fat, low bone mass, and are 73% or more water Total water content declines throughout life Healthy males are
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance Body Water Content Infants have low body fat, low bone mass, and are 73% or more water Total water content declines throughout life Healthy males are about 60%
More informationRenal Physiology Part II. Bio 219 Napa Valley College Dr. Adam Ross
Renal Physiology Part II Bio 219 Napa Valley College Dr. Adam Ross Fluid and Electrolyte balance As we know from our previous studies: Water and ions need to be balanced in order to maintain proper homeostatic
More informationChapter Nine. Temperature Regulation, Thirst, and Hunger
Chapter Nine Temperature Regulation, Thirst, and Hunger Regulating Systems Homeostasis: Physiological equilibrium Epic FAIL with weight? Obesity rates 1980-2000 Motivation: Activating and directing behavior
More informationNovember 30, 2016 & URINE FORMATION
& URINE FORMATION REVIEW! Urinary/Renal System 200 litres of blood are filtered daily by the kidneys Usable material: reabsorbed back into blood Waste: drained into the bladder away from the heart to the
More informationChapter 26 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid- Base Balance
Chapter 26 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid- Base Balance 1 Body Water Content Infants: 73% or more water (low body fat, low bone mass) Adult males: ~60% water Adult females: ~50% water (higher fat content,
More informationQuestions? Homework due in lab 6. PreLab #6 HW 15 & 16 (follow directions, 6 points!)
Questions? Homework due in lab 6 PreLab #6 HW 15 & 16 (follow directions, 6 points!) Part 3 Variations in Urine Formation Composition varies Fluid volume Solute concentration Variations in Urine Formation
More information8. URINE CONCENTRATION
8. URINE CONCENTRATION The final concentration of the urine is very dependent on the amount of liquid ingested, the losses through respiration, faeces and skin, including sweating. When the intake far
More informationChapter 44. Regulating the Internal Environment. AP Biology
Chapter 44. Regulating the Internal Environment Homeostasis Living in the world organisms had a choice: regulate their internal environment maintain relatively constant internal conditions conform to the
More informationRenal physiology D.HAMMOUDI.MD
Renal physiology D.HAMMOUDI.MD Functions Regulating blood ionic composition Regulating blood ph Regulating blood volume Regulating blood pressure Produce calcitrol and erythropoietin Regulating blood glucose
More informationAP Biology. Homeostasis. Chapter 44. Regulating the Internal Environment. Homeostasis
Chapter 44. Regulating the Internal Environment omeostasis Living in the world organisms had a choice: regulate their internal environment maintain relatively constant internal conditions conform to the
More informationExcretory System 1. a)label the parts indicated above and give one function for structures Y and Z
Excretory System 1 1. Excretory System a)label the parts indicated above and give one function for structures Y and Z W- X- Y- Z- b) Which of the following is not a function of the organ shown? A. to produce
More informationRenal Quiz - June 22, 21001
Renal Quiz - June 22, 21001 1. The molecular weight of calcium is 40 and chloride is 36. How many milligrams of CaCl 2 is required to give 2 meq of calcium? a) 40 b) 72 c) 112 d) 224 2. The extracellular
More informationFluid and electrolyte balance, imbalance
Fluid and electrolyte balance, imbalance Body fluid The fluids are distributed throughout the body in various compartments. Body fluid is composed primarily of water Water is the solvent in which all solutes
More informationΝευροφυσιολογία και Αισθήσεις
Biomedical Imaging & Applied Optics University of Cyprus Νευροφυσιολογία και Αισθήσεις Διάλεξη 16 Κίνητρα Συμπεριφοράς ή Υποκίνηση (Motivation) Introduction Types of behavior Unconscious reflexes Voluntary
More informationOsmoregulation and Renal Function
1 Bio 236 Lab: Osmoregulation and Renal Function Fig. 1: Kidney Anatomy Fig. 2: Renal Nephron The kidneys are paired structures that lie within the posterior abdominal cavity close to the spine. Each kidney
More informationDone By: Lulu Al-Obaid - Abdulrahman Al-Rashed Reviewed By: Mohammed Jameel Khulood Al-Raddadi
Done By: Lulu Al-Obaid - Abdulrahman Al-Rashed Reviewed By: Mohammed Jameel Khulood Al-Raddadi At the end of this lecture student should be able to describe: The loop of Henle is referred to as countercurrent
More information1. a)label the parts indicated above and give one function for structures Y and Z
Excretory System 1 1. Excretory System a)label the parts indicated above and give one function for structures Y and Z W- renal cortex - X- renal medulla Y- renal pelvis collecting center of urine and then
More informationChapter 19 The Urinary System Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
Chapter 19 The Urinary System Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Chapter Outline The Concept of Balance Water Balance Sodium Balance Potassium Balance Calcium Balance Interactions between Fluid and Electrolyte
More informationWater (Dysnatremia) & Sodium (Dysvolemia) Disorders Ahmad Raed Tarakji, MD, MSPH, PGCertMedEd, FRCPC, FACP, FASN, FNKF, FISQua
Water (Dysnatremia) & Sodium (Dysvolemia) Disorders Ahmad Raed Tarakji, MD, MSPH, PGCertMedEd, FRCPC, FACP, FASN, FNKF, FISQua Assistant Professor Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine College of Medicine,
More informationFal Fal P h y s i o l o g y 6 1 1, S a n F r a n c i s c o S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y
Fall 12 OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE RENAL SYSTEM: Effects of fasting and ingestion of water, coke, or Gatorade on urine flow rate and specific gravity Dorette Franks The purpose of the physiology experiment
More informationKidneys in regulation of homeostasis
Kidneys in regulation of homeostasis Assoc. Prof. MUDr. Markéta Bébarová, Ph.D. Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University This presentation includes only the most important terms
More informationCHAPTER 27 LECTURE OUTLINE
CHAPTER 27 LECTURE OUTLINE I. INTRODUCTION A. Body fluid refers to body water and its dissolved substances. B. Regulatory mechanisms insure homeostasis of body fluids since their malfunction may seriously
More informationSalt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion
Announcements Exam is in class on WEDNESDAY. Bring a #2 pencil and your UFID. You must come to your registered class section (except those with DRC accommodations). Office hours Mon 1-3 pm. Teaching evals:
More informationURINE CONCENTRATION AND REGULATION OF ECF OSMOLARITY
URINE CONCENTRATION AND REGULATION OF ECF OSMOLARITY Dilute and concentrated urine 1-Dilute urine : Nephron function continuous reabsorption. Solutes while failing to reabsorbe water in distal tubule and
More informationBlood pressure control Contin. Reflex Mechanisms. Dr. Hiwa Shafiq
Blood pressure control Contin. Reflex Mechanisms Dr. Hiwa Shafiq 17-12-2018 A. Baroreceptor reflexes Baroreceptors (stretch receptors) located in the walls of several large systemic arteries( specially
More informationExcretion and Water Balance
Excretion and Water Balance 1. Osmoregulation (water balance) a. Most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers in which the concentration of solutes in their body fluid is equal to that of their environment.
More informationWJEC. BY4 Kidney Questions
NAME: OPTION GROUP WJEC BY4 Kidney Questions Question Book 2 (Legacy Qs from Jan 2000 to June 2014) Question Number(s) Due Date & Pass Mark Homework Mark Resist Question number(s) Resist Due Date & Pass
More information1.&Glomerular/Pressure&Filtration&
Urine&Formation& Overall&Process&! Urine gets rid of wastes (NH 3, urea, uric acid, creatinine) and other substances (vitamins, penicillin, histamines) found in excess in the blood!! blood is filtered
More informationRegulating the Internal Environment. AP Biology
Regulating the Internal Environment 2006-2007 Conformers vs. Regulators Two evolutionary paths for organisms regulate internal environment maintain relatively constant internal conditions conform to external
More informationCounter-Current System Regulation of Renal Functions
Counter-Current System Regulation of Renal Functions Assoc. Prof. MUDr. Markéta Bébarová, Ph.D. Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University This presentation includes only the most
More informationBIOL 221 Chapter 26 Fluids & Electrolytes. 35 slides
BIOL 221 Chapter 26 Fluids & Electrolytes 35 slides 1 Body Water Content Total Body Water is the percentage of a person s weight that is water. TBW can easily vary due to: gender males have higher TBW
More informationBody Water Content Total Body Water is the percentage of a person s weight that is water. TBW can easily vary due to: gender
BIOL 221 Chapter 26 Fluids & Electrolytes 35 slides 1 Body Water Content Total Body Water is the percentage of a person s weight that is water. TBW can easily vary due to: gender males have higher TBW
More informationThe Endocrine System
Collin College BIOL 2402 Anatomy/Physiology 2 Chapter 18 The Endocrine System 1 Pituitary Gland or Hypophysis The Pituitary Gland Also called hypophysis Lies within sella turcica Hangs inferior to hypothalamus
More informationPhysiology of osmo- and volume regulation, LOs #78 & #79
Physiology of osmo- and volume regulation, LOs #78 & #79 Gyöngyi Karcsúné Kis, MSc, PhD 2 nd March 2018 Characteristic Osmoregulation Volume regulation What is being sensed Plasma osmolality Effective
More informationThe Urinary System 15PART B. PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College
PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College The Urinary System 15PART B Ureters Slender tubes attaching the kidney to the bladder Continuous with
More informationWater, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Balance
Chapter 27 Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Balance 1 Body Fluids Intracellular fluid compartment All fluids inside cells of body About 40% of total body weight Extracellular fluid compartment All fluids
More informationCh. 44 Regulating the Internal Environment
Ch. 44 Regulating the Internal Environment 2006-2007 Conformers vs. Regulators Two evolutionary paths for organisms regulate internal environment maintain relatively constant internal conditions conform
More informationPrinciples of Anatomy and Physiology
Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 14 th Edition CHAPTER 27 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid Base Fluid Compartments and Fluid In adults, body fluids make up between 55% and 65% of total body mass. Body
More informationI. Metabolic Wastes Metabolic Waste:
I. Metabolic Wastes Metabolic Waste: a) Carbon Dioxide: by-product of cellular respiration. b) Water: by-product of cellular respiration & dehydration synthesis reactions. c) Inorganic Salts: by-product
More informationFaculty version with model answers
Faculty version with model answers Urinary Dilution & Concentration Bruce M. Koeppen, M.D., Ph.D. University of Connecticut Health Center 1. Increased urine output (polyuria) can result in a number of
More informationNOTES: CH 44 Regulating the Internal Environment (Homeostasis & The Urinary System)
NOTES: CH 44 Regulating the Internal Environment (Homeostasis & The Urinary System) HOMEOSTASIS **Recall HOMEOSTASIS is the steady-state physiological condition of the body. It includes: 1) Thermoregulation:
More informationGlomerular Capillary Blood Pressure
Glomerular Capillary Blood Pressure Fluid pressure exerted by blood within glomerular capillaries Depends on Contraction of the heart Resistance to blood flow offered by afferent and efferent arterioles
More informationBlood Pressure Regulation 2. Faisal I. Mohammed, MD,PhD
Blood Pressure Regulation 2 Faisal I. Mohammed, MD,PhD 1 Objectives Outline the intermediate term and long term regulators of ABP. Describe the role of Epinephrine, Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone
More informationBlood Pressure Regulation 2. Faisal I. Mohammed, MD,PhD
Blood Pressure Regulation 2 Faisal I. Mohammed, MD,PhD 1 Objectives Outline the intermediate term and long term regulators of ABP. Describe the role of Epinephrine, Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone
More informationMotivation 1 of 6. during the prandial state when the blood is filled
Motivation 1 of 6 I. INTRODUCTION A. Motivation: a condition (usually internal) that initiates, activates, or maintains goal-directed behavior. B. Archery analogy 1. undrawn bow has no potential energy
More informationNephron Structure inside Kidney:
In-Depth on Kidney Nephron Structure inside Kidney: - Each nephron has two capillary regions in close proximity to the nephron tubule, the first capillary bed for fluid exchange is called the glomerulus,
More informationRenal Physiology. April, J. Mohan, PhD. Lecturer, Physiology Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, U.W.I., St Augustine.
Renal Physiology April, 2011 J. Mohan, PhD. Lecturer, Physiology Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, U.W.I., St Augustine. Office : Room 105, Physiology Unit. References: Koeppen B.E. & Stanton B.A. (2010).
More information014 Chapter 14 Created: 9:25:14 PM CST
014 Chapter 14 Created: 9:25:14 PM CST Student: 1. Functions of the kidneys include A. the regulation of body salt and water balance. B. hydrogen ion homeostasis. C. the regulation of blood glucose concentration.
More informationFor more information about how to cite these materials visit
Author(s): Roger Grekin, M.D., 2009 License: Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial Share Alike 3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
More informationThirst is a subjective perception that provides the urge for
ARTICLES NEWS IN PHYSIOLOGICAL SCIENCES The Physiological Regulation of Thirst and Fluid Intake Michael J. McKinley 1 and Alan Kim Johnson 2 1 Howard Florey Institute of Experimental Physiology and Medicine,
More informationOsmoregulation_and_Excretion_p2.notebook June 01, 2017
What water balance problems face organisms? Animals balance water gain and loss in one of two ways: 1. Osmoconformers are isotonic to their surroundings so they do not lose or gain water they usually live
More informationFrom Blood Filtrate to Urine: A Closer Look
Blood Vessels Associated with the Nephrons Each nephron supplied with blood by an afferent arteriole branch of renal artery divides into glomerular capillaries capillaries converge as they leave glomerulus
More informationFluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance. Maintaining Water and Electrolyte Balance of Blood
514 Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology Intracellular fluid volume = 25 L, 40% body weight Total body water volume = 40 L, 60% body weight Extracellular fluid (ECF) volume =15 L, 20% body weight
More informationFluid, Electrolyte, and Acid Base Balance
Chapter 26 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid Base Balance Bi 233 Body Water Content Largest component of the body Infants have low body fat, low bone mass, and are 73% or more water Healthy males are about
More informationRenal-Related Questions
Renal-Related Questions 1) List the major segments of the nephron and for each segment describe in a single sentence what happens to sodium there. (10 points). 2) a) Describe the handling by the nephron
More informationBehavioral and Motivational mechanisms of Brain. Limbic system and the Hypothalamus
Behavioral and Motivational mechanisms of Brain Limbic system and the Hypothalamus 1 General functions 1. Control of behavior 2. Control level of activities in different parts of brain 3. Motivational
More informationCardiovascular System B L O O D V E S S E L S 2
Cardiovascular System B L O O D V E S S E L S 2 Blood Pressure Main factors influencing blood pressure: Cardiac output (CO) Peripheral resistance (PR) Blood volume Peripheral resistance is a major factor
More informationUrinary System and Excretion. Bio105 Lecture 20 Chapter 16
Urinary System and Excretion Bio105 Lecture 20 Chapter 16 1 Outline Urinary System I. Function II. Organs of the urinary system A. Kidneys 1. Function 2. Structure III. Disorders of the urinary system
More informationRENAL PHYSIOLOGY. Physiology Unit 4
RENAL PHYSIOLOGY Physiology Unit 4 Renal Functions Primary Function is to regulate the chemistry of plasma through urine formation Additional Functions Regulate concentration of waste products Regulate
More information1. 09/07/16 Ch 1: Intro to Human A & P 1
Table of Contents # Date Title Page # 1. 09/07/16 Ch 1: Intro to Human A & P 1 2. 09/19/16 Ch 18: Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance 5 i 1 09/19/16 Chapter 18: Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base
More informationBODY FLUID. Outline. Functions of body fluid Water distribution in the body Maintenance of body fluid. Regulation of fluid homeostasis
BODY FLUID Nutritional Biochemistry Yue-Hwa Chen Dec 13, 2007 Chen 1 Outline Functions of body fluid Water distribution in the body Maintenance of body fluid Intake vs output Regulation of body fluid Fluid
More informationHormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions *
OpenStax-CNX module: m44828 1 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions * OpenStax This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 By the end of
More informationOutline Urinary System. Urinary System and Excretion. Urine. Urinary System. I. Function II. Organs of the urinary system
Outline Urinary System Urinary System and Excretion Bio105 Chapter 16 Renal will be on the Final only. I. Function II. Organs of the urinary system A. Kidneys 1. Function 2. Structure III. Disorders of
More informationEndocrine Glands: Hormone-secreting organs are called endocrine glands
University of Jordan Department of Physiology and Biochemistry Nursing students, Academic year 2017/2018. ******************************************************************* Ref: Principles of Anatomy
More informationBIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH.44 - OSMOREGULATION AND EXCRETION.
!! www.clutchprep.com Osmoregulation regulation of solute balance and water loss to maintain homeostasis of water content Excretion process of eliminating waste from the body, like nitrogenous waste Kidney
More informationwater balance water nitrogen chapter 42
water balance chapter 42 water osmoregulation water and dissolved solutes adjusting the composition of internal body fluids in arthropods -- hemolymph in vertebrates -- interstitial fluid transport epithelia
More informationiworx Physiology Lab Experiment Experiment HK-1 Human Kidney
iworx Physiology Lab Experiment Experiment HK-1 Human Kidney Note: The lab presented here is intended for evaluation purposes only. iworx users should refer to the User Area on www.iworx.com for the most
More informationQUIZ/TEST REVIEW NOTES SECTION 2 RENAL PHYSIOLOGY FILTRATION [THE KIDNEYS/URINARY SYSTEM] CHAPTER 19
1 QUIZ/TEST REVIEW NOTES SECTION 2 RENAL PHYSIOLOGY FILTRATION [THE KIDNEYS/URINARY SYSTEM] CHAPTER 19 Learning Objectives: Differentiate the following processes: filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion
More informationMechanism: 1- waterretention from the last part of the nephron which increases blood volume, venous return EDV, stroke volume and cardiac output.
Blood pressure regulators: 1- Short term regulation:nervous system Occurs Within secondsof the change in BP (they are short term because after a while (2-3 days) they adapt/reset the new blood pressure
More informationSODIUM INGESTION, THIRST AND DRINKING DURING ENDURANCE EXERCISE
SSE #122 Sports Science Exchange (2014) Vol. 27, No. 122, 1-5 SODIUM INGESTION, THIRST AND DRINKING DURING ENDURANCE EXERCISE Nina S. Stachenfeld The John B. Pierce Laboratory Department of Obstetrics,
More informationBlood Pressure Regulation. Slides 9-12 Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) = 1/3 systolic pressure + 2/3 diastolic pressure
Sheet physiology(18) Sunday 24-November Blood Pressure Regulation Slides 9-12 Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) = 1/3 systolic pressure + 2/3 diastolic pressure MAP= Diastolic Pressure+1/3 Pulse Pressure CO=MAP/TPR
More informationExemplar for Internal Achievement Standard. Biology Level 3
Exemplar for Internal Achievement Standard Biology Level 3 This exemplar supports assessment against: Achievement Standard 91604 Demonstrate understanding of how an animal maintains a stable internal environment
More informationThe Countercurrent Multiplier System
The Countercurrent Multiplier System After studying this lecture, you should be able to... 1. Describe active transport and osmosis in the loop of Henle and explain how these processes produce a countercurrent
More informationChapter 15 Fluid and Acid-Base Balance
Chapter 15 Fluid and Acid-Base Balance by Dr. Jay M. Templin Brooks/Cole - Thomson Learning Fluid Balance Water constitutes ~60% of body weight. All cells and tissues are surrounded by an aqueous environment.
More informationBIPN100 F15 Human Physiology (Kristan) Problem Set #8 Solutions p. 1
BIPN100 F15 Human Physiology (Kristan) Problem Set #8 Solutions p. 1 1. a. Proximal tubule. b. Proximal tubule. c. Glomerular endothelial fenestrae, filtration slits between podocytes of Bowman's capsule.
More informationHypothalamus. Small, central, & essential.
Hypothalamus Small, central, & essential. Summary: You can t live without a hypothalamus. Located at the junction between the brain stem and the forebrain Medial hypothalamus: interface between the brain
More informationCHAPTER. Movement Across Plasma Membrane. Chapter 6 Outline. Diffusion Osmosis. Membrane Potential Cell Signaling
CHAPTER 6 Interaction Between Cells and the Extracellular Environment Chapter 6 Outline Extracellular Environment Diffusion Osmosis Carrier-Mediated Carrier Mediated Transport Membrane Potential Cell Signaling
More informationSunday, July 17, 2011 URINARY SYSTEM
URINARY SYSTEM URINARY SYSTEM Let s take a look at the anatomy first! KIDNEYS: are complex reprocessing centers where blood is filtered through and waste products are removed. Wastes and extra water become
More informationTHIRST AND SODIUM APPETITE IN MICE: ANGIOTENSIN, BRAIN Fos, BLOOD PLASMA HORMONES, AND FLUID INTAKE
THIRST AND SODIUM APPETITE IN MICE: ANGIOTENSIN, BRAIN Fos, BLOOD PLASMA HORMONES, AND FLUID INTAKE By BRADLEY E. GOLDSTEIN A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL
More informationBlood Pressure Regulation Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (http://www.aw-bc.
Blood Pressure Regulation Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (http://www.aw-bc.com) Page 1. Introduction There are two basic mechanisms for regulating
More informationRenal Regulation of Sodium and Volume. Dr. Dave Johnson Associate Professor Dept. Physiology UNECOM
Renal Regulation of Sodium and Volume Dr. Dave Johnson Associate Professor Dept. Physiology UNECOM Maintaining Volume Plasma water and sodium (Na + ) are regulated independently - you are already familiar
More information** TMP mean page 340 in 12 th edition. Questions 1 and 2 Use the following clinical laboratory test results for questions 1 and 2:
QUESTION Questions 1 and 2 Use the following clinical laboratory test results for questions 1 and 2: Urine flow rate = 1 ml/min Urine inulin concentration = 100 mg/ml Plasma inulin concentration = 2 mg/ml
More information12/7/10. Excretory System. The basic function of the excretory system is to regulate the volume and composition of body fluids by:
Excretory System The basic function of the excretory system is to regulate the volume and composition of body fluids by: o o removing wastes returning needed substances to the body for reuse Body systems
More informationEXCRETION QUESTIONS. Use the following information to answer the next two questions.
EXCRETION QUESTIONS Use the following information to answer the next two questions. 1. Filtration occurs at the area labeled A. V B. X C. Y D. Z 2. The antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) acts on the area
More informationExcretory System. Biology 2201
Excretory System Biology 2201 Excretory System How does the excretory system maintain homeostasis? It regulates: Body heat Water-salt concentrations Acid-base concentrations Metabolite concentrations ORGANS
More informationExcretory System. Excretory System
Excretory System Biology 2201 Excretory System How does the excretory system maintain homeostasis? It regulates: Body heat Water-salt concentrations Acid-base concentrations Metabolite concentrations 1
More information