Meredith L. Seamon, MD February 11, 2016

Transcription

1 Meredith L. Seamon, MD February 11, 2016

2 DISCLOSURE I have no relevant financial relationships to disclose in regard to the content of this presentation

3 Objectives Hematuria List some common causes of urinary discoloration that are not hematuria and the definition of microscopic hematuria Differentiate between glomerular and non-glomerular etiologies of hematuria Know the common causes as well as the initial management approach to both microscopic and gross hematuria Know when to call your friendly local pediatric nephrologist!

4 Objectives Proteinuria Know the prevalence, mechanisms, and etiologies of proteinuria in the pediatric population Understand the different ways to measure proteinuria and the limitations of office testing Know the initial diagnostic evaluation to determine the pattern of proteinuria Once again, know when to call your friendly local pediatric nephrologist!

5 Case #1 5 year-old previously healthy boy Feels well, no urinary complaints Positive urine dipstick for 3+ blood found during kindergarten physical exam Normal work-up including renal ultrasound, BP, CBC, BMP Urinalysis in Nephrology clinic revealed urine SG of 1.025, moderate blood, and negative protein Microscopy notable for RBCs/hpf, no casts or crystals

6 Case #2 PCH ED 22:00 12 year-old previously healthy girl who presents with a two day history of brown colored urine Further history notable for: Swelling of eyelids, hands, around ankles x 2 days Sore throat ~ 2 weeks ago. Siblings also with sore throats around that time- strep negative. Exam: T: 37 C, P: 72/min, R: 20/min, BP 151/94, repeat manual BP of 144/104 +Facial fullness Slightly diminished breath sounds in the bilateral lung bases Abd: mild tenderness to palpation right upper and lower quadrants Trace pretibial and pedal edema No rashes

7 Case #3 16 y/o male 2 months ago had ~1 week of dark urine Decided to quit drinking Dr. Pepper and Pepsi since he thought that was causing the dark urine Didn t mention the episode to his parents Urine cleared, but then had a cold last week, and urine turned dark on the second day of illness Referred to Nephrology without further evaluation

8 Causes of Urinary Discoloration Blood (specifically hemoglobin) Myoglobin Pigments (found in some drugs and foods) Metabolites (like in porphyria)

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10 Definition of Hematuria Abnormal presence of red blood cells (RBCs) in the urine Microscopic - Usually initially identified by positive urine dipstick - Confirmed with microscopy of spun urine specimen - ARUP says >2 RBCs/hpf is high (hpf = 40x objective) - Most papers use >5 RBCs/hpf (range 1-10) Gross - Discolored urine ~100 RBC/hpf or 1 ml/liter - Usually detected by anxious parents

11 Detecting Hematuria: Urine Dipsticks Reaction of Tetramethlybenzidine and hemoglobin/myoglobin turns blue-green False positives: alkaline urine or certain agents used to clean perineum False negatives are very rare Urine dipstick has a good negative predictive value for hematuria

12 Detecting Hematuria: Urine Microscopy Microscopy of centrifuged urine sediment looking for: Casts=Red, white, granular Acanthocytes to assess for glomerular bleeding Red supernatant without sediment indicates hemoglobinuria/myoglobinuria Crystals-Not often found, but cool when they are present

13 Urine Microscopy: Red Cell Casts RBC casts represent glomerulonephritis

14 Urine Microscopy: Acanthocytes Blebs occur as RBCs are squeezed through the glomerular basement membrane Kidney International, Vol. 59 (2001), pp Pediatrics in Review Vol.29 No.10 October 2008

15 Epidemiology of Hematuria ,954 Finnish students age 8-13 years old Hematuria defined as 1+ or greater on dipstick, which was confirmed by 6 or more RBCs/hpf on microscopy 4 samples were collected from each student and brought to school 35,784 urine samples J. Peds. 1979,

16 Epidemiology of Hematuria ~4% (364/8,954) were positive on a single sample 1% (95/8,954) had heme in 2 or more samples 0.2% (22/8,954) had heme in all 4 samples 72/95 with heme in 2 samples were evaluated All had normal kidney function. 5 UTI, 2 low C3, 4 with high ESR 28 biopsies 4 with actual kidney disease 2 IgA, 1 FSGS, 1 Alport syndrome J. Peds. 1979,

17 Epidemiology of Hematuria ~4% (364/8,954) were positive on a single sample 1% (95/8,954) had heme in 2 or more samples 0.2% (22/8,954) had heme in all 4 samples 72/95 with heme in 2 samples were evaluated All had normal kidney function. 5 UTI, 2 low C3, 4 with high ESR 28 biopsies 4 with actual kidney disease 2 IgA, 1 FSGS, 1 Alport syndrome J. Peds. 1979,

18 Epidemiology of Hematuria Take home message: 3-5% of Finnish children will have hematuria on a single sample and 0.5-1% on 2 or more samples Check multiple samples to confirm hematuria J. Peds. 1979,

19 Clinical Significance of Hematuria 570 children ages 1 month-19 years referred to Pediatric Nephrology at Riley Children s Hospital in Indianapolis from for asymptomatic hematuria Microscopic (>5 RBC/hpf) = 342 children Gross = 228 children Evaluation included: H & P with BP measurement CBC, UA, BMP, C3, urine culture Timed urine for CrCl Ultrasound or IVP Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159:

20 Clinical Significance of Microscopic Hematuria 342 children with microscopic hematuria No cause identified in 274 patients (80%) Most commonly identified cause was hypercalciuria without stones in 56 (16%) Post-strep GN in 4 children Duplex collecting system in 2 children 1 patient each with a kidney stone, IgA nephropathy, MPGN, single kidney, unilateral hypoplasia, and VUR. NO urinary tract infections identified (selection bias?) Basically 3/342 (0.01%) had a disease (IgA, MPGN, and VUR) that had potential for progressive CKD Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159:

21 Clinical Significance of Gross Hematuria 228 children with gross hematuria No cause identified in 86 patients (38%) 51 patients (22%) had hypercalciuria without stones 34 (15%) with IgA nephropathy 21 (9%) with post-strep GN 8 due to exercise 1 UTI 34/228 (15%) had a diagnosis that posed a risk of progressive CKD No SLE with gross hematuria alone Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159:

22 Clinical Significance of Hematuria Take away message from this study: Basically, 2-3/342 with isolated microscopic hematuria had an etiology with risk of progression of renal disease (MPGN, IgA, VUR), but none had proteinuria or hypertension Microscopic hematuria requires work-up (mainly repeating a urinalysis WITH MICROSCOPY), but does not need to be done emergently AAP no longer recommends routine urinalyses Important to reassure families Gross hematuria, however, requires investigation Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159:

23 ABCs of Hematuria Anatomic-obstruction or other structural abnormalities (collecting system duplication), nutcracker syndrome, renal vein thrombosis Boulders-stones Cancer Wilms Tumor, very, very rarely renal cell carcinoma Drugs Ingestions, interstitial nephritis Exercise Familial-Alport syndrome, thin basement membrane disease, Hereditary nephritis without deafness. Glomerulonephritis -Acute, chronic, hereditary Hemoglobinopathies/Coagulopathies/Myopathies Infection, Injury

24 Evaluation of Microscopic Hematuria Confirm hematuria with urinalysis with MICROSCOPY on sequential samples at least one week apart History: Recent illness, family history of nephrolithiasis, family history of hematuria, family history of hearing loss/vision problems, fluid intake Exam: Blood pressure, presence of edema?, meatal/perineal irritation, CVA tenderness Evaluation: Urine culture, urine for calcium to creatinine ratio (if elevated, obtain 24 hour urine collection), renal ultrasound, renal function panel, C3

25 Evaluation of Gross Hematuria History: Fever, urinary symptoms, rash, arthralgias, abdominal/flank pain, edema, proteinuria, hypertension Evaluation: Urine microscopy (glomerular vs. nonglomerula), urine culture, urine for calcium to creatinine ratio (if elevated, obtain 24 hour urine collection), imaging (possibly renal ultrasound or CT scan), and renal function panel. Additional labs to consider- C3, protein to creatinine ratio

26 Hematuria: Prognosis/Intervention Asymptomatic microscopic hematuria: -Most cases resolve within ~ 5 years -Most commonly identified cause is hypercalciuria -Provide counseling regarding increasing fluid/water intake -Why water? Only therapeutic intervention show to reduce frequency of kidney stones. -Monitor every 6-12 months Symptomatic microscopic, or gross, hematuria- depends on underlying pathophysiology Hypercalciuria/stones tend to recur Drink water IgA highly variable, watch for proteinuria. Post-strep resolves

27 Case #1 5 year-old boy RBCs/hpf found on 3 occasions Parents asked to give urine samples in clinic (kids love that part)- both negative (looking for thin basement membrane disease) Review of UAs showed Spec grav Spot Ca/Cr x 3 = mg/mg (nml < 0.2) Hypercalciuria stone risk. FH positive for mother and uncle with stones. Treat with increased fluid x 6 months. Water, Crystal Light, flavored water, Kool-Aid made with ½ recommended sugar.

28 Case #2 12 year-old girl with hypertension and brown urine Labs Na: 140 Cl: 107 BUN: 15 Gluc: 79 K: 4 CO2: 22 Cr: 0.68 Ca 8.7, Albumin 3.1 Urinalysis: SG 1.025, ph 6.5, 1+ ketones, large heme, 3+ protein. Micro: TNTC dysmorphic RBCs, occasional red cell casts C4 15 (nl 11-61), C3 12 (nl ) AntiDNase B 1570 (nl 0-170) First a.m. UPC- 1.1 mg/mg

29 Case #2 Hospital Course - Required inpatient management for ~ 2 days for management of hypertension - Blood pressure trend improved with amlodipine and Lasix - Discharged on amlodipine 7.5 mg PO BID Follow-up.. - C3 normalized ~7 weeks after her initial presentation - Ongoing increased urinary protein excretion with first a.m. prot/cr ~ 1 mg/mg two months after her initial presentation, thus amlodipine discontinued, and started on lisinopril

30 Case #3 16 y/o male with recurrent gross hematuria; second episode clearly associated with illness Cutting out soda did not help UA with 3+ protein, Prot/Cr 1.8, BP 145/88, Cr 1 mg/dl Biopsy = IgA; started on ACEi

31 Proteinuria

32 Case #1 17 year-old girl; found to have 3+ proteinuria at cheerleading physical Straight A high school senior Healthy, very active, c/o some joint pain and fatigue x 6 months Remote history of UTI x 2, no hospitalizations, no fever, no edema Seen by adult nephrologist Normal U/S and VCUG, ANA & Anti dsdna neg x2, ANCA neg x2, complement studies neg x2, CT angiogram normal, 24 hour with 760 mg protein, course of steroids made no difference

33 Case #1 Nephrology clinic: Mother exceedingly anxious Patient s physical exam: -Healthy appearing athlete -Ht 50% Wt 25% BMI HR 65 BP 100/72 T Otherwise normal Screening test -Urine dip 2+ protein, no heme

34 Case #2 5 year-old boy with 3 month history of swelling Tried Benadryl, which didn t help. Allergy testing negative. Swelling worse around eyes in a.m., then feet get swollen in p.m. Shoes hurt. Unremarkable PMH and FH Urine dip shows 4+ protein, trace blood. Labs done at InstaCare last week showed Na 131, Cr 0.4, alb 1.4, Ca 7.9, lytes otherwise normal

35 Proteinuria Proteinuria is well established as a marker of renal disease Even though proteinuria is more likely to be associated with renal disease than hematuria, the work-up is easier because of the smaller differential diagnosis Normal protein excretion is up to 100 mg/m2/day, or ~150mg/day in older children; higher in neonates Urinary albumin excretion is usually < 20 mg/day

36 Proteinuria Proteinuria is well established as a marker of renal disease Even though proteinuria is more likely to be associated with renal disease than hematuria, the work-up is easier because of the smaller differential diagnosis Normal protein excretion is up to 100 mg/m2/day, or ~150mg/day in older children; higher in neonates Urinary albumin excretion is usually < 20 mg/day

37 Proteinuria: Epidemiology ,954 Finnish students age 8-13 years old Proteinuria present in 959/8,954 (~11%) after one sample Two samples: 223/8,954 (2.5%) positive 9/8,954 (0.1%) had protein in four samples J Pediatr Nov;101(5):661-8.

38 Proteinuria: Mechanisms Glomerular Filtration of blood proteins across glomerular capillary wall May result in edema, hypoalbuminemia and elevated cholesterol (nephrotic syndrome) Tubular Loss of low molecular weight proteins such as beta-2-microglobulin and retinol binding protein due to inability of tubular cells to reabsorb the proteins (example, interstitial nephritis) Overflow Excretion of proteins due to overproduction as in multiple myeloma

39 Proteinuria: Patterns Transient: May occur with stress or increased activity such as fever, seizure, acute illness, dehydration, or vigorous exercise Orthostatic (Postural): Blood flow to kidney decreases in recumbent and increases in standing position Accounts for about 60-75% of childhood and adolescent proteinuria Present in ~2-5% of older children and adolescents Increased urinary protein excretion while upright Typically benign, 80% resolve 20 years after diagnosis Persistent (6-12 months): Usually indicates underlying renal disease Concomitant hematuria, may represent glomerulonephritis

40 Proteinuria: Detection Urine dipstick measures albumin in a semi-quantitative way Albumin reacts with tetrabromophenol and turns blue Does not measure other proteins, so low molecular weight proteins not assessed

41 Proteinuria: Detection Urine dipsticks measure urine protein concentration, but not excretion rates A very concentrated urine may have 1-2+ protein, but the patient may not actually have increased protein excretion Proteinuria may be quantified with a spot urine pr/cr ratio Removes the urine concentration from the equation Normal is < 0.2 mg/mg Nephrotic range is >2 mg/mg Measures albumin and LMW proteins Spot pr/cr is comparable and much easier than 24 hour collection

42 Proteinuria: Initial Evaluation If greater than trace proteinuria, obtain a first morning urine sample for a protein to creatinine ratio (normal <0.2 mg/mg) Obtain after a 24 hour period without vigorous excercise Patient should empty bladder before bed Renal function panel (BMP + albumin + phosphorus) Blood pressure measurement

43 Orthostatic Proteinuria Blood flow to kidney decreases in recumbent and increases in standing position Affected individuals usually tall and thin, but not always Some individuals have mild hyperfiltration when standing mild proteinuria Proteinuria disappears/greatly reduced when recumbent Diagnosis: First morning protein to creatinine ratio normal with elevated urinary protein excretion on clinic samples Considered benign Monitor annually with first morning prot/cr ratio

44 Fixed Proteinuria History: Febrile UTIs (renal scarring), edema, gross hematuria, family history Check BP Initial labs: CBC, RFP, lipid panel (if nephrotic range) Renal ultrasound, C3, C4, ANA, anti-dsdna, hepatitis serologies Biopsy MCD, FSGS, Membranous nephropathy, Lupus nephritis, MPGN

45 Case #1 17 y/o female Seen by adult nephrologist Normal US and VCUG, ANA & Anti dsdna x2, ANCA x2, Complement studies x2, CT angiogram normal, 24 hour urine with 760 mg protein, course of steroids made no difference. Cost ~ $10,000? Family expected a kidney biopsy that day, in clinic. 1 st am urine negative, urine dipstick ~ cents. Cured. Mother still concerned about fatigue, malaise. Orthostatic proteinuria Hydrostatic forces increase protein excretion typically in young, thin adolescents and children Benign, 80% resolve within 20 years 24 hour urine typically with mg/day, rarely nephrotic range 50 year follow up of some cases showed no increase risk of CKD

46 Case #2 5 year-old boy with 3 month history of swelling Tried Benadryl, which didn t help. Allergy testing negative. Swelling worse around eyes in a.m., then feet get swollen in p.m. Shoes hurt. Unremarkable PMH and FH Urine dip shows 4+ protein, trace blood. Labs done at InstaCare last week showed Na 131, Cr 0.4, alb 1.4, Ca 7.9, lytes otherwise normal Up/c 5.8, cholesterol 720, ica 1.25.

47 Case #2 Nephrotic Syndrome Podocytopathy? Immune dysfunction Treatment: steroids ~85% in children will have minimal change disease 15-30% may have associated microscopic hematuria Hypocalcemia due to hypoalbuminemia, normal ica Hypercholesterolemia due to increased hepatic synthetic activity

48 Summary: Hematuria Routine urine screening no longer recommended by AAP Asymptomatic hematuria: Confirm hematuria with repeat dipsticks AND microscopy Microscopy to assess appearance of RBCs and for presence of casts Ultrasound Urine culture, RFP, CBC Other steps: C3, C4, antidnase B, ANA, anti-dsdna, 24 hour urine for stone panel, CT scan depending on history.

49 Summary: Proteinuria Proteinuria Confirm presence of fixed proteinuria with first morning urine for protein to creatinine ratio If confirmed: Obtain RFP, CBC, C3, C4, ANA, anti-dsdna, hepatitis serologies Ultrasound History and physical- especially BP measurement and assessment of any edema HTN: To reinforce, if there are concerns for any renal disease in children, BP must be obtained

50 Who Ya Gonna Call? Pediatric Nephrology at University of Utah/Primary Children s Hospital Dr. Raoul Nelson Dr. Joseph Sherbotie Dr. Matt Grinsell Dr. Meredith Seamon Debra Sandt, CPNP Beth Esparza, RN Cindy Terrill, RD Clinic scheduling: On call: Physician Access Line: