N Melchionda 1, G Forlani 1 *, G Marchesini 1, L Baraldi 1 and S Natale 1
|
|
- Dinah Chapman
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 (2002) 26, ß 2002 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved /02 $ PAPER WHO and ADA criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in relation to body mass index. Insulin sensitivity and secretion in resulting subcategories of glucose tolerance N Melchionda 1, G Forlani 1 *, G Marchesini 1, L Baraldi 1 and S Natale 1 1 Unit of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Policlinico S Orsola, Bologna, Italy OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of body mass index (BMI) on agreement between the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the new World Health Organization diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and to investigate the metabolic profile of the resulting subcategories. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study SUBJECTS: A total of 3018 subjects with no previous history of diabetes and fasting glucose < 7.8 mmol=l, with a wide range of BMIs. MEASUREMENTS: (1) Prevalence of impaired glucose regulation (IGR) and diabetes (DM) according to ADA and WHO diagnostic criteria; (2) basal and post-load insulin sensitivity and secretion, calculated on the basis of data derived from an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). RESULTS: The diagnosis according to the two classifications was concordant in 2490 subjects, discordant in 528 (452 were identified as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 76 as DM only by means of OGTT). The disagreement increased with increasing BMI, being as high as 25.3% in subjects with BMI 35 kg=m 2. Subjects with isolated fasting hyperglycaemia were mainly characterised by reduced insulin sensitivity and secretion in the basal state, but normal first-phase insulin secretion and moderately reduced insulin sensitivity after glucose challenge. Subjects with isolated 2 h hyperglycaemia were mainly characterised by normal basal insulin secretion and by a marked insulin resistance associated with a blunted first-phase insulin secretion after the glucose load. CONCLUSIONS: The disagreement between ADA and WHO classifications is particularly relevant in obesity, making OGTT mandatory in these subjects. Different pathogenic mechanisms are involved in isolated fasting or post-load hyperglycaemia, possibly related to a different site of insulin resistance (hepatic vs peripheral), and=or to a different disregulation of insulin secretion (basal vs post-load). A correct identification of the underlying mechanism(s) is the rationale for future studies to detect the effectiveness of different pharmacological or behavioural approaches. (2002) 26, DOI: =sj=ijo= Keywords: diabetes; glucose tolerance; insulin sensitivity; insulin secretion Introduction In 1997 the American Diabetes Association (ADA) proposed a new classification of diabetes mellitus (DM) and other categories of glucose regulation, simply based on fasting blood glucose (BG). 1 The threshold for DM was lowered to *Correspondence: G Forlani, Unità di Malattie del Metabolismo, Azienda Ospedale S. Orsola-Malpighi, Via Massarenti 9, I Bologna, Italy. forlani@orsola-malpighi.med.unibo.it Received 18 October 2000; revised 16 February 2001; accepted 6 July mmol=l from the value of 7.8 mmol=l, set almost 20 y earlier by the World Health Organization (WHO). 2 A new category (impaired fasting glucose IFG) was introduced, to include patients with a fasting BG in the range between 6.1 and 7.0 mmol=l. 1 Patients with IFG were supposed to be at the same risk of progression as patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) according to WHO criteria (a 2 h BG during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in the range between 7.8 and 11.1 mmol=l). Epidemiological studies proved that ADA and WHO diagnostic criteria do not completely overlap. A few patients,
2 identified by WHO criteria as IGT or DM on the basis of OGTT, are not recognised as IFG or DM by ADA criteria, based on the sole fasting BG. The disagreement was reported to be mainly present in groups at high risk of DM, and an increased body mass index (BMI) was a relevant source of disagreement. 3 5 On this basis, in 1998 the WHO 6 accepted the ADA proposal to lower the cut-off of fasting BG for the diagnosis of DM to 7.0 mmol=l, and the new category of IFG, but supported the need of OGTT to diagnose IGT and DM with post-load hyperglycaemia. IFG and IGT were joined in the category of impaired glucose regulation (IGR). This policy obviously reduces the disagreement between the two classifications. At present, patients with IGR may be stratified into three subcategories, according to fasting and post-load glucose concentrations: (a) isolated IFG (fasting BG between 6.1 and 7.0 mmol=l and 2 h BG < 7.8 mmol=l); (b) isolated IGT (fasting BG < 6.1 and 2 h BG between 7.8 and 11.1); (c) combined IFG=IGT. The same applies to the diagnosis of DM. These patients are now stratified into three subcategories: (a) isolated fasting DM (fasting BG 7.0 and 2 h BG < 11.1); (b) isolated 2 h DM (fasting BG < 7.0 and 2 h BG 11.1 mmol=l); (c) combined fasting and post-load DM. Subjects with isolated IGT or isolated post-load DM are only identified by WHO criteria (discordant diagnoses). These subcategories probably identify populations at different risk to progress from IGR to overt DM, 7 with peculiar metabolic features, 8,9 cardiovascular risk profile 9,10 and death risk. 11 In particular, differences in hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity and first-phase and total insulin secretion might play a primary role. 12 Fasting and glucose-stimulated insulin and glucose concentrations may be used to compute several indices of insulin sensitivity and secretion, 13 which proved to correlate with parameters derived from quantitative, dynamic methods (namely, the glucose clamp technique) They may be relevant for a better definition of the metabolic features of individual patients, identifying the mechanism(s) responsible for IGR and DM and giving clues to pharmacological therapy, also in relation to overweight and obesity. We report the retrospective analysis of data derived from 3018 consecutive OGTTs, performed in our department in subjects with no previous diagnosis of DM, in order to identify: (a) the prevalence of subcategories of IGR and DM in relation to classes of BMI; (b) the differences in insulin release and insulin resistance in the subcategories of IGR and DM. Materials and methods Subjects Between 1992 and 1999, 3046 Caucasian subjects, with no previous history or symptoms of DM and no previous fasting BG levels 7.8 mmol=l, underwent an OGTT in our Department of Metabolic Diseases. Twenty-eight cases (young females with anorexia nervosa, with a BMI below 16 kg=m 2 ) were excluded from the final analysis. The remaining 3018 subjects, mainly subjects with overweight or obesity screened for DM at the time of first visit, were 1314 males and 1704 females, aged 38 s.d. 11 y (range, y). In particular, 450 subjects had a BMI < 25.0 kg=m 2 (males, 194; females, 256; aged y), 1140 were overweight (BMI, ; males, 550; females, 589; aged 38 11), 856 were obese (BMI, ; males, 384; females, 472; aged 38 11), and the remaining 572 were severely obese (BMI ¼ 35; males, 186; females, 386; aged 39 11). The OGTT was performed after a 10 h overnight fast, according to standard methodology. All subjects were given a 200 ml solution containing 75 g of glucose; venous blood samples were obtained at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min for determination of plasma glucose and insulin concentrations. Glucose was measured by glucose-oxidase reaction; insulin was measured by an immuno-enzymometric assay (AIA- PACK IRI, AIA-1200 system, Tosoh Co., Tokyo, Japan). The protocol of this retrospective analysis was approved by the senior staff committee of the Department. Parameters of insulin sensitivity and secretion Data from the OGTTs were used to calculate the following indices of insulin sensitivity: 1. Homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA IR): 14 fasting insulin (mu=l) multiplied by fasting glucose (mmol=l), divided by Insulin sensitivity index (ISI composite), according to Matsuda et al: =square root (fasting glucose (mg=dl)fasting insulin (mu=l) mean OGTT glucose (mg=dl)mean OGTT insulin (mu=l)). 3. Sensitivity index (SI), according to Cederholm et al: þ (fasting glucose (mg=l) 7 2 h OGTT glucose (mg=l)0.19body weight (kg)=120log (mean OGTT insulin (mu=l)mean OGTT glucose (mmol=l)). HOMA IR, 14 an index of insulin sensitivity derived simply from basal glucose and insulin concentrations, has been shown to correlate with the index of insulin sensitivity derived from the euglycaemic glucose clamp, 17 universally considered the gold standard for quantifying insulin sensitivity. 18 It reflects hepatic insulin sensitivity and basal hepatic glucose production, due to the role of endogenous glucose output in the determination of fasting hyperglycaemia. 19,20 The sensitivity index (SI), proposed by Cederholm, 16 explores the disposal of the glucose load and is mainly related to peripheral insulin sensitivity and muscular glucose uptake, due to the major role of peripheral muscle tissue in the handling of an oral glucose load. 21 The insulin sensitivity index, proposed by Matsuda 15 (ISI composite), explores both liver and muscle insulin sensitivity. The following indices of insulin release were considered: (1) Homeostasis model assessment insulin secretion (HOMA IS) 14 (20fasting insulin (mu=l)=(fasting glucose 91
3 92 (mmol=l) 7 3.5); it reflects insulin secretion in basal conditions. (2) Insulin response to glucose (IRG): 16 D Ins 0 30 (mu=l)= Dglucose 0 30 (mmol=l); it explores the first phase of post-load insulin secretion. (3) Area under min insulin curve=area under min glucose curve (AUC insulin (pmol=l)=auc glucose (mmol=l)); it explores total insulin secretion in response to glucose ingestion. HOMA IS 14 is an index of insulin secretion derived from basal glucose and insulin concentrations, exclusively exploring basal insulin secretion. IRG (insulin response to glucose) 16 and the ratio AUC insulin=auc glucose explore the first phase and total insulin secretion in response to glucose ingestion, respectively. In conclusion, each test provides a different piece of information. Statistical analysis All data were implemented on a personal computer and the statistical analysis was carried out by means of StatView program (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.). Results were expressed as means s.d. for each subject group and each variable. Statistical comparison between group means was carried out by means of ANOVA and Student s t-test for unpaired data. The chi-square test was used for comparison of prevalence among groups. Since six sets of variables were simultaneously tested, the limit of significance was calculated according pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi to Duncan s multiple range 22 to P 0 ¼ 1 ðn 1Þ 1 P, where P ¼ 0.05 and n ¼ 6. The final critical value of significance was therefore set at (82%) had a concordant diagnosis in terms of glucose regulation (Table 1). In all 2264 subjects had normal fasting glucose and normal glucose tolerance, 68 had isolated IFG, 72 had combined IFG and IGT, 86 had DM (24 isolated fasting DM and 62 combined fasting and 2 h DM). In 528 cases (18%) the two criteria led to discordant diagnoses (Table 1). A total of 452 subjects with isolated IGT and 76 2 h DM would have been misclassified on the basis of fasting BG (according to ADA criteria). The total prevalence of IGR and DM obviously increased when fasting BG was combined with 2 h BG. IGR increased four-fold (from 4.6 to 19.6%; chi-square, 317.6; P < ) and DM doubled (from 2.8 to 5.4%; chi-square, 24.3; P < ). Distribution of IGR and DM according to BMI The distribution of IGR and DM was not similar in the various groups of BMI (Table 1), with the expected larger prevalence with increasing BMI (chi-square; RC ¼ 96.4; P < ). Also the disagreement between ADA and WHO classification increased with increasing BMI: discordant diagnoses ranged from 13.1% in normal-weight subjects to 14.8% in overweight, to 18.1% in obese and finally to 25.3% in severely obese subjects (chi-square RC ¼ 36.3; P < ). This was due to an increasing prevalence both of isolated IGT with increasing BMI (from 11.8% to 12.7, 16.2 and to 20.1 respectively; chi-square 21.1; P < ) and of 2 h DM (from 1.3% in normal weight, to 2.1, 1.9 and to 5.2%, respectively; chi-square, 22.2; P < ). On the contrary the prevalence of isolated IFG and isolated fasting DM was not influenced by BMI. Results Prevalence of IGR and DM according to ADA and WHO criteria When analysed according to ADA (fasting BG) and WHO criteria (fasting BG plus 2 h BG), 2490 out of our 3018 cases Insulin sensitivity The indices of insulin sensitivity were altered in all categories of overweight and obesity. Insulin sensitivity progressively declined from normal subjects to the category of overweight, obese and severely obese patients (Table 2). Table 1 Distribution of subjects among the subcategories of impaired glucose regulation and diabetes, in relation to the class of BMI (number of cases (%)) Class of body mass index Normal weight Overweight Obese Severely obese Total Class of glucose tolerance (n ¼ 450) (n ¼ 1140) (n ¼ 856) (n ¼ 572) (n ¼ 3018) Normal 368 (81.8%) 904 (79.3%) 626 (73.1%) 366 (64.0%) 2264 Isolated IFG 10 (2.2%) 27 (2.3%) 24 (2.8%) 7 (1.2%) 68 Isolated IGT 53 (11.8%) 145 (12.7%) 139 (16.2%) 115 (20.1%) 452 Combined IFG IGT 6 (1.3%) 14 (1.2%) 23 (2.7%) 29 (5.1%) 72 Isolated fasting DM 1 (0.2%) 8 (0.7%) 10 (1.2%) 5 (0.8%) 24 Isolated 2 h DM 6 (1.3%) 24 (2.1%) 16 (1.9%) 30 (5.2%) 76 Combined fasting and 2 h DM 6 (1.3%) 18 (1.6%) 18 (2.1%) 20 (3.5%) 62
4 When related to the categories of glucose regulation, the indices of insulin sensitivity had a different behaviour (Figure 1). HOMA-IR, expressing basal insulin resistance, was significantly higher in isolated IFG ( %), in comparison to isolated IGT ( ; P < 0.01), while the SI showed a lower resistance in response to glucose in isolated IFG ( ) in comparison to isolated IGT ( ; P < 0.001). Similarly, post-load insulin resistance was lower isolated fasting DM compared with isolated 2 h DM (SI, and ; P < 0.001). The ISI, a measure of overall insulin sensitivity, did not show any significant differences between discordant IGR and between discordant DM. These differences in insulin sensitivity among the various categories of IGR and DM were maintained in all BMI classes. As an example, in obese subjects (obese plus severely obese subjects, n ¼ 1428) HOMA-IR was higher in isolated IFG (n ¼ 31; ) than in isolated IGT (n ¼ 254; ; P < 0.003), and the SI was lower in isolated IFG ( ) in comparison to isolated IGT ( ; P < ), and in isolated 2 h DM (n ¼ 46; ) when compared to isolated fasting DM (n ¼ 15, , P < 0.003). Insulin secretion Also the indices of insulin secretion increased with increasing BMI (Table 2), and for each class of BMI significant differences were observed in comparison to the lower class. In relation to glucose regulation (Figure 2), HOMA-IS, exploring basal insulin secretion, was significantly reduced in all categories with fasting hyperglycaemia: isolated IFG ( ), combined IFG-IGT ( ), isolated fasting DM ( ), combined fasting and 2 h DM ( ). In contrast, HOMA-IS was normal in subjects with isolated post-load hyperglycaemia: isolated IGT ( ) and isolated 2 h DM ( ). IRG, exploring the first-phase insulin response to glucose, was reduced only in subjects with post-load hyperglycaemia: IGT either isolated or combined with IFG, and 2 h DM (both isolated and associated with fasting hyperglycaemia). This last subgroup was the sole category characterised by a decreased insulin-to-glucose area ( vs in controls; P < 0.001). The differences in the indices of insulin secretion were maintained in various classes of BMI, although not always in the statistical range because of the low number of cases. As an example in the whole group of obese subjects HOMA-IS was lower in isolated IFG (137 88) than in isolated IGT ( ), and IRG was higher ( vs ). When diabetic patients were compared with subjects with IGR, isolated fasting DM was mainly associated with a further worsening of all indices of insulin sensitivity, a fall in basal insulin secretion and maintenance of insulin response to glucose. The presence of isolated 2 h DM was mainly associated with a worsening of all indices of insulin sensitivity, a blunted insulin response to glucose and maintenance of basal insulin secretion. DM with both fasting and 2 h hyperglycaemia was accompanied by a marked deterioration of all indices of insulin sensitivity and secretion. Discussion Prevalence of IGR and DM according to ADA and WHO criteria and in relation to BMI Several studies proved that the new ADA criteria, based on the sole fasting BG, lead to underestimate the prevalence of disease. 3,5,7,10 ADA proposal was mainly based on data derived from selected populations, that cannot be extrapolated to all groups of subjects. In our series, based on data mainly derived from overweight and obese subjects, we would have missed 76% of patients with IGR and 93 Table 2 Indices of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in relation to classes of BMI (for acronyms and units: see Methods) Class of body mass index Normal-weight Overweight Obese Severely obese ANOVA Insulin sensitivity HOMA IR * * { * { P < ISI (composite) * * { * { P < SI * * { * { P < Insulin secretion HOMA IS { * { * { P < IRG * * { * { P < AUC insulin=auc glucose * * { * { P < For acronyms and units, see Methods. *P < vs normal weight. { P < vs the corresponding lower category of BMI. { P < vs normal weight.
5 94 Figure 1 Indices of insulin sensitivity according to the classes of glucose regulation identified by ADA and WHO criteria. Open bars are subjects with normal glucose regulation; dashed bars are subjects with isolated fasting hyperglycaemia (either IFG or DM); dotted bars are subjects with isolated 2 h hyperglycaemia (either IGT or DM); closed bars are subjects with IGR or DM with combined fasting and post-load hyperglycaemia. Data are presented as means and 95% confidence intervals. Note that HOMA-IR is a measure of insulin resistance. In IGR and DM, all indices are significantly different from values measured in normal subjects. The P- value of differences between discordant categories of IGR or DM are reported, whenever significant. Figure 2 Indices of insulin secretion according to the classes of glucose regulation identified by ADA and WHO criteria. For classes, see legend to Figure 1. The P-value of differences between discordant categories of IGR or DM are reported, whenever significant. *Significantly different from normal values. sole fasting BG is therefore very high and the OGTT is more and more recommended with increasing BMI. misclassified 47% of patients with DM, by not considering OGTT values. Similar data were published by Mannucci et al 23 in a smaller series of obese patients. We showed that the disagreement between ADA and WHO criteria, which is 13% in normal-weight subjects, increases with the degree of overweight and obesity, being as high as 25% in severely obese subjects. The risk of underestimate the prevalence of IGR and DM on the basis of the Insulin resistance and secretion in IGR and DM categories, and in relation to BMI classes The combined use of WHO and ADA diagnostic criteria highlighted the existence of different subgroups with peculiar metabolic characteristics, probably reflecting different genetic abnormalities, inside the categories of impaired glucose regulation and DM. Patients with isolated fasting hyperglycaemia have decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity
6 and increased basal hepatic glucose output, whereas subjects with isolated post-load hyperglycaemia have decreased peripheral insulin sensitivity. 8,12,15 There is evidence that such metabolic differences may be relevant from a clinical standpoint: patients with post-load hyperglycaemia have worse cardiovascular risk profiles 10,24 and increased death risks. 11 Applying the HOMA method to a small series of subjects undergoing an OGTT, Davies et al 9 showed that patients with fasting hyperglycaemia had a reduced B-cell function. However, the group with IGT was characterised by decreased insulin sensitivity, confirmed by clinical features commonly associated with the insulin resistance syndrome. In a large population-based study in patients with frank DM and their family members (over 5000 cases and over 2000 OGTT curves diagnostic for IGR or DM), 12 subjects with isolated IFG were characterised by basal insulin resistance, measured by HOMA-IR. The first-phase insulin response to glucose was normal in IFG, and blunted in IGT and in DM. These subjects were on average overweight, but no attempt was made to correlate discordant IGR or DM with BMI. In agreement with previous data from the literature, based on the clamp technique, 8 insulin sensitivity, computed in the present study by simple indices, was remarkably reduced in all groups of IGR and DM. The categories of combined fasting and post-load hyperglycaemia had the most pronounced defect. The various indices point out that insulin resistance is more pronounced at hepatic level for isolated IFG and at peripheral level for isolated IGT. The same applies to the subcategories of DM. Differences are also present in basal and first-phase insulin secretion, as previously demonstrated in the Botnia study. 12 The indices of insulin sensitivity and secretion had the expected behaviour among the different classes of BMI, showing an increasing insulin resistance and secretion with increasing BMI. In normal weight, overweight and obese patients the indices maintained the ability to discriminate between peripheral and hepatic sensitivity to insulin, and between defects in basal and first-phase insulin secretion. In conclusion, the present results, based on parameters easily derived from a commonly performed test, confirm that ADA and WHO classifications identify subcategories of patients with different defects in insulin sensitivity and secretion, and underline the need for OGTT, mainly in overweight and obese subjects. Apparently the progression from normal glucose tolerance to IGR and DM may follow two different pathways. In a few patients, the deterioration of glucose tolerance progresses through IFG and eventually to isolated fasting DM. It is characterised by a progressive increase in hepatic insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and reduced basal insulin secretion (HOMA-IS). The second leads to isolated IGT and isolated 2 h DM, and is characterised by increased peripheral insulin resistance (SI index) and reduced first-phase insulin secretion (IRG index). The two pathways may meet at the level of combined IFG and IGT or combined fasting and 2 h DM, which represent an awful outcome, where both defects are present. The possibility to identify these different routes by easily computed indices able to discriminate the site of insulin resistance and the defect in insulin secretion (mainly HOMA- IR, HOMA-IS, SI, IRG) might be of help in planning specific pharmacological interventions. Follow-up studies are needed to confirm difference in the risk of passing from IGR to DM, 7,25 or in the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality associated with fasting and post-load hyperglycaemia and hepatic vs peripheral insulin resistance. References 1 The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: National Diabetes Data Group. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. Diabetes 1979; 28: DECODE Study Group, on behalf of the European Diabetes Epidemiology Study Group. Will new diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus change phenotype of patients with diabetes? Reanalysis of European epidemiological data. Br Med J 1998; 317: Shaw JE, de Courten M, Boyko EJ, Zimmett PZ. Impact of new diagnostic criteria for diabetes on different populations. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: Lee ET, Howard BV, Go O, Savage PJ, Fabsitz RR, Robbins DC, Welty TK. Prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes in three America Indian populations. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: Alberti KGMM, Zimmet PZ for the WHO Consultation. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabetes Med 1998; 15: Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ, de Courten M, Dowse GK, Chitson P, Gareboo H, Hemraj F, Fareed D, Tuomilehto J, Alberti KGMM. Impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: Weyer C, Bogardus C, Pratley RE. Metabolic characteristics of individuals with impaired fasting glucose and=or impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes 1999; 48: Davies MJ, Raymond NT, Day JL, Hales CN, Burden AC. Impaired glucose tolerance and fasting hyperglycaemia have different characteristics. Diabetic Med 2000; 17: Gimeno SGA, Ferreira SRG, Laercio JF, Iunes M, The Japanese Brazilian Diabetes Study Group. Comparison of glucose tolerance categories according to World Health Organization and American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria in a population-based study in Brazil. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: The DECODE Study Group: glucose tolerance and mortality: comparison of WHO and American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria. Lancet 1999; 354: Tripathy D, Carlsson M, Almgren P, Isomaa B, Taskinen M-R, Tuomi T, Groop LC. Insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in relation to glucose tolerance. Lessons from the Botnia study. Diabetes 2000; 49: Stumvoli M, Mitakou A, Pimenta W, Jenseen T, Yki-Jarvinen H, Van Haeften T, Renn W, Gerich J. Use of oral glucose tolerance test to assess insulin release and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and b-cell function from plasma fasting glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985; 28:
7 96 15 Matsuda M, De Fronzo RA. Insulin sensitivity indices obtained from oral glucose tolerance testing. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: Cederholm J, Wibell L. Insulin release and peripheral sensitivity at the oral glucose tolerance test. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1990; 10: Bonora E, Targher G, Alberriche M, Bonadonna RCM, Saggiani F, Zenere MB, Monauni T, Muggeo M. Homeostasis model assessment closely mirrors the glucose clamp technique in the assessment of insulin sensitivity: studies in subjects with various degrees of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: De Fronzo R, Tobin JD, Andres R. Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance. Am J Physiol 1979; 237: De Fronzo RA. Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes: metabolic and molecular implications for identifying diabetes genes. Diabetes Rev 1997; 3: DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E, Simonson DC. Fasting hyperglycemia in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: contributions of excessive hepatic glucose production and impaired tissue glucose uptake. Metabolism 1989; 38: Katz LD, Glickman MG, Rapoport S, Ferrannini E, DeFronzo RA. Splanchnic and peripheral disposal of oral glucose in man. Diabetes 1983; 32: Duncan DB. Multiple range test for correlated and heteroscedastic means. Biometrics 1957; 13: Mannucci E, Bardini G, Ognibene A, Rotella CM. Comparison of ADA and WHO screening methods for diabetes mellitus in obese patients. Diabetic Med 1999; 16: Levitt NS, Unwin NC, Bradshaw D, Kitange HM, Mbanya J-CN, Mollentze WF, Omar MAK, Motala AA, Joubert G, Masuki G, Machibya H. Application of the new ADA criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes to populations studies in sub-saharan Africa. Diabetic Med 2000; 17: Dinneen SF, Maldonado D III, Leibson CL, Klee GG, Li H, Melton LJ III, Rizza RA. Effects of changing diagnostic criteria on the risk of developing diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998; 21:
Japan Foundation for the Promotion of International Medical Research Cooperation, Tokyo, Japan 2
Original Article 857 Fasting Plasma Glucose and Incidence of Diabetes --- Implication for the Threshold for Impaired Fasting Glucose: Results from the Population-Based Omiya MA Cohort Study Masayuki Kato,
More informationType 2 diabetes is occurring in epidemic proportions
The Natural History of Progression From Normal Glucose Tolerance to Type 2 Diabetes in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging James B. Meigs, 1 Denis C. Muller, 2 David M. Nathan, 3 Deirdre R. Blake,
More informationThe term impaired glucose tolerance
Cardiovascular and Metabolic Risk O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Risk of Progression to Type 2 Diabetes Based on Relationship Between Postload Plasma Glucose and Fasting Plasma Glucose MUHAMMAD A. ABDUL-GHANI,
More informationCut-Off Fasting Plasma Glucose Level To Determine Impaired Glucose Metabolism In Obesity
ISPUB.COM The Internet Journal of Internal Medicine Volume 4 Number 1 Cut-Off Fasting Plasma Glucose Level To Determine Impaired Glucose Metabolism In Obesity S Guldiken, A Tugrul, G Ekuklu, E Arikan,
More informationImpaired Glucose Tolerance, Impaired Fasting Glycaemia and Cardiovascular Risk
R E V I E W A R T I C L E Impaired Glucose Tolerance, Impaired Fasting Glycaemia and Cardiovascular Risk Harsinen Sanusi ABSTRACT Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus tends to increase year by year and it has high
More informationClinical Study 1-Hour OGTT Plasma Glucose as a Marker of Progressive Deterioration of Insulin Secretion and Action in Pregnant Women
Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal of Endocrinology Volume 2012, Article ID 460509, 5 pages doi:10.1155/2012/460509 Clinical Study 1-Hour OGTT Plasma Glucose as a Marker of Progressive
More informationInsulin Secretion and Sensitivity during Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Korean Lean Elderly Women
J Korean Med Sci 2001; 16: 592-7 ISSN 1011-8934 Copyright The Korean Academy of Medical Sciences Insulin Secretion and Sensitivity during Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Korean Lean Elderly Women Impaired
More informationAssessment of insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function from measurements in the fasting state and during an oral glucose tolerance test
Diabetologia 2000) 43: 1507±1511 Ó Springer-Verlag 2000 Assessment of insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function from measurements in the fasting state and during an oral glucose tolerance test M. Albareda
More informationDiabetes: Staying Two Steps Ahead. The prevalence of diabetes is increasing. What causes Type 2 diabetes?
Focus on CME at the University of University Manitoba of Manitoba : Staying Two Steps Ahead By Shagufta Khan, MD; and Liam J. Murphy, MD The prevalence of diabetes is increasing worldwide and will double
More informationThe number of diabetic patients in Japan
Metabolic Syndrome/Insulin Resistance Syndrome/Pre-Diabetes O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Glucose Intolerance Is Common in Japanese Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome Who Were Not Previously Diagnosed
More informationThe relationship between carbohydrate intake and glucose tolerance in pregnant women
Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003: 82: 1080--1085 Copyright # Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003 Printed in Denmark. All rights reserved Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica ISSN 0001-6349 ORIGINAL ARTICLE
More informationPREVALENCE OF INSULIN RESISTANCE IN FIRST DEGREE RELATIVES OF TYPE-2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY IN NORTH INDIAN POPULATION
PREVALENCE OF INSULIN RESISTANCE IN FIRST DEGREE RELATIVES OF TYPE-2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY IN NORTH INDIAN POPULATION Arvind Kumar, Poornima Tewari, Sibasis S. Sahoo and Arvind
More informationComparison of Oral Glucose Insulin Sensitivity with Other Insulin Sensitivity Surrogates from Oral Glucose Tolerance Tests in Chinese
4 Original Article Comparison of Oral Glucose Insulin Sensitivity with Other Insulin Sensitivity Surrogates from Oral Glucose Tolerance Tests in Chinese Chung-Ze Wu 1 MD Dee Pei 2 MD Ching-Chieh Su 2 MD
More informationIn 1997, the American Diabetes Association
Epidemiology/Health Services/Psychosocial Research O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Differences in Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Insulin Resistance, and Insulin Secretion in Individuals With Normal Glucose
More informationSpecific insulin and proinsulin in normal glucose tolerant first-degree relatives of NIDDM patients
Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research (1999) 32: 67-72 Insulin and proinsulin in first-degree relatives of NIDDM ISSN 1-879X 67 Specific insulin and proinsulin in normal glucose tolerant
More informationFasting Plasma Glucose Reference Values among Young Japanese Women Requiring 75g Oral Glucose Tolerance Tests
Tokai J Exp Clin Med., Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 15-2, 29 Fasting Plasma Glucose Reference Values among Young Japanese Women Requiring 75g Oral Glucose Tolerance Tests Yoko KOIKE *1, Yoichi OGUSHI *2, Dacheng
More informationDiabetes Care 24:89 94, 2000
Pathophysiology/Complications O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Insulin Resistance and Insulin Secretory Dysfunction Are Independent Predictors of Worsening of Glucose Tolerance During Each Stage of Type 2
More informationGul-e-Raana and *Rukhshan Khurshid. Department of Biochemistry, Gujranwala Medical College and Fatima Jinnah Medical College, Lahore Pakistan
International Research Journal of Basic and Clinical Studies Vol. 1(2) pp. 16-21, February 2013 Available online http://www.interesjournals.org/irjbcs Copyright 2013 International Research Journals Full
More informationElevated serum levels of visfatin in gestational diabetes: a comparative study across various degrees of glucose tolerance
Diabetologia (2007) 50:1033 1037 DOI 10.1007/s00125-007-0610-7 SHORT COMMUNICATION Elevated serum levels of visfatin in gestational diabetes: a comparative study across various degrees of glucose tolerance
More informationEarly diagnosis, early treatment and the new diagnostic criteria of diabetes mellitus
British Journal of Nutrition (2000), 84, Suppl. 2, S177±S181 S177 Early diagnosis, early treatment and the new diagnostic criteria of diabetes mellitus Takeshi Kuzuya* JA Shioya General Hospital, Tomita
More informationA family history of diabetes is associated with reduced physical fitness in the Prevalence, Prediction and Prevention of Diabetes (PPP) Botnia study
Diabetologia (2010) 53:1709 1713 DOI 10.1007/s00125-010-1776-y SHORT COMMUNICATION A family history of diabetes is associated with reduced physical fitness in the Prevalence, Prediction and Prevention
More informationCharacteristicsof Glucose Disposal Index in General Population in China
Characteristicsof Glucose Disposal Index in General Population in China QianRenM.D Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University, People s Hospital Background We need to further characterize
More informationMuscle and Liver Insulin Resistance Indexes Derived From the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
Pathophysiology/Complications O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Muscle and Liver Insulin Resistance Indexes Derived From the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test MUHAMMAD A. ABDUL-GHANI, MD, PHD MASAFUMI MATSUDA, MD
More informationAssociations among Body Mass Index, Insulin Resistance, and Pancreatic ß-Cell Function in Korean Patients with New- Onset Type 2 Diabetes
ORIGINAL ARTICLE korean j intern med 2012;27:66-71 pissn 1226-3303 eissn 2005-6648 Associations among Body Mass Index, Insulin Resistance, and Pancreatic ß-Cell Function in Korean Patients with New- Onset
More informationGlucagon secretion in relation to insulin sensitivity in healthy subjects
Diabetologia (2006) 49: 117 122 DOI 10.1007/s00125-005-0056-8 ARTICLE B. Ahrén Glucagon secretion in relation to insulin sensitivity in healthy subjects Received: 4 July 2005 / Accepted: 12 September 2005
More informationDecreased Non Insulin-Dependent Glucose Clearance Contributes to the Rise in Fasting Plasma Glucose in the Nondiabetic Range
Pathophysiology/Complications O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Decreased Non Insulin-Dependent Glucose Clearance Contributes to the Rise in Fasting Plasma Glucose in the Nondiabetic Range RUCHA JANI, MD MARJORIE
More informationA 6-year prospective study on new onset diabetes mellitus, insulin release and insulin sensitivity in renal transplant recipients
Nephrol Dial Transplant (2003) 18: 2154 2159 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfg338 Original Article A 6-year prospective study on new onset diabetes mellitus, insulin release and insulin sensitivity in renal transplant
More informationDecreased Non-Insulin Dependent Glucose Clearance Contributes to the Rise in FPG in the Non-Diabetic Range.
Diabetes Care Publish Ahead of Print, published online November 13, 2007 Decreased Non-Insulin Dependent Glucose Clearance Contributes to the Rise in FPG in the Non-Diabetic Range. Rucha Jani, M.D., Marjorie
More informationResearch Article Associated Factors with Biochemical Hypoglycemia during an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in a Chinese Population
Hindawi Diabetes Research Volume 2017, Article ID 3212814, 5 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3212814 Research Article Associated Factors with Biochemical Hypoglycemia during an Oral Glucose Tolerance
More informationNormal Fasting Plasma Glucose and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosis
CLINICAL RESEARCH STUDY Normal Fasting Plasma Glucose and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosis Gregory A. Nichols, PhD, Teresa A. Hillier, MD, MS, Jonathan B. Brown, PhD, MPP Center for Health Research, Kaiser
More informationGeneral Outline. General Outline. Pathogenesis of Metabolic Dysfunction in Sleep Apnea: The Role of Sleep Fragmentation and Intermittent Hypoxemia
Pathogenesis of Metabolic in Sleep Apnea: The Role of Sleep Fragmentation and Intermittent Hypoxemia Naresh M. Punjabi, MD, PhD Associate Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology Johns Hopkins University,
More informationAssessing 1-h plasma glucose and shape of the glucose curve during oral glucose tolerance test
European Journal of Endocrinology (26) 155 191 197 ISSN 84-4643 CLINICAL STUDY Assessing 1-h plasma glucose and shape of the glucose curve during oral glucose tolerance test Weibin Zhou, Yanyun Gu, Hong
More informationPrevalence of Diabetes Mellitus among Non-Bahraini Workers Registered in Primary Health Care in Bahrain
Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus among Non-Bahraini Workers Page 1 of 10 Bahrain Medical Bulletin, Vol.25, No.1, March 2003 Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus among Non-Bahraini Workers Registered in Primary
More informationDr Aftab Ahmad Consultant Diabetologist at Royal Liverpool University Hospital Regional Diabetes Network Lead
Dr Aftab Ahmad Consultant Diabetologist at Royal Liverpool University Hospital Regional Diabetes Network Lead Today s Presentation HbA1c & diagnosing Diabetes What is Impaired Glucose & IGR? Implications
More informationImpaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a new field for pediatrics in Europe
(25) 29, S136 S142 & 25 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 37-565/5 $3. PAPER www.nature.com/ijo Impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a new field for pediatrics in Europe S
More informationDecreased basal hepatic glucose uptake in impaired fasting glucose
Diabetologia (217) 6:1325 1332 DOI 1.17/s125-17-252- ARTICLE Decreased basal hepatic glucose uptake in impaired fasting glucose Mariam Alatrach 1 & Christina Agyin 1 & John Adams 1 & Ralph A. DeFronzo
More informationPREVALENCE OF METABOLİC SYNDROME İN CHİLDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
PREVALENCE OF METABOLİC SYNDROME İN CHİLDREN AND ADOLESCENTS Mehmet Emre Atabek,MD,PhD Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and
More informationTechnical Information Guide
Technical Information Guide This Guide provides information relating to the selection, utilization, and interpretation of the Quantose IR test. Information provided is based on peer-reviewed publications
More informationPrediction of diabetes using ADA or WHO criteria in post-menopausal women: a 10-year follow-up study
Diabetologia 2000) 43: 1224±1228 Ó Springer-Verlag 2000 Articles Prediction of diabetes using ADA or WHO criteria in post-menopausal women: a 10-year follow-up study H. Larsson, F. Lindgärde, G. Berglund,
More informationPrevalence of Diabetes and Pre-Diabetes in Healthy Obese Employees
Prevalence of Diabetes and Pre-diabetes in Class III and Class IV Healthy Obese Employees of KIMS University, Maharashtra Anjum K. Sayyed*, Dr. Vilas U. Chavan**, Dr. Nazir R. Attar ***, Dr. Satish Kakade****,
More informationThe evolution of non-diabetic hyperglycemia: a longitudinal study
Endocrine Journal 2014, 61 (1), 91-99 Or i g i n a l The evolution of non-diabetic hyperglycemia: a longitudinal study Rie Oka 1), Kunimasa Yagi 2), Kenshi Hayashi 2), Masa-aki Kawashiri 2), Masakazu Yamagishi
More informationPatterns of Insulin Concentration During the OGTT Predict the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Japanese Americans
Epidemiology/Health Services Research O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Patterns of Insulin Concentration During the OGTT Predict the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Japanese Americans TOMOSHIGE HAYASHI, MD, PHD
More informationIsolated Post-challenge Hyperglycemia: Concept and Clinical Significance
CLINICAL PRACTICE Isolated Post-challenge Hyperglycemia: Concept and Clinical Significance John MF. Adam*, Daniel Josten** ABSTRACT The American Diabetes Association has strongly recommended that fasting
More informationThe impact of family history of type 2 diabetes on pancreatic b-cell function
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/diabres The impact of family history of type 2 diabetes on pancreatic b-cell
More informationDiabetes increases the risk of both
Pathophysiology/Complications O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Insulin Resistance, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Disease in Nondiabetic American Indians The Strong Heart Study
More informationRelationship Between Leg Length and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Chinese Pregnant Women
Diabetes Care Publish Ahead of Print, published online September 27, 2007 Relationship Between Leg Length and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Chinese Pregnant Women R UN M EI M A, PHD, MD 1, T ERENCE
More informationThe oral meal or oral glucose tolerance test. Original Article Two-Hour Seven-Sample Oral Glucose Tolerance Test and Meal Protocol
Original Article Two-Hour Seven-Sample Oral Glucose Tolerance Test and Meal Protocol Minimal Model Assessment of -Cell Responsivity and Insulin Sensitivity in Nondiabetic Individuals Chiara Dalla Man,
More informationInsulin resistance might play an important
Pathophysiology/Complications O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index and the Reciprocal Index of Homeostasis Model Assessment in Normal Range Weight and Moderately Obese
More information28 Regulation of Fasting and Post-
28 Regulation of Fasting and Post- Prandial Glucose Metabolism Keywords: Type 2 Diabetes, endogenous glucose production, splanchnic glucose uptake, gluconeo-genesis, glycogenolysis, glucose effectiveness.
More informationFrom Policemen to Policies: What Is the Future for 2-h Glucose?
Epidemiology/Health Services/Psychosocial Research O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E From Policemen to Policies: What Is the Future for 2-h Glucose? The Kelly West Lecture, 2000 EVELINE ESCHWÈGE, MD 1 MARIE
More informationImportance of Obtaining Independent Measures of Insulin Secretion and Insulin Sensitivity During the Same Test
Epidemiology/Health Services/Psychosocial Research O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Importance of Obtaining Independent Measures of Insulin Secretion and Insulin Sensitivity During the Same Test Results with
More informationthe natural history of insulin sensitivity
Pathophysiology/Complications O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Natural History of Insulin Sensitivity and Insulin Secretion in the Progression From Normal Glucose Tolerance to Impaired Fasting Glycemia and
More informationCarotid Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease in the Metabolic Syndrome
Pathophysiology/Complications O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Carotid Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease in the Metabolic Syndrome Prospective data from the Bruneck Study ENZO BONORA, MD, PHD 1 STEFAN
More informationMetabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in an urban and rural adult population in Sri Lanka
Original Metabolic paper syndrome and insulin resistance in an urban and rural adult population in Sri Lanka Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in an urban and rural adult population in Sri Lanka
More informationFree-living physical activity energy expenditure is strongly related to glucose intolerance in Cameroonian adults independently of obesity.
Diabetes Care Publish Ahead of Print, published online November 18, 2008 PAEE and glucose intolerance in adult Cameroonians Free-living physical activity energy expenditure is strongly related to glucose
More informationValidation of a novel index to assess insulin resistance of adipose tissue lipolytic activity in. obese subjects
Validation of a novel index to assess insulin resistance of adipose tissue lipolytic activity in obese subjects Elisa Fabbrini, MD, PhD; Faidon Magkos, PhD; Caterina Conte, MD; Bettina Mittendorfer, PhD;
More informationDiabetes Care Publish Ahead of Print, published online December 10, 2009
Diabetes Care Publish Ahead of Print, published online December 10, 2009 Performance of HbA1c for detecting diabetes Performance of HbA1c and fasting capillary blood glucose test for screening newly diagnosed
More informationDecreased stature in gestational diabetes mellitus
Diabetologia (1998) 41: 997±1001 Ó Springer-Verlag 1998 Originals Decreased stature in gestational diabetes mellitus E. Anastasiou, M. Alevizaki, S. J. Grigorakis, G. Philippou, M. Kyprianou, A. Souvatzoglou
More informationDiabetes and Other Disorders of Glycemia in a Rural South African Community
Epidemiology/Health Services Research O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Diabetes and Other Disorders of Glycemia in a Rural South African Community Prevalence and associated risk factors AYESHA A. MOTALA,
More informationObesity and Insulin Resistance According to Age in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Patients in Korea
https://doi.org/10.7180/kmj.2016.31.2.157 KMJ Original Article Obesity and Insulin Resistance According to Age in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Patients in Korea Ju Won Lee, Nam Kyu Kim, Hyun Joon Park,
More informationObesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Diabetes: Making the Connections
Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Diabetes: Making the Connections Alka M. Kanaya, M.D. Associate Professor of Medicine & Epi/Biostats University of California, San Francisco February 26, 21 Roadmap 1.
More informationInflammation markers and metabolic characteristics of subjects with onehour plasma glucose levels
Diabetes Care Publish Ahead of Print, published online November 16, 2009 Inflammation markers and metabolic characteristics of subjects with onehour plasma glucose levels Gianluca Bardini, MD, PhD, Ilaria
More informationThe Effect of Lowering the Threshold for Diagnosis of Impaired Fasting Glucose
Yonsei Med J 49(2):217-223, 2008 DOI 10.3349/ymj.2008.49.2.217 The Effect of Lowering the Threshold for Diagnosis of Impaired Fasting Glucose So Hun Kim, 1 Wan Sub Shim, 1 Eun A Kim, 1 Eun Joo Kim, 1 Seung
More informationAssociation between Unexplained Recurrent Miscarriage and Insulin Resistance -
International Journal of Reproductive Medicine & Gynecology Research Article Association between Unexplained Recurrent Miscarriage and Insulin Resistance - Tarek Tamara 1, Abdellatif Elkholy 1, Nashwa
More informationTRIGLYCERIDE/HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL CONCENTRATION RATIO IDENTIFIES ACCENTUATED CARDIO-METABOLIC RISK
ENDOCRINE PRACTICE Rapid Electronic Article in Press Rapid Electronic Articles in Press are preprinted manuscripts that have been reviewed and accepted for publication, but have yet to be edited, typeset
More informationType 2 diabetes, by far the most common form of
Population-Based Incidence Rates and Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes in White Individuals The Bruneck Study Enzo Bonora, 1 Stefan Kiechl, 2 Johann Willeit, 2 Friedrich Oberhollenzer, 3 Georg Egger, 3
More informationPrevalence of impaired glucose tolerance in ischemic Egyptian patients
The Egyptian Heart Journal (2013) 65, 295 299 Egyptian Society of Cardiology The Egyptian Heart Journal www.elsevier.com/locate/ehj www.sciencedirect.com ORIGINAL ARTICLE Prevalence of impaired glucose
More informationIs an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Still Valid for Diagnosing Diabetes Mellitus?
Original Article Clinical Care/Education Diabetes Metab J 216;:118-128 http://dx.doi.org/1.93/dmj.216..2.118 pissn 2233-79 eissn 2233-87 DIABETES & METABOLISM JOURNAL Is an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
More informationAssociation between Raised Blood Pressure and Dysglycemia in Hong Kong Chinese
Diabetes Care Publish Ahead of Print, published online June 12, 2008 Raised Blood Pressure and Dysglycemia Association between Raised Blood Pressure and Dysglycemia in Hong Kong Chinese Bernard My Cheung,
More informationInsulin resistance and impaired -cell function are
-Cell Function Is a Major Contributor to Oral Glucose Tolerance in High-Risk Relatives of Four Ethnic Groups in the U.S. Christine C. Jensen, Miriam Cnop, Rebecca L. Hull, Wilfred Y. Fujimoto, Steven E.
More informationResearch Article Detecting Prediabetes and Diabetes: Agreement between Fasting Plasma Glucose and Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Thai Adults
Diabetes Research Volume 2015, Article ID 396505, 7 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/396505 Research Article Detecting Prediabetes and Diabetes: Agreement between Fasting Plasma Glucose and Oral Glucose
More informationARTICLE. W. P. Jia & C. Pang & L. Chen & Y. Q. Bao & J. X. Lu & H. J. Lu & J. L. Tang & Y. M. Wu & Y. H. Zuo & S. Y. Jiang & K. S.
Diabetologia (2007) 50:286 292 DOI 10.1007/s00125-006-0503-1 ARTICLE Epidemiological characteristics of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose regulation in a Chinese adult population: the Shanghai Diabetes
More informationNIH Public Access Author Manuscript Diabetes Care. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2007 August 27.
NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Published in final edited form as: Diabetes Care. 2007 July ; 30(7): 1747 1752. Insulin Sensitivity and Insulin Secretion Determined by Homeostasis Model Assessment
More informationInternational Journal of Health Sciences and Research ISSN:
International Journal of Health Sciences and Research www.ijhsr.org ISSN: 2249-9571 Original Research Article Study on Prevalence of Pre-Diabetes in Urban Area of Mumbai and Its Association with Various
More informationARIC Manuscript Proposal # 985. PC Reviewed: 12/15/03 Status: A Priority: 2 SC Reviewed: 12/16/03 Status: A Priority: 2
ARIC Manuscript Proposal # 985 PC Reviewed: 12/15/03 Status: A Priority: 2 SC Reviewed: 12/16/03 Status: A Priority: 2 1.a. Full Title: Association between family history of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, the
More informationAlternative insulin delivery systems: how demanding should the patient be?
Diabetologia (1997) 4: S97 S11 Springer-Verlag 1997 Alternative insulin delivery systems: how demanding should the patient be? K.S. Polonsky, M. M. Byrne, J. Sturis Department of Medicine, The University
More informationIs socioeconomic position related to the prevalence of metabolic syndrome? Influence of
Is socioeconomic position related to the prevalence of metabolic syndrome? Influence of social class across the life-course in a population-based study of older men Sheena E Ramsay, MPH 1, Peter H Whincup,
More informationInvestigation of adrenal functions in patients with idiopathic hyperandrogenemia
European Journal of Endocrinology (26) 155 37 311 ISSN 84-4643 CLINICAL STUDY Investigation of adrenal functions in patients with idiopathic hyperandrogenemia Hulusi Atmaca, Fatih Tanriverdi 1, Kursad
More informationCommunity Based Diabetes Prevention
Community Based Diabetes Prevention Melanie Davies Professor of Diabetes Medicine Outline NIHR Programme Grant proposal and update to progress The Vascular Check programme HbA1c debate Algorithm to detect
More informationAdeterioration in -cell function is an independent
Relationships Among Age, Proinsulin Conversion, and -Cell Function in Nondiabetic Humans Andreas Fritsche, Alexander Madaus, Norbert Stefan, Otto Tschritter, Elke Maerker, Anna Teigeler, Hans Häring, and
More informationD. Hilton. Keywords Epidemiological methods, aging, prevalence.
Computational Methods in Official Statistics with an Example on Calculating and Predicting Diabetes Mellitus [DM] Prevalence in Different Age Groups within Australia in Future Years, in Light of the Aging
More informationGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is any glucose. The Postpartum Metabolic Outcome of Women with Previous Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Original Article 794 The Postpartum Metabolic Outcome of Women with Previous Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Chia-Hung Lin, MD; Shih-Fen Wen, BSc; Ya-Hui Wu, BSc; Yu-Yao Huang, MD, PhD; Miau-Ju Huang, MD
More informationTargeting Glucose Metabolism to Stop Strokes IRIS: Insulin Resistance In Stroke study
Targeting Glucose Metabolism to Stop Strokes IRIS: Insulin Resistance In Stroke study Professor Gary Ford Chief Executive Officer, Oxford Academic Health Science Network Consultant Stroke Physician, Oxford
More informationA study to find out the relationship between insulin resistance and hypertension
International Journal of Advances in Medicine http://www.ijmedicine.com pissn 49-95 eissn 49-9 Original Research Article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/.10/49-9.ijam01771 A study to find out the relationship between
More informationPrediction of Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance in Japanese Subjects
Tokai J Exp Clin Med., Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 12-16, 212 Prediction of Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance in Japanese Subjects Masako NEGAMI, Eiko TAKAHASHI, Hiroki OTSUKA and Kengo MORIYAMA
More informationFasting Glucose, Obesity, and Metabolic Syndrome as Predictors of Type 2 Diabetes: The Cooper Center Longitudinal Study
Fasting Glucose, Obesity, and Metabolic Syndrome as Predictors of Type 2 Diabetes: The Cooper Center Longitudinal Study Laura F. DeFina, MD,* Gloria Lena Vega, PhD,Þ David Leonard, PhD,Þ and Scott M. Grundy,
More informationAssociation of acanthosis nigricans with race and metabolic disturbances in obese women
Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research (2002) 35: 59-64 Acanthosis nigricans, race and metabolic disturbances ISSN 0100-879X 59 Association of acanthosis nigricans with race and metabolic
More informationPeople with impaired fasting glucose (IFG; fasting
Original Article Contribution of Hepatic and Extrahepatic Insulin Resistance to the Pathogenesis of Impaired Fasting Glucose Role of Increased Rates of Gluconeogenesis Gerlies Bock, Elizabeth Chittilapilly,
More informationInsulin resistance and progressive pancreatic
Epidemiology/Health Services/Psychosocial Research O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Insulin Sensitivity and Insulin Secretion Determined by Homeostasis Model Assessment and Risk of Diabetes in a Multiethnic
More informationIndividuals with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) have
Original Article Pathogenesis of Pre-Diabetes Mechanisms of Fasting and Postprandial Hyperglycemia in People With Impaired Fasting Glucose and/or Impaired Glucose Tolerance Gerlies Bock, 1 Chiara Dalla
More informationMETABOLIC SYNDROME IN OBESE CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Rev. Med. Chir. Soc. Med. Nat., Iaşi 2012 vol. 116, no. 4 INTERNAL MEDICINE - PEDIATRICS ORIGINAL PAPERS METABOLIC SYNDROME IN OBESE CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS Ana-Maria Pelin 1, Silvia Mǎtǎsaru 2 University
More informationNORMAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND GESTATIONAL DIABETES: WHAT IS IN BETWEEN?
Diabetes Care In Press, published online April 6, 2007 NORMAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND GESTATIONAL DIABETES: WHAT IS IN BETWEEN? Received for publication 19 January 2007 and accepted in revised form 15 March
More informationLiver Enzymes Concentrations Are Closely Related to Pre diabetes: Findings of the Shanghai Diabetes Study II (SHDS II) *
30 Biomed Environ Sci, 2012; 25(1): 30 37 Original Article Liver Enzymes Concentrations Are Closely Related to Pre diabetes: Findings of the Shanghai Diabetes Study II (SHDS II) * GAO Fei 1, PAN Jie Min
More informationIndependent measures of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity during the same test: the glucagon insulin tolerance test
Original Article doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2008.01921.x Independent measures of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity during the same test: the glucagon insulin tolerance test M. Dorkhan 1, D. Tripathy
More informationWORLDWIDE, THE PREVAlence
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION Relation of Impaired Fasting and Postload Glucose With Incident Type 2 Diabetes in a Dutch Population The Hoorn Study Femmie de Vegt, PhD Jacqueline M. Dekker, PhD Agnes Jager, MD,
More informationEffect of Aging on Glucose Homeostasis. Accelerated deterioration of -cell function in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance
Pathophysiology/Complications B R I E F R E P O R T Effect of Aging on Glucose Homeostasis Accelerated deterioration of -cell function in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance ERVIN SZOKE, MD 1 MUHAMMAD
More informationInitiating Insulin in Primary Care for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Dr Manish Khanolkar, Diabetologist, Auckland Diabetes Centre
Initiating Insulin in Primary Care for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Dr Manish Khanolkar, Diabetologist, Auckland Diabetes Centre Outline How big is the problem? Natural progression of type 2 diabetes What
More informationConcordance rate for Type II diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins: actuarial analysis
Diabetologia (1999) 42: 146±150 Ó Springer-Verlag 1999 Concordance rate for Type II mellitus in monozygotic twins: actuarial analysis F. Medici, M. Hawa, A. Ianari, D. A. Pyke, R. D.G Leslie Department
More informationNatural history of glucose tolerance, beta-cell function and peripheral insulin sensitivity in cystic fibrosis patients with fasting euglycemia
European Journal of Endocrinology (2003) 149 53 59 ISSN 0804-4643 CLINICAL STUDY Natural history of glucose tolerance, beta-cell function and peripheral insulin sensitivity in cystic fibrosis patients
More informationCOPYRIGHTED MATERIAL. Basics of Clinical Metabolic Research. Michael Roden
1 Basics of Clinical Metabolic Research Michael Roden Metabolic diseases, particularly obesity, dyslipidaemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), as well as conditions of increased risk for these diseases
More information