The first two international, multicenter, randomized, placebocontrolled,

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1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Prolonged Prothrombin Time After Recombinant Activated Factor VII Theray in Critically Bleeding Trauma Patients Is Associated With Adverse Outcomes Neil R. McMullin, MD, Charles E. Wade, PhD, John B. Holcomb, MD, Tina G. Nielsen, MD, Rolf Rossaint, MD, Bruno Riou, MD, PhD, Sandro B. Rizoli, MD, Yoram Kluger, MD, Phili I. T. Choong, MD, Brian Warren, MD, Bartholomew J. Tortella, MD, MBA, and Kenneth D. Boffard, MD, for the NovoSeven Trauma Study Grou Background: In trauma atients with significant hemorrhage, it is hyothesized that failure to normalize rothrombin time (PT) after recombinant activated factor VII (rfviia) treatment redicts oor clinical outcomes and otentially indicates a need for additional theraeutic interventions. Methods: To assess the value of PT to redict outcomes after rfviia or lacebo theray, we erformed a ost hoc analysis of data from 169 severely injured, critically bleeding trauma atients who had 1-hour ostdose PT measurements from two randomized clinical trials. Baseline characteristics and outcome arameters were comared between subjects with 1-hour ostdose PT 18 seconds and PT 18 seconds. Results: In rfviia-treated subjects, rolonged ostdose PT values 18 seconds were associated with significantly higher 24-hour mortality (60% vs. 3%; 0.001) and 30-day mortality, increased incidence of massive transfusion, and fewer intensive care unit-free days comared with ostdose PT values 18 seconds. Recombinant rfviia-treated subjects with ostdose PT 18 seconds had significantly lower baseline hemoglobin levels, fibrinogen levels, and latelet counts than subjects with ostdose PT values 18 seconds even though they received similar amounts of blood roducts before rfviia dosing. Placebo-treated subjects with ostdose PT 18 seconds had significantly increased incidence of massive transfusion, significantly decreased intensive care unit-free days, and significantly lower levels of Submitted for ublication January 12, Acceted for ublication Aril 5, Coyright 2010 by Liincott Williams & Wilkins From the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (N.R.M.), BAMC-Fort Sam Houston, Texas; Center for Translational Injury Research (C.E.W., J.B.H.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; Medical and Science (T.G.N., B.J.T.), Novo Seven Key Projects, Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark; Deartment of Anesthesiology (R.R.), University Hosital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Deartments of Emergency Medicine and Surgery and Anesthesiology and Critical Care (B.R.), Hôital Pitié-Salêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôitaux de Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France; Deartment of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (S.B.R.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Deartment of Surgery B (Y.K.), Rambam Medical Centre, Bat-Galim, Haifa, Israel; Deartment of Surgery (P.I.T.C.), National University Hosital, Singaore; Deartment of Surgery (B.W.), University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa; Deartment of Surgery (K.D.B.), Johannesburg Hosital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Suorted by Novo Nordisk A/S. Address for rerints: John B. Holcomb, MD, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6410 Fannin, Suite 1100, Houston, TX 77030; john.holcomb@ uth.tmc.edu. DOI: /TA.0b013e3181e17260 fibrinogen and latelets at baseline comared with subjects with ostdose PT values 18 seconds. Conclusions: The resence of rolonged PT after rfviia or lacebo theray was associated with oor clinical outcomes. Because subjects with ostdosing PT 18 seconds had low levels of hemoglobin, fibrinogen, and latelets, this grou may benefit from additional blood comonent theray. Key Words: Trauma; Prothrombin time; Recombinant activated factor VII; rfviia. (J Trauma. 2010;69: 60 69) The first two international, multicenter, randomized, lacebocontrolled, double-blind studies of recombinant activated factor VII (rfviia; NovoSeven/NiaStase; Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) in trauma demonstrated that rfviia significantly reduced transfusion requirements and showed trends toward a reduction in mortality and critical comlications in blunt trauma, with similar trends being observed in enetrating trauma. 1 This randomized hase 2 study generated much discussion about the otimal use of the rfviia, and more generally, the early coaguloathy associated with trauma atients. Although normalization of rothrombin time (PT) and activated artial thrombolastin time (aptt) are believed to indicate evidence of coaguloathy reversal after rfviia administration, imrovement of these arameters may not necessarily reflect clinical efficacy, but simly the interaction between rfviia-laden blood and reagents used in the PT/ aptt test. 2 4 However, in a series of 18 atients with traumatic or surgical bleeding receiving a mean rfviia dose of 100 g/kg, McMullin et al. 5 observed that the 17 atients who resonded clinically to rfviia theray all exerienced osttreatment reductions in PT into the normal range ( seconds). The single atient who did not resond to rfviia theray only exerienced a marginal reduction in PT (from 19 seconds to 18 seconds). The authors hyothesized that atients who fail to normalize their PT after administration of rfviia theray may be deficient of other coagulation factors and may require additional blood comonent theray. Because there was only one PT nonresonder, characteristics of resonders and nonresonders could not be comared. 60 The Journal of TRAUMA Injury, Infection, and Critical Care Volume 69, Number 1, July 2010

2 Reort Documentation Page Form Aroved OMB Public reorting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour er resonse, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and comleting and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other asect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Oerations and Reorts, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA Resondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other rovision of law, no erson shall be subject to a enalty for failing to comly with a collection of information if it does not dislay a currently valid OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE 01 JUL REPORT TYPE N/A 3. DATES COVERED - 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Prolonged rothrombin time after recombinant activated factor VII theray in critically bleeding trauma atients is associated with adverse outcomes 6. AUTHOR(S) McMullin N. R., Wade C. E., Holcomb J. B., Nielsen T. G., Rossaint R., Riou B., Rizoli S. B., Kluger Y., Choong P. I., Warren B., Tortella B. J., Boffard K. D., 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR S ACRONYM(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Aroved for ublic release, distribution unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT 15. SUBJECT TERMS 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR S REPORT NUMBER(S) 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT UU a. REPORT unclassified b. ABSTRACT unclassified c. THIS PAGE unclassified 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 10 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18

3 The Journal of TRAUMA Injury, Infection, and Critical Care Volume 69, Number 1, July 2010 Prolonged PT After rfviia This exloratory investigation sought to determine whether failure to normalize PT after either rfviia theray or lacebo theray is associated with oor clinical outcomes and whether this is associated with deficiencies of key comonents of the coagulation cascade. A ost hoc analysis of data from two international, multicenter, randomized, lacebocontrolled, double-blind trials evaluating rfviia in trauma 1 was erformed to test whether there was a significant difference in one or more baseline hematology and coagulation arameters and clinical outcomes between rfviia- or lacebotreated subjects with 1-hour ostdose PT values 18 seconds and 1-hour ostdose PT values 18 seconds. PATIENTS AND METHODS Design The design of both studies has been reviously described. 1 Briefly, to be eligible for randomization, atients had to have received six units of red blood cells (RBC) within a 4-hour eriod, were between 16 years (or of legal of age according to local law) and 65 years of age at screening. Key exclusion criteria included cardiac arrest (rehosital or in the emergency or oerating room before trial drug administration), gunshot wound to the head, a Glasgow Coma Scale score 8 (unless accomanied by a normal head comuted tomograhy scan), base deficit 15 meq/l or severe acidosis (H 7.0), transfusion of 8 or more units RBC before arrival at the trauma center, and an injury that occurred 12 or more hours before randomization. The initial study rotocols were aroved by the Ethics Committee of each articiating institution, and the trial was conducted according to the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines for Good Clinical Practice and the Declaration of Helsinki. On receiving six units of RBC within a 4-hour eriod, eligible atients were randomized to receive three intravenous injections of either rfviia (200 g/kg, 100 g/kg, and 100 g/kg) or lacebo. The first dose of rfviia or lacebo was to be administered immediately after transfusion of the eighth unit of RBC, if the atient was exected to require additional transfusions. The second and third doses were administered 1 hour and 3 hours after the first dose, resectively. Placebo or rfviia were administered in addition to standard treatment for injuries and bleeding. To reduce the differences in standards of care between countries and institutions, each articiating trauma center develoed secific transfusion guidelines in line with the transfusion guidelines rovided in the study rotocol. Coagulation and fibrinolysis arameters PT, aptt, fibrinogen concentration, latelet count, thrombin-antithrombin comlex (TAT), rothrombin fragment 1 2 (F1 F2), antithrombin-iii (AT-III), and D-dimer levels were to be measured at baseline (redosing) and at 1, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after the first dose of rfviia or lacebo. Samles from each country were analyzed at their resective regional central laboratories (Quintiles Laboratories in East Asia, South Africa, Euroe, and United States), with the excetion of TAT and F1 F2 samles, which were all analyzed at Quintiles Laboratories South Africa. PT (normal reference range, 13 seconds) was measured using standard assays. Factor VII levels were analyzed at a central laboratory using the FVII coagulant activity (FVII:C) assay, a onestage assay using thrombolastin tissue factor, which quantifies FVII clotting activity in lasma (Caio Diagnostik A/S, Denmark). 6 In this ost hoc analysis, several cutoff values for 1-hour ostdosing PT were initially considered, receiver oerator curves were constructed, and area under the curve values were also calculated (Fig. 1). The PT cutoff value of 18 seconds was selected. Once 18 seconds was chosen as the PT cutoff value, outcome arameters were then comared between the 1-hour ostdose PT 18 seconds grou versus the 1-hour ostdose PT 18 seconds grou. Searate PT comarisons were erformed for subjects treated with rfviia and those treated with lacebo. Intensive care unit-free days and hosital-free days were calculated as the number of days not in the intensive care unit (ICU) or in the hosital in the eriod from the initial dose of rfviia or lacebo to 30 days ostdose. Figure 1. Receiver oerator curves were constructed for al three dichotomous atient outcomes: (A) 24-hour mortality, (B) 30-day mortality, and (C) Massive transfusion. Area under the curve values are also labeled by their resective charts. The data indicate that 18 seconds is a reasonable cutoff value for PT in these studies Liincott Williams & Wilkins 61

4 McMullin et al. The Journal of TRAUMA Injury, Infection, and Critical Care Volume 69, Number 1, July 2010 To assess whether atients who failed to normalize their PT after rfviia or lacebo theray suffered from deficiency of other comonents of the coagulation cascade, we erformed a comarison of the baseline (redosing) hemoglobin, hematocrit, fibrinogen concentration, latelet counts, FVII:C, TAT, F1 F2, and D-dimer concentrations, and AT-III ercentage between the 1-hour ostdose PT 18 seconds grous and the 1-hour ostdose PT 18 seconds grous. We also erformed a comarison of the number of units of blood roducts (fresh frozen lasma [FFP], RBC, and latelets) administered before rfviia or lacebo dosing. Allogeneic and autologous RBC and whole blood volumes were converted into standard RBC units using an algorithm accounting for the center-secific hematocrit ercentages. Total RBC transfused were the sum of the standard allogeneic RBC, autologous RBC, and whole blood volumes. In addition, the mean changes from dosing until 48 hours 48 PT, aptt, fibrinogen concentration, and latelet counts were lotted for the rfviia and lacebo ostdose PT 18 seconds and 18 seconds grous. Statistical Analysis Out of the 277 subjects eligible for analysis from the two studies, the 169 subjects who had a PT value 1 hour after dosing comrised two resective analysis sets (rfviia, 86 subjects; lacebo, 83 subjects). For each analysis set, subjects with 1-hour PT values 18 seconds were comared with subjects with 1-hour PT values 18 seconds. The change in PT from baseline to 1 hour after rfviia or lacebo dose was only resented for the 134 subjects who had a PT values both at baseline and at 1 hour. Age, Injury Severity Score, body temerature, systolic blood ressure, and H, all baseline hematology and coagulation arameters, ICU- and hosital-free days, and number of units of blood roducts administered before rfviia or lacebo administration were exressed by PT grou as mean values ( standard deviations [SD]). of zero ICU- and hosital-free days were imuted for subjects who died during the study eriod. 7 Gender, 24-hour mortality, 30-day mortality, and massive transfusion (MT) were exressed by grou as number of subjects with ercentages. Baseline characteristics, baseline hematology and coagulation arameters, blood roducts administered before rfviia or lacebo dosing, and clinical outcomes were comared between PT grous using a two-tailed t test for continuous variables and a two-tailed Fisher s exact test for categorical variables (e.g., gender, 24-hour mortality, 30-day mortality, and MT). In addition, median (interquartile range) values were obtained for units of blood roducts administered before dosing, ICUand hosital-free days, and were comared between PT grous using a Wilcoxon two-samle test. Statistical significance was defined as a value Searate PT grou comarisons were erformed for rfviia-treated subjects and lacebo-treated subjects. No between-treatment grou statistical comarisons were erformed. Subjects were groued into three categories based uon the ratio of FFP to RBC that they received before treatment with either rfviia or lacebo. Category 1:1 included subjects 62 who had a FFP:RBC ratio of 0.5. Category 1:2 included subjects with a FFP:RBC ratio of 0.5 but Category 1:4 included subjects with a FFP:RBC ratio 0.25 (including those who received 0 units of FFP). The distribution of FFP:RBC ratio before treatment was lotted by category (1:1, 1:2, 1:4), PT grou, and treatment (rfviia or lacebo) and resented as a ercentages and numbers of subjects. RESULTS As shown in Figure 1, a PT cutoff value of 18 seconds was chosen because it rovided an otimal combination of sensitivity and secificity in both the 24 mortality and MT (defined as 20 units of RBC within 48 hours of admission) data sets (both treatment grous). Although 16 seconds rovided a better combination of sensitivity and secificity for 30-day mortality, it was followed very closely by the 18 seconds data oint. Thus, 18 seconds seemed to be the most aroriate oint for PT to discriminate between ositive and negative dichotomous clinical atient outcomes (24-hour mortality, 30-day mortality, incidence of MT). The 18-second cutoff value rovided significantly better ability to redict 24-hour mortality in the rfviia grou comared with the lacebo grou ( ). For the 277 subjects eligible for analysis in the blunt and enetrating trauma trials from March 2002 to Setember 2003, ostdosing PT values obtained 1 hour after dosing were available for 169 subjects (rfviia, 86 subjects; lacebo, 83 subjects). One hour after treatment, 10 of 86 (12%) rfviiatreated subjects and 38 of 83 (46%) lacebo-treated subjects had PT values 18 seconds. Baseline (redosing) and 1-hour PT values were available for 72 of 86 (84%) rfviia-treated subjects and 62 of 83 (75%) lacebo-treated subjects. Table 1 summarizes the change in PT resonse from baseline to 1 hour for these subjects. None of the rfviia-treated subjects with baseline PT values 18 seconds exerienced a worsening of coaguloathy (PT 18 seconds) 1 hour after receiving rfviia. Of the 66 rfviia-treated subjects in the 1-hour PT 18 seconds grou that also had baseline values, in 42 (64%) PT remained 18 seconds 1-hour ostdose, and in 24 (36%) PT decreased to 18 seconds at 1-hour ostdose (Table 1). For the 66 subjects in the 1-hour PT 18 seconds grou, mean PT values decreased from baseline by 6.12 seconds 1-hour after rfviia dosing. For the six rfviia-treated subjects who had 1-hour PT values 18 seconds, PT decreased from baseline (mean decrease of 7.07 seconds), but never below the bench- TABLE 1. Number of Subjects Presenting With No Change or a Change From Baseline to 1-h Postdose in PT Classification ( 18 s, 18 s) for rfviia and Placebo-Treated Subjects Having PT Measurements at Both Time Points Baseline Status 1-h PT rfviia (n 72) Placebo (n 62) Coaguloathic (PT 18 s) PT 18 s 24 3 PT 18 s 6 22 Noncoaguloathic (PT 18 s) PT 18 s PT 18 s Liincott Williams & Wilkins

5 The Journal of TRAUMA Injury, Infection, and Critical Care Volume 69, Number 1, July 2010 Prolonged PT After rfviia TABLE 2. Baseline Characteristics for rfviia- and Placebo-Treated Subjects With 1-h PT 1-h PT >18 s Grou (n 10) rfviia Treatment (N 86) Placebo Treatment (N 83) 1-h PT <18 s Grou (n 76) 1-h PT >18 s Grou (n 38) 1-h PT <18 s Grou (n 45) Age (yr) Gender, n (%) Female 10 0 (0) (15) (21) 45 6 (13) Male 10 (100) 65 (86) 30 (79) 39 (87) ISS Body tem. ( C) SBP (mm Hg) H ISS, injury severity score; SBP, systolic blood ressure. Data are mean values SD or n (%) where indicated. TABLE 3. Baseline Hematology and Coagulation Parameters for rfviia- and Placebo-Treated Subjects With 1-h PT 1-h PT >18 s Grou (n 10) rfviia Treatment (N 86) Placebo Treatment (N 83) 1-h PT <18 s Grou (n 76) 1-h PT >18 s Grou (n 38) 1-h PT <18 s Grou (n 45) PT (s) aptt (s) Hemoglobin (g/dl) Hematocrit (%) Fibrinogen level (g/l) Platelet count ( 10 9 /L) FVII:C concentration (U/dL) TAT level ( g/l) F1 F2 level (nmol/l) AT-III level (%) D-dimer concentration (ng/l) Data are mean values SD. mark value of 18 seconds. Eleven lacebo-treated subjects became more coaguloathic (PT 18 seconds at baseline but PT 18 seconds at 1-hour ostdose). PT grou comarisons of additional baseline characteristics that were obtained before rfviia or lacebo administration are shown in Table 2. With the excetion of systolic blood ressure for rfviia-treated subjects, there were no other significant differences between the baseline characteristics of the two PT grous. As exected for this critically bleeding trauma oulation, subjects were hyothermic, acidotic, had decreased systolic blood ressure (more ronounced in the rfviia-treated 1-hour PT 18 seconds grou), and high Injury Severity Scores at baseline, indicating the severity of the injuries sustained by subjects enrolled in this study. Mean ( SD) PT and aptt values at baseline were significantly higher in the grous of subjects with 1-hour PT values 18 seconds than in the grous of subjects with 1-hour PT values 18 seconds for both rfviia and lacebo (Table 3). For rfviia, mean baseline hemoglobin, fibrinogen, and latelet levels were significantly lower in the 1-hour PT 18 seconds grou comared with the 1-hour PT 18 seconds grou (Table 3). Baseline levels of FVII:C, TAT, F1 F2, and D-dimers were similar between grous; however, baseline AT-III levels were significantly lower in the 1-hour PT 18 seconds grous ( 0.001) (Table 3). Similar results were attained for the PT-grou comarisons of baseline coagulation and hematology arameters for lacebotreated subjects. The only excetions were that lacebotreated subjects with 1-hour PT values 18 seconds did not have significantly lower hemoglobin concentrations but had significantly lower concentrations of FVII:C than lacebotreated subjects with 1-hour PT values 18 seconds (Table 3). Changes in PT, aptt, fibrinogen concentration, and latelet counts over time (u to 48 hours ost-rfviia dose) are resented in Figure 2 for rfviia (closed squares) and lacebo (oen circles) Liincott Williams & Wilkins 63

6 McMullin et al. The Journal of TRAUMA Injury, Infection, and Critical Care Volume 69, Number 1, July 2010 rfviia, 1-hr PT 18 sec grou Placebo, 1-hr PT 18 sec grou rfviia, 1-hr PT<18 sec grou Placebo, 1-hr PT<18 sec grou A PT (sec) B C aptt (sec) ration (g/l) Fibrinogen concent D t (x10 9 /L) Platelet count Hours ost dose Hours ost dose Hours ost dose Hours ost dose Figure 2. Changes in coagulation arameters over time by treatment and PT grou (A) PT, (B) aptt, (C) fibrinogen concentration, and (D) latelet count. f with a solid line rfviia treatment, 1-hour PT 18 seconds grou (n 10); f with a dotted line rfviia treatment, 1-hour PT 18 seconds grou (n 76); E with a solid line lacebo treatment, 1-hour PT 18 seconds grou (n 38); and E with a dotted line lacebo treatment, 1-hour PT 18 seconds grou (n 45) Liincott Williams & Wilkins

7 The Journal of TRAUMA Injury, Infection, and Critical Care Volume 69, Number 1, July 2010 Prolonged PT After rfviia TABLE 4. Blood Product Administration Before Dosing for rfviia- and Placebo-Treated Subjects With 1-h PT 1-h PT >18 s Grou (n 10) rfviia Treatment (N 86) Placebo Treatment (N 83) 1-h PT <18 s Grou (n 76) 1-h PT >18 s Grou (n 38) 1-h PT <18 s Grou (n 45) units FFP before dose standard units RBC before dose units latelets before dose Data are mean values SD. Figure 3. Percentages and numbers of subjects treated with (A) rfviia or (B) lacebo by PT grou categorized by the FFP:RBC ratio category administered before dosing. Category 1:1 included subjects that had a FFP:RBC ratio 0.5, category 1:2 included subjects with a FFP:RBC ratio 0.5 but 0.25, and category 1:4 included subjects with a FFP:RBC ratio 0.25 (included subjects with 0 units of FFP). Percentages are grahed, and the numbers rovided are numbers of subjects in each category. As shown in Table 4, there were no statistically significant differences between PT grous in mean ( SD) units of blood roducts administered before rfviia or lacebo dosing in both rfviia- and lacebo-treated subjects. In addition, a comarison of median (interquartile range) values of blood roducts demonstrated no significant differences between PT grous for the majority of comarisons: FFP (rfviia, 0.155; lacebo, 0.040), RBC (rfviia, 0.593; lacebo, 0.399), and latelets (rfviia, 0.586; lacebo, 0.155). Therefore, it was unlikely that the lower baseline levels of hemoglobin, fibrinogen, and latelets in the 1-hour PT 18 seconds grous comared with the 1-hour PT 18 seconds grous in Table 3 could be exlained by differences in amounts of blood roducts transfused before dosing. After the original rosective analysis was comleted, data became available that showed imroved outcomes associated with increased ratios of blood roducts administered before dosing, in articular the FFP to RBC ratio The numbers and ercentages of subjects in each of the three FFP:RBC categories (1:1, 1:2, and 1:4) are resented by PT grou and by treatment in Figure 3. The majority of subjects were in the 1:4 FFP:RBC ratio categories, meaning that they had a FFP:RBC ratio Many of these subjects received no FFP before study drug administration, and therefore, had a FFP:RBC ratio of zero before dosing (rfviia, 44 of 53 [83%] subjects in the 1:4 FFP:RBC category; lacebo, 34 of 54 [63%] subjects in the 1:4 FFP:RBC category). Only 10 of 83 subjects (12%) treated with rfviia and 11 of 80 subjects (14%) receiving lacebo were in the 1:1 FFP:RBC category. Three subjects in each grou were not categorized because they had 0 units of RBCs reorted before administration of rfviia or lacebo. Although the ercentages of subjects in each of the three FFP:RBC categories seemed to be similar between rfviia and lacebo, indicating similar re-treatment resuscitation, more subjects in the rfviia-treatment grou had a 1-hour PT 18 seconds. The PT comarison of clinical outcomes showed that rfviia-treated subjects in the 1-hour PT 18 seconds grou had a 23-fold higher 24-hour mortality rate, a nearly 6-fold higher 30-day mortality rate, a 4-fold higher rate of MT, 3-fold fewer ICU-free days, and 1.8-fold fewer hosital-free days comared with the PT 18 seconds grou (Table 5). All 2010 Liincott Williams & Wilkins 65

8 McMullin et al. The Journal of TRAUMA Injury, Infection, and Critical Care Volume 69, Number 1, July 2010 TABLE 5. Clinical Outcomes for rfviia- and Placebo-Treated Subjects With 1-h PT 1-h PT >18 s Grou (n 10) rfviia Treatment (N 86) Placebo Treatment (N 83) 1-h PT <18 s Grou (n 76) 1-h PT >18 s Grou (n 38) 1-h PT <18 s Grou (n 45) 24-hr mortality 10 6 (60) 76 2 (3) (11) 45 1 (2) d mortality 10 6 (60) 73 8 (11) (30) 44 6 (14) MT* 9 4 (44) 74 8 (11) (39) 44 3 (7) ICU-free days Hosital-free days Data are n (%) for 24-hr and 30-d mortality, and data are mean values SD for ICU- and hosital-free days. * Massive transfusion was defined as 20 units of RBC within 48 hr of admission. Through day 30. outcome comarisons between PT grous were statistically significant with the excetion of hosital free days. Comarisons of median (interquartile range) values also showed significant differences between the rfviia 1-hour PT 18 seconds grou and the rfviia 1-hour PT 18 seconds grou, resectively, for ICU-free days (0 [0 1] days vs. 22 [9 28] days; 0.005) and were nonsignificant for hosital-free days (0 [0 0] days vs. 0 [0 14] days; 0.066). The PT comarison of clinical outcomes showed that lacebo-treated subjects in the 1-hour PT 18 seconds grou had a nearly 6-fold higher 24-hour mortality rate, a 2-fold higher 30-day mortality rate, a 5-fold higher rate of MT, 1.9-fold fewer ICU-free days, and 1.8-fold fewer hositalfree days comared with the PT 18 seconds grou (Table 5). For subjects treated with lacebo, differences in clinical outcomes between PT grous were statistically significant for MT and ICU-free days and were not significant for 24-hour mortality, 30-day mortality, and hosital-free days (Table 5). Comarisons of median (interquartile range) values also showed significant differences between the lacebo 1-hour PT 18 seconds grou and the lacebo 1-hour PT 18 seconds grou, resectively, for ICU-free days (0 [0 21] days vs. 21 [5 27] days; 0.003) but not for hosital-free days (0 [0 0] days vs. 0 [0 16] days; 0.091). DISCUSSION Of the five clinical outcomes evaluated, rolonged ostdose PT values 18 seconds were associated with significantly higher 24-hour and 30-day mortality, a significantly increased incidence of massive transfusion and significantly fewer ICU-free days comared with ostdose PT values 18 seconds in trauma subjects treated with rfviia. Subjects with ostdose PT 18 seconds had significantly lower baseline hemoglobin, fibrinogen, and latelet counts than subjects with ostdose PT values 18 seconds even though they had been administered similar numbers of blood roducts before rfviia dosing. The etiology of traumatic coaguloathy is multifactorial and involves loss of coagulation factors due to bleeding and consumtion due to clot formation at the injury sites ,20,21 Coaguloathy in trauma may further be aggravated by dilution 66 caused by fluid and RBC administration and by hyothermia and acidosis, which may adversely imact coagulation. 22,23 Twenty-five ercent to 35% of trauma atients have biochemical signs of coaguloathy at the time of arrival in the emergency deartment, and u to 50% of massively transfused atients develo coaguloathy Four clinical studies have shown that coaguloathy is a strong, indeendent risk factor for mortality Currently, no definitive laboratory test is available to gauge the efficacy of rfviia. The PT assay is an in vitro measurement of time to clot formation by the tissue factor (TF) deendent athway, and it is used to screen for hemostatic disorders. PT is measured as the time from the addition of calcium chloride and thrombolastin (a hosholiid source) and tissue factor, to the time of clot formation, as measured by a mechanical or visual endoint. The assay is now erformed using automated instruments in clinical laboratories. The PT reflects a deficiency of factor VII, V, X, II (rothrombin), and I (fibrinogen) with varying degrees of rolongation to the result. It is commonly used to monitor the effects of warfarin sodium and the resultant roduction of dysfunctional factors II, VII, and X. This study focused on PT secifically because this measure examines the TF deendent athway, it is sensitive to exogenous rfviia administration, and is commonly done in trauma settings. Although PT is affected by rfviia, it is classically not considered a reliable indicator of clinical efficacy. Dutton et al. 29 and Eikelboom et al. 30 noted that all atients treated with rfviia had imroved PT, even those who did not resond clinically. Conversely, others have shown that shortening of the PT ost-rfviia dosing may nevertheless correlate with clinical effect. 2 Although PT shortened in all atients after rfviia theray, Dutton et al. 29 also found that the ostdosing PT was shorter in atients who resonded clinically than in those who did not ( vs , 0.008). Similarly, Martinowitz and Michaelson 31 reorted lower ostdosing PT values in rfviia clinical resonders comared with nonresonders ( seconds vs seconds). McMullin et al. 5 observed that lack of normalization of PT in a rfviiatreated atient was associated with lack of clinical resonse 2010 Liincott Williams & Wilkins

9 The Journal of TRAUMA Injury, Infection, and Critical Care Volume 69, Number 1, July 2010 Prolonged PT After rfviia and a oor outcome, and these data suggested that even though a simle reduction in PT is not useful in redicting clinical resonders to rfviia theray, the lack of an adequate reduction in PT may identify atients with ersistent coaguloathy desite rfviia theray. In a recent review, Pusateri and Park 2 discussed ossible exlanations for lack of normalization of PT and hyothesized that when hemodilution/ consumtion reaches a critical oint at which a comonent other than FVIIa becomes rate limiting, rfviia efficacy will be comromised without relacement of other comonents, such as FII, FV, FX, fibrinogen, and latelets. In our ost hoc analysis of a large oulation of blunt and enetrating trauma subjects, a PT threshold of 18 seconds 1-hour after rfviia administration rovided a significant difference in clinical outcomes. In this study, 12% of the rfviia subjects still had rolonged PT values (PT 18 seconds) 1-hour after dosing, and in accordance with the findings by McMullin et al., 5 high ostdosing PT values were associated with adverse outcomes. Delayed PT normalization in the first few hours after rfviia dosing seemed to be most redictive of clinical outcome, because PT eventually normalized in survivors over time for both of the PT grous (Fig. 2). The rfviia dosing regimen (3 doses: 200 g/kg, 100 g/kg, and 100 g/kg) used in this study was based on levels effective for hemohilia atients with inhibitors; therefore, it was unlikely that underdosing of rfviia contributed to the comromised clinical resonse associated with rolonged PT. The finding that rfviia-treated subjects with rolonged ostdosing PT had low baseline levels of hemoglobin, fibrinogen, and latelet levels suggests that these factors may have been rate-limiting for clot formation and that subjects who receive rfviia theray but still have a PT value 18 seconds 1-hour after dosing may require additional blood comonent theray. In line with this suosition, no significant differences were observed between grous in the transfusion of blood roducts before rfviia dosing. The recommendations in recent clinically derived guidelines 32,33 to correct hemoglobin, fibrinogen, and latelet counts before rfviia theray are consistent with the current understanding of rfviia mechanisms of action and are suorted by the current findings. Further research is needed to define more clearly the limitations of rfviia efficacy under the multifactorial coaguloathic conditions associated with trauma and to investigate whether correction of factor and cell deficiencies imroves the resonse to rfviia. The lacebo-treatment grou enabled us to analyze the relationshi between 1-hour PT and clinical outcomes with an additional data set that included even more subjects with a rolonged 1-hour PT after dosing. Comarisons of lacebotreated subjects by 1-hour PT grou yielded similar findings. Namely, although baseline characteristics (Table 2) and units of blood roducts administered before dosing (Table 4) were similar between 1-hour PT grous, the resence of a rolonged PT value of 18 seconds 1-hour after dosing was associated with a significantly higher rate of MT and fewer ICU-free days (Table 5). Similar to what was observed for rfviia-treated subjects, lacebo-treated subjects with a rolonged 1-hour PT had significantly lower fibrinogen levels and latelet counts and lower levels of hemoglobin than subjects with a shorter PT. These findings underscore the imortance of early monitoring of PT and treatment with additional blood roducts to reverse coaguloathy. In recent years, early use of FFP has been advocated for severely injured trauma atients to correct coaguloathy and imrove clinical outcomes. 12,34 36 Since coagulation factors can be diluted as a result of MT of RBCs, it is thought that early administration of FFP (which contains clotting factors and fibrinogen) can reduce the risk of coaguloathy. 37 Thus, the use of FFP as a rimary resuscitation fluid in a 1:1 or 1:2 ratio with RBC has been recommended by some, while noting that no rosective studies have been conducted to address this issue. 34,35,37 39 It is ossible that early use of a lasma-based resuscitation regimen in these severely injured atients would minimize dilution and imrove outcomes Subjects in this analysis were severely injured trauma atients who were to receive either rfviia or lacebo after infusion of the eighth unit of RBC. As shown in Figure 3, the majority of subjects did not have a high ratio of FFP to RBC and were in the category 1:4, suggesting that the rimary resuscitation strategies used in this study may have been inadequate by current standards. Seventy-eight subjects (46%) did not receive any lasma, desite receiving eight or more units of RBCs. Although similar numbers of rfviia- and lacebo-treated subjects were administered little to no FFP before dosing, fewer subjects had a rolonged PT 1-hour after dosing in the rfviia treatment grou. It remains to be seen if rimary resuscitation with a 1:1 ratio of FFP to RBC and/or treatment with rfviia can further reduce coaguloathy and rovide additional imrovements in clinical outcomes. Study Limitations Key limitations of our study are the retrosective nature and the relatively large number of atients with missing ostdosing PT values. The large number of missing PT values reflects the difficulty in obtaining samles in the midst of critical trauma resuscitation. This was a multicenter study, and even though guidelines were rovided, it was limited by differences in the management of coaguloathy among the centers. Furthermore, the levels of FII, FV, FX, rotein C, and thrombomodulin were not determined; hence, the otential imact deficiencies of these factors may have on outcome that could not be assessed. It should also be noted that our retrosective analyses simly describe an association between 1-hour ostdose PT and clinical outcomes and should not be interreted as a causal link between the two variables. In addition, these data are not adequate to conclude that rfviia can imrove clinical outcomes (more than lacebo) as a result of its effect on PT. A larger lacebo-controlled study of rfviia with mortality or another clinical outcome as the rimary endoint should be conducted to more clearly define the relationshi between rfviia, PT, and clinical outcomes. It is also imortant to note that the age of the RBC roducts used was not recorded; and therefore, could not be incororated into the analysis. There may be 2010 Liincott Williams & Wilkins 67

10 McMullin et al. The Journal of TRAUMA Injury, Infection, and Critical Care Volume 69, Number 1, July 2010 a relationshi between the age of the RBC transfusion and observed atient outcomes; therefore, future exerimentation should include these criteria in the study rotocol. CONCLUSION In this ost hoc analysis of data from two randomized clinical trials evaluating rfviia or lacebo treatment in severely bleeding trauma atients, marked and ersistent abnormalities of several coagulation arameters were observed. A rolonged 1-hour PT with rfviia was associated with a significantly higher rate of MT and higher 24-hour and 30-day mortality rates, and a significantly fewer ICU-free days. The low hemoglobin, fibrinogen, and latelet levels at baseline (before rfviia treatment) observed in atients with ersistently rolonged ostdosing PT indicate that this grou may require resuscitation with additional blood comonent theray. Although the PT is likely not the best evaluation of coagulation, it is currently widely and raidly available as a oint-of-care test. The results of this analysis suort the utility of PT as a laboratory measurement that allows clinicians to raidly identify subjects who may benefit from infusion of additional blood roducts to revent traumarelated mortality and morbidity. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to acknowledge the contribution of the NovoSeven Trauma Study Grou: South Africa: A. Nicol, R. Tracey, J. S. S. Marx, E. Degiannis, J. Goosen, F. Plani, L. M. Fingleson. France: J. F. Payen, J. Marty, R. Krivosic-Horber, M. Freysz, J. E. de La Coussaye, J. Duranteau, B. Francois, N. Smail, P. Petit. Germany: H. K. van Aken, G. Hemelmann. Israel: A. I. Rivkind, G. Shaked, Michaelson. Singaore: A. Yeo Wan Yan. Canada: S. M. Hameed. United Kingdom: G. S. Samra. Australia: G. J. Dobb. The authors wish to thank Naum Khutoryansky and Thomas Henschel for statistical and rogramming assistance and Jennifer Faleska for editorial assistance in the rearation of this article (all from Novo Nordisk, Inc.). In addition, the authors would like to thank R. Michelle Sauer (UTHSCH) for her editorial suort. REFERENCES 1. Boffard KD, Riou B, Warren B, et al. Recombinant factor VIIa as adjunctive theray for bleeding control in severely injured trauma atients: two arallel randomized, lacebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trials. J Trauma. 2005;59: Pusateri AE, Park MS. Mechanistic imlications for the use and monitoring of recombinant activated factor VII in trauma. Crit Care. 2005; 9(Sul 5):S15 S Martini WZ, Cortez DS, Dubick MA, Park MS, Holcomb JB. Thrombelastograhy is better than PT, aptt, and activated clotting time in detecting clinically relevant clotting abnormalities after hyothermia, hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation in igs. 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11 The Journal of TRAUMA Injury, Infection, and Critical Care Volume 69, Number 1, July 2010 Prolonged PT After rfviia 31. Martinowitz U, Michaelson M. Guidelines for the use of recombinant activated factor VII (rfviia) in uncontrolled bleeding: a reort by the Israeli Multidiscilinary rfviia Task Force. J Thromb Haemost. 2005;3: Vincent JL, Rossaint R, Riou B, et al. Recommendations on the use of recombinant activated factor VII as an adjunctive treatment for massive bleeding a Euroean ersective. Crit Care. 2006;10:R Sahn DR, Cerny V, Coats TJ, et al. Management of bleeding following major trauma: a Euroean guideline. Crit Care. 2007;11:R Ho AM, Karmakar MK, Dion PW. Are we giving enough coagulation factors during major trauma resuscitation? Am J Surg. 2005;190: Ketchum L, Hess JR, Hiiala S. Indications for early fresh frozen lasma, cryoreciitate, and latelet transfusion in trauma. J Trauma. 2006;60:S51 S Stinger HK, Sinella PC, Perkins JG, et al. The ratio of fibrinogen to red cells transfused affects survival in casualties receiving massive transfusions at an army combat suort hosital. J Trauma. 2008;64: S79 S McMullin NR, Holcomb JB, Sondeen J. Hemostatic resuscitation. In: Vincent J, ed. Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine. New York: Sringer; 2006: Malone DL, Hess JR, Fingerhut A. Massive transfusion ractices around the globe and a suggestion for a common massive transfusion rotocol. J Trauma. 2006;60:S91 S Kashuk JL, Moore EE, Johnson JL, et al. Postinjury life threatening coaguloathy: is 1:1 fresh frozen lasma:acked red blood cells the answer? J Trauma. 2008;65: Liincott Williams & Wilkins 69