7. Dryness of the mouth from lack of normal secretions is called A. xerostomia. B. cheilosis. C. gingivitis. D. dysphagia.

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1 1. The term used to describe difficulty in swallowing is A. gag reflex. B. dysfunction. C. dysphagia. D. dysphoria. 2. An example of a meal that may cause an increase in symptoms for a patient with peptic ulcer disease is A. chicken curry. B. macaroni and cheese. C. roast beef sandwich. D. split pea soup. 3. Dietary changes that help reduce the incidence of constipation include A. increasing fluid intake. B. decreasing milk intake. C. drinking cranberry juice. D. decreasing whole grain intake. 4. A major difficulty in treating hepatitis is that A. the person usually has a poor appetite. B. patients usually have multiple nutrient deficiencies. C. the diet must be carefully measured and monitored. D. recommended combinations of food are unpalatable. 5. Nutritional therapy for gallbladder disorders includes A. a clear liquid diet. B. eliminating high-fiber foods. C. low fat intake. D. high protein intake. 6. Inflammation of the tongue is called A. glossitis. B. stomatitis. C. gingivitis. D. cheilosis. 7. Dryness of the mouth from lack of normal secretions is called A. xerostomia. B. cheilosis. C. gingivitis. D. dysphagia. 8. Dietary care of a patient with gastroesophageal reflux disease includes A. lowering dietary fat intake. B. liberal use of hard candy and peppermints. C. avoiding milk products. D. decreasing foods high in protein.

2 9. The bacteria associated with peptic ulcer disease is A. Salmonella. B. Escherichia coli. C. Staphylococcus aureus. D. Helicobacter pylori. 10. An intolerance to gluten is associated with A. peptic ulcer disease. B. gastroesophageal reflux disease. C. irritable bowel syndrome. D. celiac disease. 11. A characteristic of cystic fibrosis is A. severe potassium depletion. B. pancreatic insufficiency. C. inflammation of the colon. D. gluten intolerance. 12. Compared with healthy children, children with cystic fibrosis need A. fewer kilocalories. B. about the same amount of kilocalories. C. more kilocalories. D. carefully calculated kilocalorie intakes. 13. Inflammation of pockets of tissue in the lining of the mucous membrane of the colon is referred to as A. mucositis. B. ulcerative colitis. C. diverticulitis. D. diverticulosis. 14. Crohnʼs disease is a type of A. inflammatory bowel disease. B. irritable bowel syndrome. C. diverticulitis. D. gluten intolerance. 15. Nutrition therapy for patients with irritable bowel syndrome includes A. low dietary fiber intake. B. low protein intake. C. increased dietary fiber intake. D. high fat intake. 16. One controllable risk factor for coronary heart disease is A. genetics. B. family history. C. gender. D. smoking.

3 17. Nutritional therapy for hypertension includes A. high sodium intake. B. low protein intake. C. high calcium and potassium intake. D. low fat and cholesterol intake. 18. Dietary modifications during the first 24 to 48 hours after myocardial infarction include A. low intake of saturated fat. B. high fruit and vegetable intake. C. low energy intake. D. high fluid intake. 19. The best way to prevent coronary heart disease is to A. limit intake of high-cholesterol foods. B. become aware of the fat content of foods. C. obtain thorough annual physical examinations. D. develop a heart-healthy lifestyle during childhood. 20. According to the TLC (therapeutic lifestyle change) diet recommendations, most dietary fat should be A. trans fat. B. saturated fat. C. polyunsaturated fat. D. monounsaturated fat. 21. Fat is carried in the bloodstream in small wrapped packages called A. lipoproteins. B. phospholipids. C. adenosine triphosphate. D. triglycerides. 22. The lipoprotein for which higher serum levels are desirable is A. low-density lipoprotein. B. high-density lipoprotein. C. very-low-density lipoprotein. D. triglyceride lipoprotein. 23. An optimal level for a serum triglyceride is less than A. 150 mg/dl. B. 180 mg/dl. C. 200 mg/dl. D. 250 mg/dl. 24. The basic objective of diet therapy in congestive heart failure is to A. promote weight loss. B. control fluid imbalance. C. increase phosphorus intake. D. decrease saturated fat and cholesterol intakes.

4 25. The type of fiber that especially helps lower risk of cardiovascular disease is A. indigestible dietary fiber. B. dietary fiber supplements. C. soluble dietary fiber. D. insoluble dietary fiber. 26. Medical nutrition therapy for congestive heart failure usually includes A. increased fluid intake. B. decreased protein intake. C. sodium restriction. D. potassium restriction. 27. One hallmark of metabolic syndrome is A. a body mass index of 22 or greater. B. a triglyceride level of 150 mg/dl or greater. C. a blood pressure of 110/70 mm Hg or greater. D. a fasting blood sugar of 92 mg/dl or greater. 28. A blood pressure of 135/85 mm Hg would be classified as A. normal. B. prehypertension. C. stage 1 hypertension. D. stage 2 hypertension. 29. If a person is taking a calcium channel blocking medication, he/she should avoid A. soy products. B. milk products. C. grapefruit juice. D. tomato juice. 30. A type of protein that may help prevent coronary heart disease is A. soy protein. B. milk protein. C. oat protein. D. bean protein. 31. Early signs of diabetes may include A. double vision. B. constipation. C. headaches. D. skin infections. 32. The hormone considered to act in an opposite manner to insulin is A. glucagon. B. pancreatin. C. vitamin D. D. thyroxine. 33. The form of insulin that has its peak action between 2 and 4 hours after administration is the A. rapid-acting form. B. short-acting form.

5 C. intermediate-acting form. D. long-acting form. 34. Studies indicate that exercise A. decreases insulin production. B. increases conversion of amino acids to glucose. C. improves uptake of glucose by the cells. D. causes unpredictable blood glucose levels. 35. The type of diabetes that always requires treatment with insulin for survival is A. type 1 diabetes. B. type 2 diabetes. C. gestation diabetes. D. drug-induced diabetes. 36. Insulin is produced by the A. alpha cells of the pancreas. B. pituitary gland. C. β cells of the pancreas. D. glomerulus structure of the kidney. 37. A risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes is A. autoimmune destruction of the β cells of the pancreas. B. history of gestational diabetes. C. history of nephritis. D. alcoholism. 38. Persistent hyperglycemia during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of A. macrosomia. B. preeclampsia. C. diabetes insipidus. D. phenylketonuria. 39. A form of metabolic alteration that occurs in diabetes from burning body fat for energy is A. respiratory acidosis. B. metabolic acidosis. C. metabolic alkalosis. D. respiratory alkalosis. 40. The pancreatic hormone known as the referee for pancreatic hormonal control of blood glucose is A. glucagon. B. insulin. C. somatostatin. D. cholecystokinin. 41. The primary focus of medical nutrition therapy for diabetes care is to A. reduce dietary carbohydrate, especially sugars. B. reduce overall fat intake. C. maintain glycemic control. D. carefully follow the prescribed diet.

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7 42. Food distribution for the patient with diabetes is characterized by A. elimination of sugar from the diet. B. providing even amounts of food at regular intervals. C. providing a high-protein, low-carbohydrate meal plan. D. eliminating between-meal snacks. 43. A common tool used to assist in dietary management of diabetes is A. the DASH diet plan. B. the food exchange system. C. the food substitution system. D. calorie counting. 44. During times of illness, diabetes is managed by A. omitting insulin or medication until the patient feels better. B. modifying the texture of the meal plan while still providing adequate carbohydrates. C. replacing the meal plan with oral supplements and readjusting insulin. D. replacing carbohydrates in the meal plan with high-protein foods. 45. Absence of urine production, indicating kidney failure, is called A. hematuria. B. oliguria. C. proteinuria. D. anuria. 46. Classic symptoms of glomerulonephritis include A. anuria. B. proteinuria. C. low blood pressure. D. bladder infection. 47. The massive edema of nephrotic syndrome is caused by A. inadequate urine production. B. overproduction of antidiuretic hormone. C. large protein losses in the urine. D. sodium retention by the kidneys. 48. Symptoms of chronic renal failure include A. fatigue. B. hallucinations. C. diarrhea. D. dry skin. 49. The type of diet recommended for a person with a kidney stone depends on A. the personʼs lifestyle. B. the composition of the stone. C. the personʼs willingness to use drug therapy. D. the personʼs medical history.

8 50. The kidney is responsible for stimulating red blood cell production through A. erythropoietin secretion. B. gluconeogenesis. C. renin secretion. D. vitamin D activation. 51. A potent hormone produced by the adrenal glands that acts on the distal nephron tubule to reabsorb sodium is A. aldosterone. B. antidiuretic hormone. C. parathyroid hormone. D. pituitary hormone. 52. Medical nutrition therapy for acute glomerulonephritis consists of A. protein restriction at the onset of the disease process. B. sodium restriction at the onset of the disease process. C. adequate calories to maintain metabolic needs. D. fluid restriction until antibiotic therapy is completed. 53. It is common for patients with acute kidney failure to need A. enteral nutrition. B. calcium supplements. C. blood transfusions. D. assistance with feeding. 54. Elevated blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and serum uric acid levels are reflected in the laboratory finding of A. metabolic acidosis. B. azotemia. C. nephrosis. D. ketosis. 55. During hemodialysis, protein intake is usually A. less than 0.75 g/kg. B. up to 2 g/kg. C. at least 1.2 g/kg. D. at least 1.0 g/kg. 56. Patients with chronic kidney disease often develop anemia due to A. poor iron absorption. B. generalized malnutrition. C. increased breakdown of hemoglobin. D. inadequate production of erythropoietin. 57. A decrease in the activation of vitamin D in kidney disease results in A. hypercalcemia. B. osteodystrophy. C. hyperoxaluria. D. calcium stone formation.

9 58. For patients with chronic kidney failure, potassium intake is based on A. presence of edema. B. serum potassium level. C. overall fluid balance. D. blood pressure level. 59. Energy needs of patients with chronic kidney failure treated with peritoneal dialysis must consider A. energy from protein breakdown. B. energy losses into the dialysate. C. energy absorbed from the dialysate. D. energy to replace catabolic fat loss.